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AbstractOver the past 35 years, the oil and gas industry has developed many technology improvements and operating practices for injecting carbon dioxide (CO2) for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Over this time, the US oil and gas industry has operated over 13,000 CO2 EOR wells, over 3,500 miles of high pressure CO2 pipelines and has injected over 600 million tons of CO2 without any significant safety or environmental endangerment events. Today, the US produces over 245,000 barrels of oil per day as a direct result of CO2 EOR. This presentation will describe many of the technical improvements and operational practices that have been developed as a result of the oil and gas industry’s experiences with CO 2 EOR. When these technologies and practices are applied, operators can expect facility and wellbore integrity at levels equivalent to those seen for conventional oil an d gas operations. Many of the technologies and practices that have been developed for CO2 EOR may have applicability in carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects, recognizing however, that each project should be designed to meet its site specific conditio ns. The CO2 EOR experiences of the oil and gas industry represent the largest collective base of technical information available on CO2 injection and, as such, provide valuable information for development and implementation of CCS field projects as they move forward.

Abstract This paper characterized the wood pellet and torrefied wood pellet fuel as compared to coal for 100 MW co-firing power generation plant. There were five experiments to characterise the chemical and physical properties of coal, wood pellet and torrefied wood pellet namely moisture analysis, Thermo gravimetric Analyser (TGA), Bomb Calorimeter, Organic Elemental Analyser and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The moisture analysis result from moisture analyser and TGA shows that the moisture content of torrefied wood pellet is lower than wood pellet at 6.760% and 3.629%. Moreover, the volatile matter, hydrogen and nitrogen content of torrefied wood pellet is lower than wood pellet at 65.20%, 5.993% and 0.4078% correspondingly. The calorific value, fixed carbon content, ash and sulphur also increase in torrefied wood pellet at 20.68 MJ/kg, 28.85%, 2.321% and 0.1656% respectively. In general, torrefaction improve the fuel properties of wood pellet similar to coal. The 100 MW direct co-firing power plant provides less capital investment, operation and maintenance cost for low rate co-firing ratio. However, there is economic challenges for high rate co-firing substation of torrefied wood pellets.

AbstractThe future European energy supply system will have a high share of renewable energy sources (RES) to meet the greenhouse gas emission policy of the European Commission. Such a system is characterized by the need for a strongly interconnected energy transport grid as well as a high demand of energy storage capacities to compensate the time fluctuating characteristic of most RE generation technologies. With the RE generators at the location of high harvest potential, the appropriate dimension of storage and transmission system between different regions, a cost efficient system can be achieved. To find the preferred target system, the optimization tool GENESYS (Genetic Optimization of a European Energy System) was developed. The example calculations under the assumption of 100% self-supply, show a need of about 2,500 GW RES in total, a storage capacity of about 240,000 GWh, corresponding to 6% of the annual energy demand, and a HVDC transmission grid of 375,000 GWkm. The combined cost for generation, storage and transmission excluding distribution, was estimated to be 6.87 ct/kWh.

Abstract Uncertainties of cooling load may make cooling system oversized. Most of previous studies implement probabilistic-based uncertainty analysis, intending to achieve optimization and reliability simultaneously. However, how to reduce the load uncertainty has received little attention. This paper investigates the impact of water storage on the design of cooling system considering load uncertainty. Information entropy is used as a convergence index of load uncertainty and used to determine how many random simulations should to be performed. A cooling system configured with water storage (system B) and another system without water storage (system A as a comparation system) are investigated in this paper. In this paper, the configure of system A and system B are optimized respectively. The result shows that the capacity distribution of system A is consistent with the distribution of extreme loads. But, the capacity distribution of system B is more concentrated as the water storage can reshape the load curve. Water storage improves the flexibility of system B. Therefore, system B is more reliable and economical than system A.

AbstractA two-stage thermophilic fermentation for hydrogen and methane production from wastewater of cassava rice and corn starch at different concentration (5,10 and 15g/L) was studied. The hydrogen production from cassava starch at concentrations of 5g/L gave the highest hydrogen yield and followed by cassava starch at a concentration 10g/L, rice starch at concentrations of 15g/L. The hydrogen and methane yields from cassava starch processing wastewater by two-stage was 81.5 L H2 kgCOD-1 and 310.5 L CH4 kgCOD-1, respectively with total energy yield of 13363kJ kgCOD-1. Mixed hydrogen and methane (biohythane) production was 9.51 L biogas l-1 with containing of 55% CH4, 11% H2 and 34% CO2.

The European Geosciences Union (EGU) brings together geoscientists from all over the world covering all disciplines of the Earth, planetary and space sciences. This geoscientific interdisciplinarity is needed to tackle the challenges of the future. One major challenge for humankind is to provide adequate and reliable supplies of affordable energy and other resources in efficient and environmentally sustainable ways. This Energy Procedia issue provides an overview of the contributions of the Division on Energy, Resources & the Environment (ERE) at the EGU General Assembly 2017.

Abstract This research is conducted to determine the limiting values of the geometric concentration when used with solar thermal system (thermoelectric generator) (TEG) to maintain desired hot and cold side temperatures for power generation. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimum solar concentration (aperture area/target area) using a thermoelectric generator sandwiched between the target plate and passive heat sink. A computer model is developed to solve the energy balance equations and find the optimum values for geometric concentration. It was observed that for the single configuration of heat sink and thermoelectric generator in a system, the trend of temperature difference between the hot and cold sides remain the same at different geometric concentrations. The optimum geometric concentration is determined for heat sinks in study. It is observed that with solar radiation intensity of 800 W/m2 and heat sink fin length of 0.15m the optimum geometric concentration is 13.

Abstract The quality of the thermal environment within the built environment is dependent by local climate and urban design features. Therefore, the scientific knowledge on urban design and microclimate are fundamental for obtaining a tolerable thermal environment at the neighborhood scale. Such problematic interested the huge part of the world population that lives in urban area, which is currently about 50% and it is expected will increase to 66 % by 2050. The specificity of the urban climate is frequently associated with the urban heat islands phenomenon, which refers to the elevated temperatures within the city areas compared to the rural surroundings. In this context a typical urban geometry is represented by the so called “urban canyon “that denotes an ideal infinite urban street confined by buildings on both sides In this study an urban geometry, constituted by three urban street canyons with a canyon aspect ratio H/W of 1.0, has been examined. CFD simulations were performed to evaluate the fields of temperature and velocity of the air within the urban canyons and their surroundings. Several scenarios were examined considering alternatively the leeward or the windward walls hitted by the sunrays, while the opposite facade was shaded, as well as varying the reflective properties of the surfaces and the wind velocity. The results of simulations evidence that the adoption of materials of the building envelope with high albedo coefficient guarantees a decrease of the temperatures at least of 1.5°C. Therefore, an increase of the knowledge of urban climate may provide valuable contribution to promote energy efficiency in the built environment.