• Energy Research
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The issue of energy is a global issue that must be discussed by all countries in the world. Rising oil prices and a dwindling supply push every country to develop new renewable energy alternatives. One of this alternative energy is biodiesel. The biodiesel production can be done by using vegetable oil as the raw material over supported homogeneous catalyst, heterogeneous catalyst and enzymatic catalyst. In this study the use of palm oil as the main material to be reacted with methanol and the catalyst used as heterogeneous catalysts SO42-/ZnO by changing variables used are long reaction times (1, 2.5 and 4 hours) and the weight ratio of catalyst / oil (4 , 6, and 8).The studybeganwith thepreparation of catalyst SO42-/ZnO followed by aransesterification reaction between palm oil with methanol. The resultsofthis studyshowed that the super acid catalyst SO42-/ZnOcan be usedin making biodiesel.Optimum operatingcondition for this catalytic reaction is the weight ratio of catalyst/oil 3,8 during 2,5 hours with 78% yield of the resulting ester metal.Longer time ofthe transesterificationreaction, the higher the % yield ofthe resulting ester metal, while adding more catalyst produced the lower theyield.

The purpose of this study is to analyze conversion of waste into biogas cattle against the income of the people in Karo and Deli Serdang. This study use primary data through questionnaires and interviews to people who are or have been managing the biogas from cattle waster in Karo and Deli Serdang. The analytical methods used in this study are descriptive statistics and multiple linier regression. The resuld showed that the time use of biogas, the price of cow manure and the number of dependents simultaneously positive and significant impact on people’s income. The time use of biogas is partially not significant positive effect on people’s income and the price of cow manure partially not significant positive effect on people’s income and the number of dependents partially positive effect is not significant to people’s income 100501159

In Bahasa Indonesia : Kendaraan bermotor yang merupakan alat transportasi yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat di negara-negara modern, menimbulkan masalah besar terhadap lingkungan dan akibat polusinya sudah sangat terasa, terutama di kota-kota besar. Untuk menanggulangi masalah ini, maka sejak pertengahan abad 20 telah banyak dilakukan tindakan-tindakan yang bertujuan mengurangi atau melenyapkan pengaruh gas yang ditimbulkan oleh motor bakar. Sejak akhir abad 20 telah mulai dikembangkan alat untuk menggantikan motor bakar yang ternyata mempunyai beberapa keuntungan yang sangat menonjol, yaitu fuel cell yang dapat menghasilkan energi melalui proses elektro kimiawi. Berhubung fuel cell sangat berbeda dari motor bakar, maka kendaraan yang menggunakannya mengalami Perubahan komponen yang cukup radikal diantaranya sistem bahan bakar, sistem penerus energi dan sistem kontrol. Dari hasil pengembangan dan penelitian yang telah dilakukan ternyata jenis fuel cell ini sangat menjanjikan keuntungan-keuntungan yang tidak dimiliki oleh motor bakar, sehingga bukanlah hal yang mustahil bahwa fuel cell akan menggantikan motor bakar. Kata kunci: otomotif, fuel cell, polusi. Cars powered by engine is one of transport vehicle used in developed countries, which caused ecological problem to the environment, the effect of this problem is faced nowadays especially in big cities. Since medio of 20th century many researches and developments have been done, to cope with that problem, to have less emission in the environment. One of the equipment to replace engines, have been developed since the last decade of 20th century, give a lot of advantages called fuel cell, which can produce energy by electric-chemically process. Due to the differences of fuel cell compare with conventional engine, vehicles using fuel cell has to be redesign, some components have to be changed radically, like the fuel system, drive train and control system. The result of researches and developments which have been done, promise a lot of advantages, which conventional engines can not give, therefore it is probable that fuel cell will replace conventional engine.

Limitations of diesel which is a non-renewable energy sources, requires alternative fuels to renewable and environmentally friendly, for example is biodiesel. The main reaction is the production of biodiesel esterification and transesterification, but these conventional reactions are slow, requires a lot of alcohol and a catalyst, the reaction has not been perfect, and the products do not meet SNI and ASTM standards. In this research, mixing castor oil and palm oil as biodiesel feedstock, but it aims to obtain the optimum conditions for the blending ratio variable mass castor and palm oil, the amount of catalyst to oil, and the mole ratio of methanol-oil with helped by ultrasonic waves. The resulting biodiesel product is expected to meet SNI and ASTM standards. The main tool used is the ultrasonic cleaner. Variable that is the ratio of the mass of castor oil and palm 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1, the amount of catalyst KOH 1%, 1.5%, and 2% by mass of oil, and methanol-oil mole ratio 3:1, 6 : 1, and 9:1. The results obtained highest conversion achieved in the mass ratio 2:1 castor oil and palm oil, catalyst 1.5% by mass of oil, and the mole ratio of 6:1 with a mixture of methanol-conversion 95.341% where diesel fuel product meets SNI and ASTM standards.

Bioethanol is one type of biofuel that developed significantly. The utilization of bioethanol is not only limited for fuel, but also could be used as material for various industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food. With wide utilization and relatively simple production technology has made bioethanol as the most favored biofuel currently. The use of lignocellulosic biomass, microalgae, seaweeds, even GMO (Genetically modified organisms) as substrates for bioethanol production has been widely tested. Differences in the materials eventually led to change in the production technology used. Pretreatment technology in the bioethanol production using lignocellulosic currently experiencing rapid development. It is a key process and crucial for the whole next steps. Based on the advantages and disadvantages from all methods, steam explotion and liquid hot water methods are the most promising pretreatment technology available.

Tide height is an important parameter in obtaining the amount of tidal energy by utilizing the potential energy contained in the water caused by the movement of sea water caused tidal. Karimun waters of Riau Island province has a reservoir of 29.69 Ha former tin mining which is directly related to the sea connected by floodgates that allegedly contained the potential for tidal energy is high. Karimun tidal waters that occurs twice ebb tide twice the difference between the highest to the lowest ebb during spring tide reaches 3.8 m while the difference during neap 0.2 m. In the planning of generating tidal power necessary to study potential energy, mechanical energy, in addition to the natural factors that must be considered is the morphology of the beach, water characteristics, topography, rainfall, sea depth and lithology underwater, because it influences the volume of reservoirs, construction field and construction of energy converters. Design of tidal power generation using penstock pipe dimensions of 3.7 m, designed stainless kaplan turbines installed perpendicular coupled to a synchronous generator pole shoe (salient) 39889.7 kW generator power output. Results of analysis of tidal energy potential of an average of 46910.6 kWh in 2013 and average of 46605.4 kWh in 2014. It was concluded that the use of energy known to be used as a reference in planning tidal power plant.

Terjadinya Perubahan iklim pada saat ini telah mengkibatkan dampak buruk terhadap kehidupan makhluk hidup di permukaan bumi. Kekeringan, banjir atau rob, gelombang udara panas, dan badai merupakan beberapa contoh yang disebabkan oleh Perubahan iklim. Pada sektor pertanian, kondisi tersebut akan menyebabkan produksi tanaman mengalami penurunan yang cukup signifikan sehingga mengganggu ketahanan pangan nasional dan menurunkan pendapatan petani dan devisa negara. Penyebab utama terjadinya Perubahan iklim adalah meningkatnya emisi gas rumah kaca (terutama gas CO2) di udara, yang dihasilkan oleh aktivitas manusia (antropogenik). Untuk mengurangi emisi gas CO2 Pemerintah Republik Indonesia telah mencanangkan Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (RAN-GRK) sesuai Peraturan Presiden Nomor 61 tahun 2011. Salah satu kegiatan utamanya adalah penanaman 105.200 ha tanaman karet. Peran ekologis tanaman karet yaitu tajuknya dapat menyerap gas CO2 dari udara dan dari hasil biji karet dapat dibuat biodiesel dengan gas buang CO2 yang lebih rendah dari bahan bakar minyak (solar), sehingga tanaman karet mempunyai peran yang penting dalam mengurangi kejadian Perubahan iklim (mitigasi). Jumlah CO2 yang diserap oleh tanaman karet bervariasi tergantung kepada umur tanaman, kondisi tanaman, kesuburan tanah, dan teknis budidaya yang diterapkan. Rata-rata stok karbon pada karet tradional (perkebunan rakyat) 19,8 ton C/ha, sedangkan pada karet klon unggul (perkebunan besar) 42,4 ton C/ha. Jumlah gas CO2 yang diserap oleh perkebunan karet di Indonesia mencapai 291,16 Mton CO2e. Potensi produksi biodiesel dari RSO di Indonesia mencapai 424.460 ton. Campuran solar dan biodiesel dari RSO dapat menurunkan emisi gas buang CO2 sebesar 40,14%. Role of rubber plant in climate change mitigation Climate change happened and resulted in adverse effect of our life on the earth's surface. Droughts, floods, or rob, heatwaves, and hurricanes happened recently of incident that might be caused by climate change. In the agricultural sector, these conditions will lead to reduction of yields significantly, in turn disrupt the national food security and reduce foreign exchange. Major factor that may induce climate change is the increased greenhouse gas emissions primarily CO2 in air, generated by human activity (anthropogenic). To reduce emissions of CO2 gas, Government of Indonesia has launched the National Action Plan for Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases (RAN-GRK) through Presidential Decree No. 61 of 2011. One of the main activity is the planting of 105,200 ha of rubber trees. Ecological role of the rubber plant is an sequestration CO2 from the air. Moreover, rubber yielded may be converted into biodiesel fuel having CO2 content being lower than diesel oil in otherwords, rubber plant has an important role in reducing of incidences of climate change (mitigation). The amount of CO2 is sequestrated by rubber plant varies depending on the age of the plant, crop conditions, soil fertility and technical cultivation applied. Average of carbon stock of those rubber plants cultivated traditionally was 19.8 ton C / ha, while those superior clone ones was 42.4 ton C/ha. The amount of CO2 gas sequestrated by rubber in Indonesia reached of 291.16 Mton CO2e. Potentially biodiesel production developed from the RSO in Indonesia reached 424,460 ton, blending of diesel oil and biodiesel from RSO able to reduce CO2 emissions of 40.14%.

Area of Indonesia consists of 80% water, which contains abundance of potential fish resources, Those fish resources should be utilized for as much as prosperity and welfare for Indonesian. In fact, fish resourceshaven't enhanced the living standard, which is sustainable and equitable. Issues on fisheries come up such as exaggeration of fishing, theft fish, illegal fishing activities and the use of fish resources that exceeding thegeneration of fish itself. That circumstance will cause harm for the state, the fishermen, as well as people in general. The use of tools that harm the nature will cause the decrease of fish resources and threat thesustainability of fish resources. The aim of writing this article is to analyze law enforcement related to the sustainability of fish resources and the sustainability of fish resources, viewed from the perspective of justice.As the result of the study, law enforcement to protect the fish resources generally has not given attention to the sustainability of fish resources, therefore fishermen still use unfriendly tools to catch the fishes. Thoseunfriendly tools will cause the occurrence of over-fishing and will impact to the environmental damages. Those kinds of things will destruct the fishes, therefore the quantity of fish will have deteriorated and evencould be extinct. Those environmental damages would suffer the present generation as well as the next generation since they couldn't consume fish which is very essential for the growth of the human body anderadicate the job for the people as the fishermen. The present generation will be sinful if the next generation will get the impact of what the present generation done. In order to reduce more over-fishing activities and the distrust of the fish habitat it needs the law enforcement, which is oriented to the sustainability of fish resources. The sustainability of fishery resources couldn't maintain its existence, this could be seen as the symbol of environmental damages. In this case, the law also needs to make integration of fish resources sustainability to be processed so that it will result output law enforcement which is oriented to fish resourcessustainability. As a conclusion, in law enforcement oriented to fish resources sustainability, it needs to be thought by the lawmaker to embed that the law should contain idea or concept about justice, legal certainty,the significance of fish resources and the implementation of the law itself. In the fish resources utilization and law enforcements, it needs to pay attention to the justice principle; intergenerational equity; intergenerational equity; precautionary; conservation of biological diversity; conservation of biological diversity.

Bioethanol fuel gel is renewable energy (renewable energy) potential as the source is updated and more secure when compared with liquid bioethanol. Besides ethanol gel fuel is also cheaper than fossil fuels such as premium, gas and kerosene. However, the use of bioethanol gel as a substitute for fossil fuels are still very minimal. This is due to factory producing bioethanol gel is limited and little is know how to capitalize on bioethanol gel that can be used in everyday life, as well as bio-ethanol gel stoves. For that, a special study is needed regarding the manufacture and performance of bioethanol gel-fueled stove.This study aims to create a prototype stove bioethanol gel and seek to know the characteristics and comparative performance of bioethanol gel fuel stove by creating a wide variety of combustion (burner) and the air hole diameter 5 mm, 4 mm, 3 mm, 2.5 mm, and 2 mm. Control variables in this study is the production of bioethanol gel CV. Fresh Joy International with ethanol content of 70%, 1.05% Carbopol, 7.33% moisture content with HHV 16942.572 (kJ / kg) and LVH 16717.369 (kJ / kg). Incinerators (burner) made from canned drinks (soft drinks) ex. The data in this study will be processed using a method Boilling Water Tester (WBT) in order to obtain results in the form of influence each - each a variation on bioethanol fuel burner on the stove gel. From the study showed, a stove with a second variation (V2) with a diameter of 4 mm air holes are stoves most effective and efficient with thermal efficiency values (hc) 67% and, blue flame characteristics and stable. 130421008

The use of manure and litter as bio gas-producing material is one solving problem of sanitation and environmental health as well as the control of environmental pollution, especially in the vicinity of the farm and the market environment. To obtain biogas productivity and optimum quality then conducted a study with the aim to determine the effect of a composition ratio mix of fish maw, kale and feces of pigs against pH, productivity in this case, the gas pressure (Pa), gas mass (kg) and the volume of gas (m3), as well as the quality of the biogas as measured by the amount of calorific value (J), and power (watts), and the color of the flame produced. The results showed that the composition ratio of a mixture of 1: 1: 1 has the most stable pH with the average of 7. The gas pressure, gas mass and the volume of gas produced by the mixture composition ratio of 1: 1: 1 is larger than the composition ratio of a mixture of 2 : 1: 1, 1: 2: 1 and 1: 1: 2 with 3851.4 Pa gas pressure, gas mass kg 0.011568938 and 0.145424439 gas volume m3 calorific value of 19.680 kJ and 177.142 watts of power, as well as the color of the flame, produced that is blue. It can be concluded that the mixture composition ratio of 1: 1: 1 is the productivity and quality of the most optimal.