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The sun is one of the largest source of energy in the earth's surface. The sun produces solar energy, one of the utilization of solar energy as a source of power for adsorption cycle refrigeration machine. Adsorption cycle refrigeration machine requires a low cost and also safe for the environment. One that affects the performance of equipment is adsorber/generator/collector. Collector type used is a type of flat plate collector. Collector on a refrigeration machine equipped with insulation parts as wood, black foam, styrofoam, rockwall and glass. The dimensions of each collector is the absorber plate measuring 1 m2 with plate thickness 1 mm. Activated carbon is filled in the adsorber in the amount of 25 kg. The purpose of research to determine the performance of the collector on equipment with variations of the angle of the collector 0o dan 30o. From the research obtained the highest amount of heat loss is 8445472,42 J, the highest heat total used a collector for the desorption process is 2370637,89 J, and the actual efficiency of the collector is 65,67%. 100401030

Production of castor oil derived biodiesel with 7.78% free fatty acid (FAA) has been done by transesterification process. The process was carried out in an autoclave by missing the materials of castor oil such as methanol in 1:6 mole, PSS catalyst 4% of the oil Weight. The reaction procced in 80°C with the varyng time 2 and 6 hours. The transesterification resulted in 2 layers ; upper layer containing methyl ester (FAME) and the lower layer containing residual glycerol and methanol. The upper layer was separated by using a separating funnel, the residual lower layers was added by 100 ml n-hexane incorporated into FAME. The incopration was then neutralized by 100 ml ammoniac followed by the addition of 100 ml aqueos. The fraction was destillated to separate the solvent, and then vacuumed. The residue was weighted an then tested for the physical features such as viscosity, density, Iod grade, fogging point and the water content. Using 50 grs castor oil, 34 grs crude FAME was produced, and convertion of 65.24% for 2 hours, viscosity of 22.65cSt, density of 0.9 gr/cm3, Iod grade of 67.05% cm², fogging point of 1.76C, and water content of 0.0682%, the crude FAME of 40.04gr with the conversion of 77.52% for 6 hours. Viscosity of 19.26cSt, density of 0.90 gr/cm3, Iod grade of 67.33 mg/g, fogging point of 1.50°C and water content of 0.0736%. The longer is the reaction, the higher is the reaction conversion that resulted in in important changes in the physical features of biodiesel. The physical features showed that the castor oil-derived biodiesel may be used to be one alternative of substituting solar fuel. 097026023

The usage of cooling machine is to condition and cool the room(air conditioning). Cooling machine like refrigerator is commanly use to refrigerate food and drink or to preserve it. Refrigerator that require no electricity power to operate is a refrigerator that can cool down a room temperature by evaporate etanol as a refrigerant. Etanol work as a heat absorber, absorb heat from room to cool down the room temperature. To fasten the reaction we used a pump, Oscilating pump. Total cooling load comes from room inside and infiltration that occurs. The main purpose of this project is to estimate the total cooling load such as conduction, convection, and radiation. The lowest temperature this machine achieve, the advantages of using Styrofoam material dan how its work. The design specification is base on books, journal, paper, internet and observation. Then we draw the design in 3D by using AutoCAD 2011, ready the tools to built, then we built the cooling machine. To examine the machine, we any measurement such as agilent and HOBO. From the measurement tools we obtain indoor and outdoor temperature, sun rays intensity, dew point and relative humidity. Then we observate the result are shown in graph. The conclusion is, Styrofoam is suitable to use as case in this machine because of its high stiffness and low thermal conduction, total cooling load is 6,75297 W, the lowest temperature is 16-17 from room temperature 32-33 in 1,5-2 hours operation. Used up to 300ml etanol 96% on each operate. 100401028

Biodiesel is one of the most potential of alternative energy as a renewable and environmentally friendly. Processing biodiesel is generally made by transesterification using heterogeneous base catalyst. Chicken bone ash (CaO) is a heterogeneous base catalyst non-corrosive and environmentally friendly, can be easily separated from the product by filtration and disposal issues fewer than homogeneous catalysts. This catalyst was isolated from chicken bones made by milling chicken bones and do calcination process. Some other important variables other than the selection of the catalyst is the catalyst dosage, molar ratio and the reaction temperature. The highest yield of biodiesel produced was 90.052 % with the molar ratio is 17: 1, reaction temperature is 70 ° C and 7% catalyst (w / w) with reaction time of 7 hours and stirring speed of 500 rpm as a constant variable. 110405095

Fossil fuel consumption are increasing rapidly and has increased, while fossil fuel reserves are limited, research is directed towards alternative renewable fuels. A potensial diesel fuel substitute is biodiesel. On this research cooking palm oil and ethanol are converted to biodiesel using base catalyst potassium hydroxide (KOH) with transesterification reaction scheme. Reaction take place during 4 hour at temperature 78oC,with comparison of ethanol : cooking palm oil molar ratio 6 : 1, by batch process and atmosphere pressure. The biodiesel obtained was analysed using gas chromatography (GC). In this research, transesterification can produce 76,8 % etyl ester.Then carried out with the blending of biodiesel and diesel fuel mixture composition 60%, 70%, 85%, and test characteristics such as density, flash point, distillation, copper strip corrosion, colour. The results obtained from the characteristic value of density, distillation, copper strip corrosion, colour of all fuel products approaching the diesel fuel value as a comparison and to meet the range specification diesel fuel. Flash point value fuel products is still high compared with the value of diesel fuel flash point of comparison. 087006026

This study aims to get a gravity thickener design as an appropriate means of sedimentation on LCPKS conversion process with a recycle system on a pilot scale in an attempt to obtain the decomposition rate of ≥ 80 % VS. LCPKS used are taken from the fat pit PKS Adolina PTP Nusantara IV. As for chemical compounds used are NaHCO3, FeCl2, NiCl.6H2O and CoCl2.6H2O. Experiments conducted on Biogas Power Plant (PLTBg) pilot scale. Recycle process performed using a gravity sludge thickener made of carbon steel is fitted with 5 taps as sampling site. The experiments were performed with a pH in the range 6.5 to 7.8 and the M - alkalinity is maintained ≥ 3.000 mg / l by the addition of 2.5 g NaHCO3 / L LCPKS. The experiment begins with loading up until it reaches the target HRT 6 days, then measured levels of TS and VS on the variation in diameter gravity thickener, sludge and recycle sludge level to achieve stable data that is 3 x HRT. Experiments by varying the diameter gravity thickener 315 to 350 mm showed no changes in the levels of TS and VS. This occurs because the diameter difference is not so significant. Variations recycle sludge from 25 , 34 to 50 % indicates that the biogas production increased with the size of the recycle sludge. Variations sludge was conducted to determine the level of TS and VS concentration sludge at each level is 130 ; 150 ; 170 ; 190 and 210 cm from the base gravity cylinder thickener tank. The experiment started without the use of the gravity thickener annulus, it can not be done because of the determination of the level of sludge TS and VS content of the sludge each level is not constant. Eventually gravity thickener equipped with the annulus and these experiments show that the levels of TS and VS in the sludge level 130 and 150 cm are still very high, ranging from 23000- 26000 mg / l. A series of experiments showed that the 315 mm diameter gravity thickener, sludge recycle 50 % and comes annulus is used as a means of sedimentation on LCPKS conversion process with recycle system at pilot scale resulted in decomposition rate of 73.4 % VS . 097022001

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel. Biodiesel is created by triglyceride, oil or fat, catalysts and alcohol, it’s called transesterification reaction. The transesterification of rice bran oil was studied using KOH/natural zeolite as a solid heterogeneous catalyst. Free fatty acid content in rice bran oil is 1,222%, which has more than 1%. KOH/natural zeolite catalyst was prepared by modification using impregnation process with reflux condenser. Various process variable such as KOH concentration (75/100 ml – 175/100 ml), amount of catalyst (2-4%), reaction time (1,5-3,5 hour) and ratio mole alcohol/oil (8:1-12:1) was studied in order to obtain the highest biodiesel yield. The transesterification reaction was held on 60 ºC with 500 rpm. The highest yield biodiesel is 98,71%, which was reached on 2% catalyst, reaction time 2 hour, ratio mole alcohol/oil 10:1. KOH/natural zeolites were characterization using several techniques such as FTIR and AAS. 120405007

Biogas as one of gaseous alternative fuels instead of fossil fuels are increasingly not sufficient and less environmentally friendly. But biogas with a methane content of only 50% -60% is not maximized improve engine performance and reduce exhaust gas emissions. So for this study aims to analyze the test results otto 4 stroke engine generator premium fuel and biogas by means of blower type air compressor as turbocarjer and catalytic converters to reduce exhaust emissions. The use of blower turbocarjer and catalytic converter in the engine generator set otto 4 steps will impact the performance (power, torque, SFC, Thermal Efficiency and AFR) and emissions (CO, HC, CO2 and O2) generated by premium fuel and biogas. In this study was conducted with a load of 100 watts, 200 watts, 300 watts, 400 watts and 500 watts. Maximum power occurred on premium fuel load of 500 watts at 2726.29 rpm rotation, namely 427.56 watts. The maximum torque occurs at a premium fuel load of 500 watts at 2726.29 rpm rotation, namely 1.49 Nm. SFC minimum occurred on premium fuel load of 500 watts at 2726.29 rpm rotation, it’s 1042.36 g / Kw hour. Thermal efficiency maximum occurred on premium fuel load of 500 watts at 2726.29 rpm rotation, it’s 8.1%. AFR maximum occurred on premium fuel load of 100 watts at 2834.86 rpm rotation, it’s 17.93. Minimum CO emissions occur on biogas fuel load of 100 watts at 2947.7 rpm rotation, it’s 0.06%. HC emission minimum occurred on premium fuel load of 500 watts at round 2726.29 rpm, which it’s 214 ppm. Minimum CO2 emissions occurred on premium fuel load of 100 watts at 2834.86 rpm rotation, it’s 1.58%. O2 maximum occurred on premium fuel load of 100 watts at 2834.86 rpm rotation, it’s 14.93%. 110401030

Biogas is a gas that can be produced from anaerobic fermentation of organic material such as animal and human’s feces, biomass or agricultural waste. In this research the biogas was produced from mixture of fruits garbage and some agricultural wastes: i.c corn stalk, rice straw and sawdust. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of the mixture using non factorial completely randomized design with parameters as follow : final C/N ratio, the first time to produce gas, pressure, colour of flame and duration of flame. The results indicated that the mixture gave significant effect on the final C/N ratio and not significant effect on the first time to produce gas, pressure, colour of flame and duration of flame. 040308018

One of the utilization of solar energy is the adsorption refrigeration cycle where performance is affected by temperature and solar radiation intensity. Location of the Indonesian state that is geographically located on the equatorial plane making Indonesia the country has abundant solar energy. The main component of this research consisted collector / adsorber, condensor, and evaporator. All of these components are made of stainless steel, due to the good thermal conductivity for the test. This test uses activated carbon adsorbent of 7 kilogram and 3 litres of methanol as the refrigerant. The best efficiency result of the collector, condensor, and evaporator is 24%, 28%, dan 13.5%. 100401084