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Svrha ovog rada jest iznijeti pregled klime i klimatskih promjena u Republici Hrvatskoj te vidjeti na koji način su one utjecale na turizam i gospodarstvo u zadnjih desetak godina. Klima predstavlja vremenske uvjete koji prevladaju duže vrijeme na nekom području. Tematika kojom se rad bavi bazira se na globalnom zatopljenju kao najvećem faktoru koji utječe na prirodu, čovječanstvo i industrije te sve aktivnosti u gospodarstvu. Globalno zatopljenje predstavlja ozbiljan problem kojemu se treba što brže pristupiti te pronaći efektivne načine smanjenja utjecaja globalnog zatopljenja na sve gospodarske i prirodne aspekte. Da bi se došlo do podataka i odgovorilo na temu napravljeno je istraživanje gdje se uspoređuju broj dolazaka i noćenja u Republici Hrvatskoj sa brojem padalina i insolacijom. Istraživanje je pokazalo kako globalno zatopljenje i povećanje temperature pogoduju turizmu i dolasku ljudi jer se brojke kroz godine povećavaju zajedno sa temperaturom, dok je zimski turizam nešto slabiji jer zimske sezone traju kraće iz razloga što više nema toliko prirodnog snijega. Za gospodarstvo, poljoprivredu i ribarstvo drukčija je priča. Tamo su utjecaji klimatskih promjena znatno veći te postoji opasnost da će se u budućnosti ribolov smanjiti jer ribe neće moći podnijeti toplije temperature. Također i gospodarstvo odnosno poljoprivreda će osjetiti negativan učinak klimatskih promjena iz razloga što neke vrste voća i povrća se neće moći više kvalitetno uzgajati na Hrvatskom području, što može dovesti do poskupljenja ili čak nestašice vode te će se radi tog razloga morati tražiti alternativne metode navodnjavanja što će rezultirati poskupljenjem i tako direktno utjecati i na sveukupno gospodarstvo. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the climate and climate change in the Republic of Croatia and see how they have been affecting tourism and the economy in the last ten years. Climate can be explained as the weather conditions that prevail in an area over a long period of time. This paper focuses on the global warming as the most influential factor when it comes to changes in nature, humanity, industry, and activities in general. Global warming is the gradual increase in temperature in the Earth's atmosphere, generally due to the greenhouse effect, which was caused by pollution in the environment. In order to get the data and answer the questions posed by this paper, this case study was written in a way that compares the number of arrivals and overnight stays in the Republic of Croatia to the likes of precipitation, isolation, and temperature. The case study shows that the global warming and increase in temperature favor tourism and people's arrivals as numbers increase over time with temperatures, while winter tourism is somewhat weaker because winter seasons are shorter due to the lack of natural snow as of late. It’s a completely different story for the economy, agriculture, and fishing. The impact of climate change is considerably higher in those fields, as is the danger of a decrease in fishing activity in the future as the fish will not be able to withstand the warmer temperatures.

The aim of the joint activity between CNR ITAE and University of Malta, funded in the framework of a bilateral agreement is the preliminary study of the possible application of thermally-activated technologies for the refrigeration of fish on-board of fishing vessels, with particular attention to the Mediterranean area. In such a context, the two partners, given their expertise in the adsorption and absorption cooling technologies, dedicated the first year of the joint project on several activities needed to define possible integration solutions on-board. The following report is then organized as follows: - Section 3 reports an analysis of the state-of-the-art concerning existing refrigeration systems currently employed in the fishing vessels' application as well as innovative activities recently performed on the possible integration of thermally-driven technologies for the refrigeration. - Section 4 focuses on the definition of possible integration between the waste heat recovered from the engines of the fishing vessel and the sorption technology for refrigeration. This analysis takes into account different possible applications, in terms of refrigeration temperatures as well as capacities. Furthermore, different possible waste heat streams at different temperature levels are investigated. - Section 5 identifies the typical working boundary conditions under which the fishing vessel operates, in terms of cooling demand, also considering different climatic zones (i.e. different geographical areas in which the vessel operates) and vessels' typology. - Section 6 investigates possible working pairs, both for adsorption and absorption technologies, which are promising for the given boundary conditions in Section 5. This activity is needed to set the operational limits that each technology and working pair cannot overcome. - Section 7 reports the calculations performed for each working pair and operating conditions, both taking into account thermodynamic constraints as well as analysing literature results on different prototypes realized and tested. - Section 8 introduces a dynamic model, implemented in TRNSYS environment, of an absorption refrigerator, which was validated and will be used in the following activities to investigate the defined schematics in Section 4. - Section 9 defines the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) that will be used in the following activities to compare the achievable results of the different configurations.

Esta dissertação explora o modo como a empresa multinacional Unilever tem por objetivo a reconciliação da lógica Comercial e a de Sustentabilidade nas suas principais atividades de negócio, de modo a atingir o hibridismo organizacional. Baseando-se num estudo de caso, demonstra como a Unilever interliga estas duas lógicas através de três fatores distintos: liderança, comunicação e ações. O estudo qualitativo revela que o sucesso desta integração e a sustentação das mesmas não deriva de um único fator em específico, mas sim da interação planeada entre esses três fatores. De acordo com os resultados da minha análise, desenvolvi um modelo que demonstra como as duas lógicas mudam ao longo do tempo, influenciadas por dinâmicas tanto internas como externas. This dissertation explores how the multinational company Unilever aims at reconciling two logics, a Sustainability and a Commercial Logic within its core business activities to achieve organizational hybridity. Based on a case study, it shows that Unilever reconciles the two logics through three distinct drivers: leadership, communication and actions. The qualitative study reveals that there is not a specific single driver that can lead to a successful integration and sustaining of logics, but rather the planned interplay between the three drivers. Resulting from my findings, I developed a model that elucidates how the two logics change over time through both internal and external dynamics.

As it becomes clear that climate change is not easily within the boundaries of the 1990's, society needs to be prepared and needs to anticipate future changes due to the uncertain changes in climate. So far, extensive research has been carried out on several issues including the coastal defence or shifting ecozones. However, the role spatial design and planning can play in adapting to climate change has not yet been focussed on.This book illuminates the way adaptation to climate change is tackled in water management, ecology, coastal defence, the urban environment and energy. The question posed is how each sector can anticipate climate change by creating spatial designs and plans. The main message of this book is that spatial design and planning are a very useful tool in adapting to climate change. It offers an integral view on the issue, it is capable in dealing with uncertainties and it opens the way to creative and anticipative solutions. Dealing with adaptation to climate change requires a shift in mindset; from a technical rational way of thinking towards an integral proactive one. A new era in spatial design and planning looms on the horizon. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009.

The potential for global forest cover The restoration of forested land at a global scale could help capture atmospheric carbon and mitigate climate change. Bastin et al. used direct measurements of forest cover to generate a model of forest restoration potential across the globe (see the Perspective by Chazdon and Brancalion). Their spatially explicit maps show how much additional tree cover could exist outside of existing forests and agricultural and urban land. Ecosystems could support an additional 0.9 billion hectares of continuous forest. This would represent a greater than 25% increase in forested area, including more than 200 gigatonnes of additional carbon at maturity.Such a change has the potential to store an equivalent of 25% of the current atmospheric carbon pool. Science , this issue p. 76 ; see also p. 24

Abstract In the last years, electric vehicles (EVs) are getting significant consideration as an environmental-sustainable and cost-effective alternative over conventional vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICEs), for the mitigation of the dependence from fossil fuels and for reduction of Green-House Gasses (GHGs) emission. However, many challenges are still ongoing to their large scale implementation. Among them, the negative impact on the electrical grid operation in case of an uncoordinated contemporary charging of a huge number of EVs. In the recent literature different solutions are proposed for handling the peak demand of EVs and the related problems. One answer is offered by the implementation of EV charging strategies, through aggregation agents, for containing the impact on the grid, guaranteeing the quality of the service. The implementation of a real charging strategy is strictly related to a deployment of smart-grid technologies, such as smart meters, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). In particular ESSs are playing a fundamental role in the general smart grid paradigm, and can become fundamental for the integration in the new power systems of EV fast charging stations of the last generation: in this case the storage can have peak shaving and power quality functions and also to make the charge time shorter. In the present paper, an overview on the different types of EVs charging stations, in reference to the present international European standards, and on the storage technologies for the integration of EV charging stations in smart grid is reported. Then a real implementation of EVs fast charging station equipped with an ESS is deeply described. The system is a prototype, designed, implemented and now available at ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development) labs. A wide experimental activity has been performed on the prototype system in order to test its functionalities in the integration in a smart grid available at the same ENEA lab, including a smart metering system. The integration has been possible thanks to the use of a customized communication protocol, developed by the researchers and here described. The results of the experimental tests show that the system has a good performance in the implementation of peak shaving functions, in respect of the main distribution grid, making the prototype like a network nearly zero-impact system.

Abstract The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has been growing in importance as a technology for producing electricity from low temperature waste and renewable heat sources. In small-scale applications, the most used working fluid has been HFC-245fa, although this is being substituted for low GWP alternatives. A new HCFO working fluid, HCFO-1224yd(Z), has appeared as a possible alternative for HFC-245fa. In this study, this alternative working fluid is analysed and, finally, the working fluid is experimentally tested as drop-in alternative in a commercial ORC system. The main purpose is to determine the feasibility of using HCFO-1224yd(Z) as a drop-in replacement for HFC-245fa in a real facility that was initially designed to operate with HFC-245fa. The results show how the use of HCFO-1224yd(Z) offers power output that ranges from 7.5% to 17.4% lower than that provided by HFC-245fa. Although HFC-245fa offers higher power output, the results show that HCFO-1224yd(Z) offers up to 7.7% higher cycle net efficiency; this is due to the higher input thermal rate required by HFC-245fa. Finally, HCFO-1224yd(Z) has been stated as a suitable alternative to HFC-245fa as a drop-in replacement in a small-scale, low-temperature ORC, which increases its attractiveness for heat source with higher temperatures.

Domestic heating represents the most dominant energy function in Dutch households nowadays. Using district heat from CHP (combined heat and power) by means of a NGCC (natural gas-fired combined cycle) plants is generally acknowledged as an effective option to reduce primary energy consumption for heating. However, methods to calculate energy savings from CHP differ widely. This paper compares a number of different methods, including the method from the EU CHP Directive, to estimate primary energy savings in comparison with the typically used domestic gas-fired condensing boiler. Real hourly CHP plant performance data is used. An estimation of the CO2 mitigation cost of delivering district heat to Dutch dwellings is made. We find that supplying dwellings with district heat from an NGCC-CHP saves energy, regardless of the calculation method and for a rather wide range of reference efficiencies. CO2 mitigation costs are acceptable from a social perspective (at discount rates up to 4%, excluding fuel taxes) and negative from a private perspective (at discount rates up to 10%, including fuel taxes).

Escalating energy costs are an increasing concern for South Asian farmers growing rice and wheat in rotation. Millions of people in the IGP (Indo-Gangetic Plains) depend on this cropping system for food and income security. CT (conservation tillage) practices, including mechanical BP (bed planting), PTOS (power-tiller operated seeding), and ST (strip tillage), are advocated by donors and development organizations as profitable, high yielding, and energy-efficient alternatives to TT (traditional tillage). However, most studies on the EUE (energy input use efficiency) of CT originate from researcher-controlled and on-station experiments. Comparatively little information is available on the EUE of CT practices as farmers apply them in their own fields, and under their own management decisions. This research responds to this gap, and analyzes EUE of each of these three CT options, compared to TT, by surveying 328 rice-wheat farmers in north-western Bangladesh. Concentrating on wheat production, we employed a non-parametric benchmarking technique involving slack-based measures of technical efficiency, along with a fractional regression model to identify and compute the wasteful use of energy. PTOS achieved the highest EUE score (0.92), followed closely by BP and ST (both 0.91), whereas TT (0.68) was significantly (p <0.001) different and lower than the CT practices.