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This data publication contains research data associated with the European Union's Horizon 2020 REFLECT project which aims to obtain data relevant to the production of geothermal waters at extreme conditions. Results given here are part of REFLECT deliverable 2.2: Report on gas solubility and degassing kinetic (type C). A link to the deliverables of this project is given below as reference. It contains experimental results from the degassing process of CO2-water mixtures at conditions relevant to the production of geothermal waters with a specific focus on high salinity fluids.

At each station, seawater was collected for trace metals sampling at 20 m depth using a Teflon pump (Furon®) with a 40 m Teflon tube connected with a AcroPakTM 1500 capsule w/Supor Memb 0.8/0.2 μm filter. The pump was left to pump to rinse the inner hose and 1 L sample was collected in LDPE bottles (NALGENE) and stored at -20oC until the land-based laboratory analysis. The material was previously cleaned following the trace metals GEOTRACES protocol and the experiments were done in Class 100 clean laboratory or trace metal analysis (QUIMA- IOCAG TM lab).

Large-scale reforestation can potentially bring both benefits and risks to the water cycle, which needs to be better quantified under future climates to inform reforestation decisions. We identified 477 water-insecure basins worldwide accounting for 44.6% (380.2 Mha) of the global reforestation potential. As many of these basins are in the Asia-Pacific, we used regional coupled land-climate modelling for the period 2041–2070 to reveal that reforestation increases evapotranspiration and precipitation for most water-insecure regions over the Asia-Pacific. This resulted in a statistically significant increase in water yield (p < 0.05) for the Loess Plateau-North China Plain, Yangtze Plain, Southeast China and Irrawaddy regions. Precipitation feedback was influenced by the degree of initial moisture limitation affecting soil moisture response and thus evapotranspiration, as well as precipitation advection from other reforested regions and moisture transport away from the local region. Reforestation also reduces the probability of extremely dry months in most of the water-insecure regions. However, some regions experience non-significant declines in net water yield due to heightened evapotranspiration outstripping increases in precipitation, or declines in soil moisture and advected precipitation. This dataset contains raw data outputs for Teo et al. (2022), Global Change Biology. Please see the published paper for further details on methods. For enquiries, please contact the corresponding authors: hcteo [at] u.nus.edu or lianpinkoh [at] nus.edu.sg.  Shapefiles can be opened with any GIS program such as ArcMap or QGIS. CSV files can be opened with any spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel or OpenOffice.

The data included in the file were collected and processed for calculation of evaporation rate using bilayered photothermal structures

A set of environmental variables have been collected for a period of 7 consecutive years (2016-2022, from April/May to September/October, during the glacial melting season) along a longitudinal transect of the Saldur stream, a near pristine glacier-fed stream located in South Tyrol, Italy (46°N, 10° E), part of the International Long Term Ecological Research (ILTER) network (site code: LTER_EU_IT_100). From year 2016 on, a small run-of-river (ROR) hydropower plant (max. 3,200 kW/year) started to operate on the stream, located in close proximity to site Saldur_2A. The potential impact on the riverine ecosystem was largely investigated, and resulted to be negligible. Extensive details on this topic can be found reading the scientific publications: Scotti et al. (2022; doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.902603) and Scotti et al. (2022; doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.904547).The environmental variables measured (as spot-measurement) were: suspended solids (mL/L); specific conductance at 25° C (mS/cm), water temperature (°C), calculation of the bottom component of the Pfankuch index. Whilst only in 2018 turbidity (NFU) was measured instead of suspended solids, and all the measurements were conducted using a multiparameter meter (HI9829, Hanna Instruments), for all the remaining years suspended solids were measured after 30 minutes of water sedimentation in a Imhoff cone, and specific conductance through a portable conductimeter (Cond 7, XS Instruments). More methodological details can be found in Scotti & Bottarin (2021; doi:10.1038/s41597-021-00887-x).

The data describes plant gas exchange dynamics (CO2, H2O) together with online proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry measurements of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions of Pinus halepensis seedlings exposed to two similar heatwaves together with drought and a recovery period. Measured in a scientific glasshouse facility at KIT IMK-IFU Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, via an automated chamber setup. #0 means "Inf"

Inland valleys are becoming increasingly important agricultural production areas for rural households in sub-Saharan Africa due to their relative high and secure water availability and soil fertility. In addition, inland valleys are important as water buffer and biodiversity hot spots and they provide local communities with forest, forage, and fishing resources. As different inland-valley ecosystem functions may conflict with agricultural objectives, indiscriminate development should be avoided. This study aims to analyze the diversity of inland valleys in Sierra Leone and to develop guidelines for their sustainable use. Land use, biophysical and socio-economic data were analyzed on 257 inland valleys using spatial and multivariate techniques. Five cluster groups of inland valleys were identified: (i) semi-permanently flooded with good soil fertility, mostly under natural vegetation; (ii) semi-permanently flooded with very low soil fertility, abandoned by farmers; (iii) seasonally flooded with low soil fertility under low input levels, used for rainfed rice and off-season vegetables for household consumption and market; (iv) well drained with moderate soil fertility under medium input levels, used for rainfed rice and off-season vegetables for household consumption and market; and (v) well drained with moderate soil fertility under low input levels, used for household consumption. Soil fertility, hydrological regime, physical and market accessibility were the major factors affecting agricultural intensification of inland valleys. Opening up the areas in which inland valleys occur through improved roads and markets, and better water control through drainage infrastructures along with an integrated nutrient management would promote the sustainable agricultural use of inland valleys.

The dataset covers biotic and abiotic data from the aquatic habitat of a population of the sediment-rooted macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum in the temperate climate region (The Netherlands). The growth of M. spicatum was monitored in 0.2025 m2 plant baskets installed in an experimental ditch. Parameters monitored included biomass (fresh and dry weight), shoot length, seasonal short-term growth rates of shoots, relevant environmental parameters and weather data. This dataset includes the 2-year experimental biotic (macrophyte biomass and growth data) and environmental data (water quality data, sediment data). A second file includes the statistical data. A third file includes the weather data.