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This work focuses on the refinement of sea-states spectral characterisation in the frame of the development of wave energy converters (WECs). Until now, this characterisation has been limited to the consideration of basic global parameters such as the significant wave height and mean wave period. The present work namely underlines - thanks to simplified numerical models - that such a description is not sufficient to account for the performance of WECs, for they still exhibit a large variability in terms of mean production while wave energy and period are fixed. It is therefore needed to refine this description by introducing new wave characteristics, such as the wave groupiness, which is itself related to the sea-state's spectral bandwidth. The classical - spectral - approaches, allowing a statistical analysis of wave groups along with other works in the literature, permit to draw a set of relevant spectral parameters. The sensitivity of simplified offshore WEC models (linear in the frequency domain) to these parameters is then observed. The question of deterministic mean power estimation - namely in the case of non-linear models - is also raised, for it is also related somehow to the bandwidth of the wave field. A sea-state is actually made of a superimposition of various wave systems (as swells and wind-sea). It is then possible to refine even more its description, namely through the multi-system approach. The latter enables indeed to track in time and space the wave systems independently of each other. An algorithm for the automatic spatiotemporal analysis is proposed and illustrated to this end. Lastly, the influence of such description refinements (wave groupiness and multi-system approach) is observed at several locations (Portugal, North Sea, California) by considering various WEC models (linear axi-symmetric heaving devices, 3D SEAREV with non-linear hydrodynamics): in all cases, it is shown that both extended descriptions allow for a better characterisation of the mean WEC performance at both short and long term. Ces travaux portent sur la caractérisation spectrale des états de mer dans le cadre du développement de systèmes récupérateurs de l'énergie des vagues (SREVs). Jusqu'alors, cette caractérisation s'est limitée à des paramètres globaux basiques tels que la hauteur significative et la période moyenne des vagues. Les présents travaux soulignent notamment, à l'aide de modèles simplifiés, que cette description est insuffisante car un SREV montre encore une grande variabilité en termes de production moyenne, ces deux paramètres étant fixés par ailleurs. On s'intéresse donc à raffiner cette description en considérant des caractéristiques de vagues nouvelles, comme le groupement de vagues, lui-même lié à la largeur de bande de l'état de mer. Les approches classiques - spectrales - sur l'étude descriptive des groupes de vagues et la littérature permettent de dégager un certain nombre de paramètres spectraux. On observe ensuite la sensibilité de modèles de SREVs offshore simplifiés (modèles fréquentiels linéaires) à ces paramètres de largeur globale. La question de l'estimation déterministe de performance moyenne (dans le cas de convertisseurs non-linéaires) est également abordée, étant elle-même liée à cette caractéristique. Un état de mer étant constitué de plusieurs systèmes de vagues (houles, mer de vent), il est encore possible de raffiner sa description grâce à une approche multisystème. Celle-ci permet en outre de suivre ces systèmes indépendamment dans le temps et l'espace. Un algorithme d'analyse spatio-temporelle est proposé et illustré à cet égard. Enfin, l'influence de ces raffinements est observée en différents sites (Portugal, Mer du Nord, Californie) sur des cas de SREVs divers (systèmes axi-symétriques linéaires, SEAREV 3D d'hydrodynamique non-linéaire), et montre que dans tous les cas, le raffinement apporté permet de mieux caractériser la production à court et long terme de ces dispositifs.

After its modest beginnings focusing on arctic Quebec in 1999, the Quebec research programme on health and climate change became interested in the remainder of the province around 2002. The European heat wave in 2003 accelerated the pace of this programme and prompted the Quebec health sector's participation in the Ouranos Research Consortium. The research findings from the 2003-2006 period have directly fed into the health component of the Quebec government's climate change action plan (2006-2012), financed through the first carbon tax in the Americas. This component is planning for a series of adaptations to the health network and to some other public networks, which will apply to construction, the built environment and outdoor developments, clinical management methods and practices, public health surveillance as well as emergency preparedness. In this article, the authors describe how research is supporting action and implementation, while also preparing for the future, and how this interaction has progressively established itself over the last 10 years.

Physiological processes of two populations of Mytilus edulis from the Atlantic coast (Marennes-Oleron, France) and from the Baltic coast (Gdansk, Poland) are compared. These parameters are discussed according to the physiological state of the populations (gametogenesis, spawning) and to the environmental abiotic (temperature, salinity) and biotic measurements (seston, chlorophyll). Two periods induce the use of energetic reserves from the flesh. The first one is due to the reproduction period (between February and May in the Bay of Marennes-Oleron and during June-July in the Bay of Gdansk), the second one to the bad winter trophic conditions. The physiological answers of these two populations during the two periods shows that different strategies take place. The mussels from Marennes-Oleron have a metabolism which is essentially based on carbohydrates, on the contrary, the mussels from the Bay of Gdansk develop a lipidic metabolism.

This thesis aims to examine the causal mechanisms of living environments on leisure mobilities and verify whether their inclusion is actually able to challenge the compact city as a sustainable urban form. The research focuses on the Swiss case and in particular the cities of Geneva and Zurich. The empirical approach is based on three types of additional analysis carried out in these areas: contextual analysis, quantitative analyzes based on data from the Mobility and Transport Microcensus 2010 and qualitative analysis through interviews. The main results are the following: â ¢ We find the existence of two opposing logics of association between land density and distance traveled: a decreasing link to daily mobility, but a positive correlation for occasional mobility (day trips and overnight trips). The denser is the living environment, the greater is the distance for this mobility. â ¢ Adding the two types of mobility to obtain a total average, we find that the inner city dwellers displayed, ultimately, much higher totals than would suggest the analysis of their daily mobility alone which therefore represent an invitation to invalidate the link compact city=short distances. â ¢ By transforming these distances into environmental impact, however, our calculations show that even while taking into account the many trips of urban dwellers, the negative relationship between total energy consumption and land density of the territory remains. â ¢ By examining in detail the share of leisure in daily and occasional mobility, we see that the logic of compensation is not what structures the links with urban environnements. In everyday life, the logic of proximity prevails: to live in the centre is rather correlated to more compactophile leisure and residing in the periphery to more leisure oriented towards the attributes of nature. â ¢ For occasional trips, we show firstly that compactophile mobilities represent a large part of these practices among all respondents, and secondly, that even in the case of very important and high energy consuming naturophile mobility, the relationship with the density of the living environment is not established. The central Genevans and are much less consumers of this type of leisure than people in the centre of Zurich even though their city is much more airy and green. Moreover, we also highlight, in peri-urban dwellers, a very intense mobility or this purpose. â ¢ The interpretation that we propose refers to lifestyles and residential choice of city dwellers which takes into account their leisure aspirations. These tastes are then translated into specific leisure activities and travel. In everyday life, they rely on proximity and functional, social and sensitive attributes of their living environment that they have chosen largely also for this. When it comes to breaking the routines during holidays and vacations, the same lifestyles result in significant occasional mobility whose motives can register in continuity of their daily lifestyle (loving the same things elsewhere) or by contrast (appreciate the diversity of spaces). In both cases, these motivations echo the valorisation of the diversity inherent in urbanity without questioning the urban residential location quality itself. Our results lead us ultimately to reject the compensation effect hypothesis and reaffirm, against the defenders of the sprawl-city, the virtues of the compact city, which remains a sustainable urban form, including for our leisure mobility.

L'article se propose de réfléchir sur l'existence des collections dans les écomusées. En faisant tout d'abord une introduction sur l'évolution des concepts de la muséologie et sur ce qu'il faut entendre par écomusée, on verra que le rapport à l'objet a toujours été pris en compte. L'écomusée est une façon de concevoir le territoire et de faire face aux problèmes à travers la culture. L'écomusée travaille justement dans ce sens, du moment que la collection, ainsi que les autres activités proposées, témoignent de l'existence d'un patrimoine culturel local, qui est étroitement lié aux vocations économiques du territoire, au paysage et aux changements survenus dans le temps. This paper aims to reflect about the presence of collections in ecomuseums. We will start with a brief introduction on the evolution of museums studies and ecomuseology, which will show us that the relationship between objects and ecomuseums it has being considered since the beginning. The ecomuseum approach focuses on the recreation of territorial knowledge, which is based on the interconnection of know-hows and on the promotion of cultural heritage by individuals who reinterpret them as a collective resource. Using cultural heritage as an instrument of social and democratic action gives people the tools to understand their own cultural heritage, considered in its evolution, and helps to strengthen the local identity by increasing the population's awareness of the importance of taking action to safeguard its territory.

Extreme weather events (EWE) are the most direct and visible example of how climate change threatens human health. Notwithstanding the diversity of EWEs, they all have recurrent impacts on mortality, morbidity and mental health. These impacts largely depend on exposure conditions, on the response measures implemented, and on socio-economic determinants. Forest fires and heat waves are the EWEs in all likelihood presenting the highest risks for respiratory health, and they are likely to rapidly evolve over the coming years. Since 2004, more than 10,000 excess deaths have been recorded during heat waves in France, 76 % of them after 2015. Pronounced synergies between extreme heat and air pollution are now documented in the literature. In addition to appropriate behaviours and medical care during EWEs, adaptation must now focus on long-term interventions, the objectives being to reduce exposure, to improve the quality of our environment and to reinforce social ties.

L'aquaculture est l'une des composantes principales de l'apport en protéines dans le monde, surtout en Asie. Elle croît, alors que la pêche, qu'elle a dépassée en tonnage comme en valeur, décline. Selon les écosystèmes et les méthodes employées, elle peut contribuer à valoriser, mais aussi à dégrader les milieux aquatiques. Dans la zone côtière, espace riche et productif au plan biologique mais convoité, l'aquaculture conserve un potentiel de développement si sa mise en œuvre intègre les principes de la durabilité. Celle-ci peut être éclairée par la prospective avec des méthodes d'analyse adaptées à chaque projet. L'analyse de l'expérience de 33 ans en aquaculture de D. Lacroix est faite en trois temps. D'abord, il s'agit de vérifier la qualité de ses travaux de recherche scientifique menés dans des contextes et avec des responsabilités variés en suivant la grille d'analyse de référence d'un doctorat. Ensuite, l'analyse consiste à prendre un recul critique sur les bilans de réalisations majeures (Antilles, Guyane…) en mobilisant l'approche de M. Callon dont la théorie de la traduction permet de construire le réseau des acteurs et de le projeter dans la problématique. Cette grille d'analyse est complétée par l'étude des aspects de temporalité, légitimité et d'acceptabilité pour chaque réalisation. Ce travail sur diverses situations d'intervention permet de préparer une réflexion sur la proposition méthodologique qui suit et son adaptation à des conditions variables. Enfin, les connaissances acquises sont synthétisées afin de construire une méthode de prospective qui permettrait de gagner en temps, en efficacité et en moyens sur des projets à venir. Pour cela, l'analyse s'appuie sur la vision de R. Passet, qui structure les éléments de tout projet dans la hiérarchie des composantes de la durabilité. Le système dynamique qui en résulte peut être alors croisé avec divers scénarios afin d'en simuler les conséquences et donc d‟éclairer les choix. Cette méthode, dite Aster, est testée sur le cas « modèle » et bien documenté de l'élevage de la crevette Macrobrachium rosenbergii en Guyane française. Elle permet d'aboutir à des recommandations précises et argumentées en matière de recherche comme de développement pour tout décideur impliqué. Aquaculture is one of the main supply of protein in feed for mankind, notably in Asia. It increases and had exceeded the level of production of world fisheries, which is decreasing. According to sites and rearing methods, aquaculture contributes to add value but also in some cases to impact negatively the aquatic ecosystems. In the coastal area, a rich and productive zone, but also a place of conflicts, this activity presents a high potential for development if it takes into account the rules of sustainability. The conditions of this sustainability may be cleared with appropriate methods of foresight analysis applied for each development project. The analysis of the professional experience of D. Lacroix for 33 years in aquaculture is structured in three steps. Firstly, the work is to check the scientific value of the research conducted under his responsibility in various contexts and for different responsibilities. This study refers to the requirements of a PhD. In the second part of the work, the results of few major projects (French West Indies, French Guyana….) are analysed with the support of the theory of translation (Callon et al) which allows to build a network of actors and to project it into the context. This way of study includes a special attention to the aspects of time planning, legitimacy and acceptability. Finally, the author examines how this knowledge gained from experience could help building a method for foresight analysis aiming at a shorter planning, a better timing and less means for future projects. To achieve this goal the author integrates the vision of the economist R. Passet which structures any project in an ecosystemic framework, including criteria of sustainability. The mix of these two approaches (Callon & Passet) entails in a new tool for foresight analysis, called Aster, which originality is to offer the possibility to test various scenarios and related consequences to help decision -makers. This new method of foresight analysis, is then tested on the well known case study of the development of prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in French Guyana. The test shows to be successful as it delivers precise and arguable recommendations about research and development for all stakeholders.

Les Sherpa de la région de l'Everest au Népal expérimentent des transformations importantes de leur environnement et notamment des variations du climat. Notre ambition est de comprendre les perceptions que les habitants ont des modifications des phénomènes atmosphériques et météorologiques, et de voir s'ils relient ces variations locales à un changement climatique plus global. Notre recherche en géographie humaine, menée en immersion longue sur un terrain himalayen et basée sur des données qualitatives recueillies lors d'entretiens, fait ressortir des grandes tendances au niveau des transformations environnementales ressenties autour de la diminution de la neige, de la plus grande variabilité des pluies de mousson et de l'augmentation d'événements extrêmes. Ces observations, collectées au niveau du territoire de Pangboche sur le sentier de l'Everest, varient selon l'âge des personnes interrogées, et font apparaître des problèmes d'échelle et de temps avec un décalage entre la vision alarmiste globale du changement climatique et son appréhension locale. Le climat est à considérer en interaction avec d'autres facteurs de changements socio-économiques dans une région profondément marquée par le tourisme, la présence d'étrangers, les échanges et la circulation des discours. Mots clés : Perception du climat, perception de la météorologie, changement climatique, facteurs de changement, distinction générationnelle, marqueurs environnementaux, Sherpa, Everest. A wind of change is blowing on Everest : the multiple facets of Sherpa perceptions of weather and climate. Sherpa people of the Everest region in Nepal are experiencing local environmental change and particularly climatic variation. Our objective is better to understand how villagers perceive atmospheric and meteorological changes, and how they relate local phenomena to possibly global climate change. Our research in human geography, carried out through long-term immersion in a Himalayan area and based on qualitative data collected during interviews, reveals major trends in relation to the decreasing amount of snow, the greater variability in monsoon rains, and the increase of extreme weather events. These observations, gathered in Pangboche territory on the trail to Everest, vary according to the age of the respondents and reveal problems of scale and time, with a gap between the global alarmist vision of climate change and its local understanding. Thus, we argue, climate should be viewed in interaction with other factors of (socio-economic) change in a region deeply marked by tourism, the presence of foreigners, and the exchange and circulation of discourse on nature and the environment. Keywords : Perception of climate, perception of meteorology, climate change, drivers of change, generational differences , environmental indicators, Sherpa, Everest.

En France, la gouvernance de l'espace se conçoit et se concrétise quasi exclusivement au prisme de l'idéologie du territoire. Phagocyté par des processus géopolitiques, le territoire est également débordé par les enjeux de durabilité. L'espace, coincé entre le territoire et le réseau, est dans l'impasse. Il se doit d'être à la fois un support pour le développement durable et un vecteur de lien, de proximité démocratique. Notre communication vise à réactiver les termes du débat sur la gouvernance des métropoles au prisme du développement durable, dont les enjeux semblent peu, ou pas, se plier à une approche locale simplificatrice voire approximative à laquelle la figure du territoire se prête néanmoins bien mieux que celle du réseau. Nous discuterons l'usage potentiel de l'aire urbaine pour la gouvernance des métropoles avec l'idée selon laquelle la gestion de l'espace, par le biais du territoire, tend à empêcher l'émergence au sein du débat de ces nouveaux défis de la durabilité. In France, the governance of space is implemented through the ideology of the territory. Distorted by geopolitical processes, the concept of territory cannot handle critical sustainability issues. Our common space is neither territory nor network: it suffers from a lack of manageable representations. It should be a catalyst for sustainability, democracy and help bring people together at the same time. This communication aims to rethink the terms of the debate on metropolitan governance in regard to sustainability, which is too big an issue to be approximated by simplified, local approaches, though these are better managed through territories than networks. We will discuss the use of the «urban area» as a governance tool for metropolitan governance, and argue that the management of space through territories prevents the emergence of the complex challenges of sustainability in the public debate. Martial Vialleix, Clarence Bluntz - L'espace dans l'impasse : le développement durable des métropoles françaises en question(s)