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  • 7. Clean energy
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zakia Soomauroo; Philipp Blechinger; Felix Creutzig;

    Small islands developing states (SIDS) contribute minuscule proportions to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption, but are highly exposed to climate change impacts, in particular to extreme weather events and sea-level rise. However, there is little research on potential decarbonization trajectories unique to SIDS. Here, we argue that insular topology, scale, and economy are distinctive characteristics of SIDS that facilitate overcoming carbon lock-in. We investigate these dimensions for the three islands of Barbados, Fiji, and Mauritius. We find that insular topologies and small scale offer an opportunity for both public transit corridors and rapid electrification of car fleets. The tourism sector enables local decision-makers and investors to experiment with shared mobility and to induce spillover effects by educating tourists about new mobility options. Limited network effects, and the particular economy thus enables to overcome carbon lock-in. We call for targeted investments into SIDS to transition insular mobility systems towards zero carbon in 2040. The decarbonization of SIDS is not only needed as a mitigation effort, but also as a strong signal to the global community underlining that a zero-carbon future is possible.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DepositOnce
    Article . 2020
    License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
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      Sustainability
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      DepositOnce
      Article . 2020
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Anya Heider; Ricardo Reibsch; Philipp Blechinger; Avia Linke; +1 Authors

    To reach climate targets, future energy systems must rely heavily on variable renewable energy sources (VRES) such as wind and photovoltaic (PV). As the share of VRES increases, the topics of flexibility and the smart interplay of different flexibility options grow in importance. One way to analyse flexibility options and enhance the design of future energy systems is to use energy system modelling tools. Although a wide range of openly accessible models exist, there is no clear evaluation of how flexibility is represented in these tools. To bridge this gap, this paper extracts the key factors of flexibility representation and introduces a new classification for flexibility and influencing factors. To evaluate the current modelling landscape, a survey was sent to developers of open energy modelling tools and analysed with the newly introduced Open ESM Flexibility Evaluation Tool (OPFEL), an open source evaluation algorithm to assess the representation of different flexibility options in the tools. The results show a wide range of different tools covering most aspects of flexibility. A trend towards including sector coupling elements is visible. However, storage and network type flexibility, as well as aspects touching system operations, are still underrepresented in current models and should be included in more detail. No single model covers all categories of flexibility options to a high degree, but a combination of different models through soft coupling could serve as the basis for a holistic flexibility assessment. This, in turn, would allow for a detailed evaluation of energy systems based on VRES. Energy Strategy Reviews, 38 ISSN:2211-467X ISSN:2211-4688

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Strategy Revi...arrow_drop_down
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    Energy Strategy Reviews
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Strategy Reviews
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Strategy Reviews
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2021
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Strategy Revi...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Strategy Reviews
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Strategy Reviews
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Article . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Strategy Reviews
      Article . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Research Collection
      Article . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sophia Bauknecht; Julia Kowal; Begüm Bozkaya; Jochen Settelein; +1 Authors

    The subject of this study is test cells extracted from industrially manufactured automotive batteries. Each test cell either had a full set of plates or a reduced, negative-limited set of plates. With these test cells the predictability of the dynamic charge acceptance (DCA) by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is investigated. Thereby, the DCA was performed according to EN 50342-6:2015 standard. The micro cycling approach was used for the EIS measurements to disregard any influencing factors from previous usage. During the evaluation, Kramers-Kronig (K-K) was used to avoid systematic errors caused by violations of the stationarity, time-invariance or linearity. Furthermore, the analysis of the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) was used to identify a usable equivalent circuit model (ECM) and starting values for the parameter prediction. For all cell types and layouts, the resistance R1, the parameter indicating the size of the first/high-frequency semicircle, is smaller for cells with higher DCA. According to the literature, this semicircle represents the charge transfer reaction, thus confirming that current-enhancing additives may decrease the pore diameter of the negative electrode.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Batteriesarrow_drop_down
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    Batteries
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
    Article . 2022
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    Article . 2022
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    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Batteriesarrow_drop_down
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      Batteries
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
      Article . 2022
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      Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jörg Alber; Rodrigo Soto-Valle; Marinos Manolesos; Sirko Bartholomay; +6 Authors

    Abstract. This paper investigates the aerodynamic impact of Gurney flaps on a research wind turbine of the Hermann-Föttinger Institute at the Technische Universität Berlin. The rotor radius is 1.5 m, and the blade configurations consist of the clean and the tripped baseline cases, emulating the effects of forced leading-edge transition. The wind tunnel experiments include three operation points based on tip speed ratios of 3.0, 4.3, and 5.6, reaching Reynolds numbers of approximately 2.5×105. The measurements are taken by means of three different methods: ultrasonic anemometry in the wake, surface pressure taps in the midspan blade region, and strain gauges at the blade root. The retrofit applications consist of two Gurney flap heights of 0.5 % and 1.0 % in relation to the chord length, which are implemented perpendicular to the pressure side at the trailing edge. As a result, the Gurney flap configurations lead to performance improvements in terms of the axial wake velocities, the angles of attack and the lift coefficients. The enhancement of the root bending moments implies an increase in both the rotor torque and the thrust. Furthermore, the aerodynamic impact appears to be more pronounced in the tripped case compared to the clean case. Gurney flaps are considered a passive flow-control device worth investigating for the use on horizontal-axis wind turbines.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Wind Energy Science
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Yildiz, Özgür;

    Diese Dissertationsschrift untersucht verschiedene betriebswirtschaftliche sowie umwelt- und wirtschaftspolitische Fragestellungen im Kontext der Energiewende. Des Weiteren werden Themen wie Transdisziplinarität und die Gestaltung transdisziplinärer Forschungsansätze im Kontext der nachhaltigen Transformation des Energiesektors in Deutschland im Verlauf dieser Arbeit ergründet. Die Dissertationsschrift umfasst sechs verschiedene Aufsätze, deren Forschungsansätze sich jeweils in ihrer Methodik unterscheiden. Demnach beinhaltet diese Arbeit - literaturbasierte Meta-Analysen, - theoretische Untersuchungen mittels mikroökonomischer Modelle, - theoretische Auseinandersetzungen unter Rückgriff auf das Argumentationsgerüst der Neuen Institutionenökonomik sowie - die Anwendung von Monte Carlo-Simulationstechniken zur Entwicklung eines Instruments zur Risikoanalyse. Zudem setzen zwei Aufsätze den Gedanken der Transdisziplinarität um, indem Akteure aus der Praxis sowohl im Zuge der Entwicklung der Fragestellung als auch während der Problemlösung einbezogen werden. Im Detail vermittelt der erste Aufsatz einen Überblick über die zentralen Akteure bei der Finanzierung von erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland und zeigt im Zuge der Analyse Zusammenhänge zwischen Akteursgruppen, zugrunde liegender Technologie und dem betrieblichen Organisationsmodell. Der zweite Aufsatz ergänzt den ersten Beitrag durch eine theoretische, institutionenökonomische Analyse zur Untersuchung von Energiegenossenschaften. Der dritte und vierte Aufsatz stellen entwickelte Instrumente zur Wirtschaftlichkeits- und Risikoanalyse von nachhaltigen Infrastrukturen zur Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen. Hierbei beinhaltet der dritte Aufsatz ein Verfahren zur (Kosten-) Optimierung des Substrateinsatzes von Biogasanlagen mittels verschachtelter Produktions-funktionen. Im Rahmen des vierten Aufsatzes wird ein Instrument zur Risikoanalyse vorgestellt, das durch die Anwendung von Monte Carlo-Simulationstechniken die parallele Variation mehrerer Eingangsparameter ermöglicht. Neben den erläuterten methodischen und inhaltlichen Merkmalen wird im Rahmen der beiden soeben beschriebenen Aufsätze der Aspekt der Transdisziplinarität besonders hervorgehoben, indem Akteure aus der Praxis aktiv in den Forschungsprozess involviert wurden. Das besondere Charakteristikum des fünften und sechsten Aufsatzes ist der Bezug zur Verhaltensökonomik. Während der fünfte Beitrag einen Ansatz zur Erweiterung des etablierten umweltpolitischen Instrumentariums unter Verwendung von Erkenntnissen aus dem Bereich der Kognitionsforschung entwickelt, greift der sechste Essay auf Forschungsergebnisse zu sogenannten sozialen Präferenzen zurück und wendet diese auf die theoretische Auseinandersetzung zur Verteilung von Eigentumsrechten im Rahmen von öffentlich-privaten Partnerschaften an. Die Dissertationsschrift endet mit einer Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse und stellt nochmals heraus, das für die komplexen Problemstellungen im Rahmen der Ener-giewende ein holistischer Analyseansatz notwendig ist, um die verschiedenen Di-mensionen der relevanten Fragen zu adressieren. This thesis addresses through six essays questions from a managerial and policy perspective in the context of the transition of the German energy sector toward a broader use of renewable energy technologies (“Energiewende”). In addition, this thesis will also deal implicitly with questions of transdisciplinary research in the context of the “Energiewende”. The different essays include a variety of methods, i.e., - literature-based meta-analysis, - theoretical analysis through microeconomic modeling, - the rationale of new institutional economics, and - the use of Monte Carlo simulation techniques to address the specific managerial question of risk management. Furthermore, two essays also include an additional feature by integrating insights from behavioral economics into the analytical framework of the respective essays. In detail, the first essay provides an overview on relevant actors in the German renewable energy sector and derives insights on the connection between actors, technology, and the organizational framework of business models through meta-analysis. The second essay complements this overview by conducting a theoretical analysis of renewable energy cooperatives with the help of the new institutional economics rationale. The third and fourth essays focus on tools for project assessment. Here, the third essay offers an approach for the optimization of the input of biogas plants by applying a nested constant elasticity of substitution production function approach. The fourth essay presents a developed tool for the risk analysis of renewable energy projects using Monte Carlo simulation. Here, the transdisciplinary aspect will be tackled because actors from nonacademia were involved in developing the tool. The particular characteristic of the fifth and sixth essays is that both focus particularly on insights from behavioral economics. While the fifth essay develops a toolset for energy and environmental policy through a meta-analysis of insights from cognitive sciences that goes beyond conventional policy instruments (e.g., monetary incentives and mandates), the sixth essay uses findings from behavioral sciences on so-called social preferences to conduct a theoretical, microeconomic analysis of the effects of different ownership options in the context of public private partnerships. In the end, this thesis reviews the findings and comes to the conclusion that a holistic analysis approach, as presented here, is of particular importance for the analysis and governance of the “Energiewende” as central aspects such as the involved actors, their determinants for decision-making, technical characteristics, frame-setting institutions, and the wider social context are in a vital interaction.

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    Authors: Brauers, Hanna; Oei, Pao-Yu;

    BMBF, 01LN1704A, Nachwuchsgruppe Globaler Wandel: CoalExit - Die Okonomie des Kohleausstiegs - Identifikation von Bausteinen fur Rahmenplane zukunftiger regionaler Strukturwandel

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    Authors: Ertem-Kappler, Funda Cansu;

    Eine bessere Vorhersage anaerober Gärprozesse in der Biogaserzeugung kann dazu beitragen, mehrere energie- und umweltpolitische Ziele zu erreichen. Die Erzeugung von Biogas ist jedoch ein komplexer Vorgang, bei dem viele Herausforderungen bewältigt werden müssen, um einen nachhaltigen Betrieb zu erreichen. In diesem Zusammenhang müssen bessere Kontroll-, Überwachungs- und Optimierungsstrategien umgesetzt werden. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Kombinierung von LCA (Lebenszyklusanalyse) und Modellierungsansätzen als Werkzeug für eine bedarfsangepasste Energieproduktion in den Biogasanlagen. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine erweiterte Version Anaerobes Vergärungsmodells (AM2) zur Vorhersage der Biogasproduktion unter dynamischen Einsatzstoff- und Belastungsszenarien verwendet. Der in dieser Arbeit angewandte Ansatz erlaubt die Vorhersage verschiedener Produktionsszenarien und eine geeignete Wahl desjenigen mit der günstigsten Umweltwirkung. Die Ergebnisse hängen weitestgehend von den methodischen Annahmen ab, zum Beispiel von der funktionellen Einheit, den Systemgrenzen und der Art und Weise, wie der Einsatzstoff vergärt wird. Die Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt variieren stark zwischen den untersuchten Biogasanlagen in Abhängigkeit von dem vergärten Einsatzstoff und der Lage des Referenzsystems. Um ebenfalls von der Verfügbarkeit von Daten unabhängiger zu sein und Szenarien für einen verbesserten Betrieb vorauszusagen, sind die Entwicklung und Anwendung geeigneter mathematischer Modelle erforderlich. Sie sollten in der Lage sein, die Hauptprozesse mit ausreichender Genauigkeit zu beschreiben, während sie eine geringe Rechenlast behalten. Erst nach einer guten Annäherung des Gesamtsystems und seiner Dynamik wird die Suche nach der optimalen Kombination seiner Parameter unter Berücksichtigung aller Effekte und Wechselwirkungen möglich. Daten dieser Simulationsstudien sind für die Integration in LCA-Studien geeignet. Dabei gibt es mehrere Hindernisse für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung des kombinierten LCA- und Modellierungsansatzes. Wenn das Ziel der optimalen Planung und Betriebs eines Biogasproduktionsnetzwerks die Reduzierung von Treibhausgasen sein soll, ist die Quantifizierung der Auswirkungen jedes Elements im System in einem "Cradle to Grave" -Sinn erforderlich. Um dies zu erreichen, müssen Ökobilanzstudien durchgeführt werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, wie wichtig die Verwertung von regional verfügbaren Rohstoffen ist. Das flexible Fütterungsmanagement und die zusätzliche Gasspeicherung ermöglichen eine Anpassung der Biogasproduktion an die Nachfrage zusammen mit der BHKW-Kapazität. Techno-ökonomische Berechnungen zeigen, dass bis zu 34% Flexibilität durch Biogasspeicher und 17% durch ein angepasstes Fütterungssystem erhalten werden können. Die Flexibilität sorgt weiter für zusätzliche Einkünfte von 300.000 €, trotz der notwendigen KWK-Investitionskosten von 0,17 € kWh-1 el. Schlussfolgernd würde eine kombinierte Anwendung von Modellierung und LCA die Vorhersage des Prozessverhaltens in den Gärbehältern ermöglichen. Dies würde folglich dazu beitragen, die Netzstabilität durch bedarfsangepasste Biogasproduktion zu sichern. Darüber hinaus könnte der Ansatz auch den Ländern helfen, ihre klimabezogenen Ziele zu erreichen, indem sie die resultierenden Prozessemissionen reduzieren können. Anaerobic digestion and biogas production can help to meet several targets concerning energy and environmental policy. However, biogas generation is a complex process where many challenges need to be tackled to achieve real sustainable operation. In this regard, better control, monitoring and optimization strategies need to be implemented. This thesis focuses on the combination of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and modelling approaches as a tool for a demand driven energy production at the biogas plants. For this reason an extended version of the Anaerobic Digestion Model (AM2) was applied to predict the biogas production under dynamic feedstock loading scenarios. The approach applied in this thesis allows the prediction of different production scenarios and a suitable choice of the one with the most favorable environmental impact. The results are largely dependent on the methodological assumptions made, for instance, the functional unit, the system boundaries, and the method & efficiency of how various feedstock is digested. If the objective of the optimal design and operation of a biogas production network is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the quantification of the impact of each element in the system in a “cradle to grave” sense is required. In order to achieve this, LCA studies need to be performed. The environmental impact vary greatly between the biogas systems studied depending on the feedstock digested and the location of the reference system. Moreover, LCA perspective requires large quantities of operational data. In order to be independent from the availability of data and to predict scenarios for improved operation, the development and application of suitable mathematical models are required. They should be able to describe the main processes with sufficient accuracy, while they keep a low computational burden. There are several potential barriers to a successful implementation of LCA coupled to a suitable modeling approach. It is only feasible after a fair approximation of the entire system and its dynamics that the search for the optimal combination of parameters considering all effects and interactions within the system boundaries. Data of these simulation studies are suitable for the integration into LCA studies. Results of this thesis indicates the importance of the utilization of regionally available feedstock. Flexible feeding management and additional gas storage allow a possible adaptation of the biogas production to the demand together with the CHP capacity. Techno-economic calculations demonstrate that up to 34% flexibility can be gained by biogas storage, while 17% can be obtained by an adapted feeding regime. Flexibility also ensure an additional revenue of 300,000 €, in spite of the necessary CHP investment costs of 0.17 € kWh-1 el. Flexible production allows up to 50% reduction of GHG emissions, however, the process itself requires 16% higher energy input. Overall, a combined application of modeling and LCA would allow the prediction of process behavior in the digesters. This would consequently help to secure the grid stability by means of balanced energy supply against the demand. Moreover, the approach might also assist the countries to reach their climate related goals by allowing to reduce the resulting process emissions.

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    Authors: Mathias Heiker; Matthias Kraume; Anica Mertins; Tim Wawer; +1 Authors

    Biogas production is a relevant component in renewable energy systems. The paper addresses modeling approaches from an energy system, as well as from a process optimization, point of view. Model approaches of biogas production show different levels of detail. They can be classified as white, gray, and black box, or bottom-up and top-down approaches. On the one hand, biogas modeling can supply dynamic information on the anaerobic digestion process, e.g., to predict biogas yields or to optimize the anaerobic digestion process. These models are characterized by a bottom-up approach with different levels of detail: the comprehensive ADM1 (white box), simplifications and abstractions of AD models (gray box), or highly simplified process descriptions (black box). On the other hand, biogas production is included in energy system models. These models usually supply aggregated information on regional biogas potentials and greenhouse gas emissions. They are characterized by a top-down approach with a low level of detail. Most energy system models reported in literature are based on black box approaches. Considering the strengths and weaknesses of the integration of detailed and deeply investigated process models in energy system models reveals the opportunity to develop dynamic and fluctuating business models of biogas usage.

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    Authors: Matthew Lennie; Johannes Steenbuck; Bernd R. Noack; Christian Oliver Paschereit;

    Abstract. Airfoil stall is bad for wind turbines. Once stall has set in, lift collapses, drag increases and then both of these forces will fluctuate strongly. The result is higher fatigue loads and lower energy yield. In dynamic stall, separation first develops from the trailing edge up the leading edge, eventually the shear layer rolls up and then a coherent vortex forms and then sheds downstream with it’s low pressure core causing a lift spike and moment dump. When 50+ experimental cycles of lift or pressure values are averaged, this process appears clear and coherent in flow visualizations. Unfortunately, stall is not one clean process, but a broad collection of processes. This means that the analysis of separated flows should be able to detect outliers and analysis cycle to cycle variations. Modern data science/machine learning can be used to treat separated flows. In this study, a clustering method based on dynamic time warping is used to find different shedding behaviors. This method captures that secondary and tertiary vorticity vary strongly and in static stall with surging flow; the flow can occasionally reattach. A convolutional neural network was used to extract dynamic stall vorticity convection speeds and phases from pressure data. Finally, bootstrapping was used to provide best practices regarding the number of experimental repetitions required to ensure experimental convergence.

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    Authors: Paul Anton Verwiebe; Stephan Seim; Simon Burges; Lennart Schulz; +1 Authors

    In this article, a systematic literature review of 419 articles on energy demand modeling, published between 2015 and 2020, is presented. This provides researchers with an exhaustive overview of the examined literature and classification of techniques for energy demand modeling. Unlike in existing literature reviews, in this comprehensive study all of the following aspects of energy demand models are analyzed: techniques, prediction accuracy, inputs, energy carrier, sector, temporal horizon, and spatial granularity. Readers benefit from easy access to a broad literature base and find decision support when choosing suitable data-model combinations for their projects. Results have been compiled in comprehensive figures and tables, providing a structured summary of the literature, and containing direct references to the analyzed articles. Drawbacks of techniques are discussed as well as countermeasures. The results show that among the articles, machine learning (ML) techniques are used the most, are mainly applied to short-term electricity forecasting on a regional level and rely on historic load as their main data source. Engineering-based models are less dependent on historic load data and cover appliance consumption on long temporal horizons. Metaheuristic and uncertainty techniques are often used in hybrid models. Statistical techniques are frequently used for energy demand modeling as well and often serve as benchmarks for other techniques. Among the articles, the accuracy measured by mean average percentage error (MAPE) proved to be on similar levels for all techniques. This review eases the reader into the subject matter by presenting the emphases that have been made in the current literature, suggesting future research directions, and providing the basis for quantitative testing of hypotheses regarding applicability and dominance of specific methods for sub-categories of demand modeling.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
    Article . 2021
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      Energies
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      Energies
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zakia Soomauroo; Philipp Blechinger; Felix Creutzig;

    Small islands developing states (SIDS) contribute minuscule proportions to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption, but are highly exposed to climate change impacts, in particular to extreme weather events and sea-level rise. However, there is little research on potential decarbonization trajectories unique to SIDS. Here, we argue that insular topology, scale, and economy are distinctive characteristics of SIDS that facilitate overcoming carbon lock-in. We investigate these dimensions for the three islands of Barbados, Fiji, and Mauritius. We find that insular topologies and small scale offer an opportunity for both public transit corridors and rapid electrification of car fleets. The tourism sector enables local decision-makers and investors to experiment with shared mobility and to induce spillover effects by educating tourists about new mobility options. Limited network effects, and the particular economy thus enables to overcome carbon lock-in. We call for targeted investments into SIDS to transition insular mobility systems towards zero carbon in 2040. The decarbonization of SIDS is not only needed as a mitigation effort, but also as a strong signal to the global community underlining that a zero-carbon future is possible.

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Anya Heider; Ricardo Reibsch; Philipp Blechinger; Avia Linke; +1 Authors

    To reach climate targets, future energy systems must rely heavily on variable renewable energy sources (VRES) such as wind and photovoltaic (PV). As the share of VRES increases, the topics of flexibility and the smart interplay of different flexibility options grow in importance. One way to analyse flexibility options and enhance the design of future energy systems is to use energy system modelling tools. Although a wide range of openly accessible models exist, there is no clear evaluation of how flexibility is represented in these tools. To bridge this gap, this paper extracts the key factors of flexibility representation and introduces a new classification for flexibility and influencing factors. To evaluate the current modelling landscape, a survey was sent to developers of open energy modelling tools and analysed with the newly introduced Open ESM Flexibility Evaluation Tool (OPFEL), an open source evaluation algorithm to assess the representation of different flexibility options in the tools. The results show a wide range of different tools covering most aspects of flexibility. A trend towards including sector coupling elements is visible. However, storage and network type flexibility, as well as aspects touching system operations, are still underrepresented in current models and should be included in more detail. No single model covers all categories of flexibility options to a high degree, but a combination of different models through soft coupling could serve as the basis for a holistic flexibility assessment. This, in turn, would allow for a detailed evaluation of energy systems based on VRES. Energy Strategy Reviews, 38 ISSN:2211-467X ISSN:2211-4688

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    Energy Strategy Reviews
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energy Strategy Reviews
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2021
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    Energy Strategy Reviews
    Article . 2021
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    Article . 2021
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Strategy Revi...arrow_drop_down
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      Energy Strategy Reviews
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      Energy Strategy Reviews
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      Article . 2021
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      Article . 2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sophia Bauknecht; Julia Kowal; Begüm Bozkaya; Jochen Settelein; +1 Authors

    The subject of this study is test cells extracted from industrially manufactured automotive batteries. Each test cell either had a full set of plates or a reduced, negative-limited set of plates. With these test cells the predictability of the dynamic charge acceptance (DCA) by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is investigated. Thereby, the DCA was performed according to EN 50342-6:2015 standard. The micro cycling approach was used for the EIS measurements to disregard any influencing factors from previous usage. During the evaluation, Kramers-Kronig (K-K) was used to avoid systematic errors caused by violations of the stationarity, time-invariance or linearity. Furthermore, the analysis of the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) was used to identify a usable equivalent circuit model (ECM) and starting values for the parameter prediction. For all cell types and layouts, the resistance R1, the parameter indicating the size of the first/high-frequency semicircle, is smaller for cells with higher DCA. According to the literature, this semicircle represents the charge transfer reaction, thus confirming that current-enhancing additives may decrease the pore diameter of the negative electrode.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Batteriesarrow_drop_down
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    Batteries
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
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    Article . 2022
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    Authors: Jörg Alber; Rodrigo Soto-Valle; Marinos Manolesos; Sirko Bartholomay; +6 Authors

    Abstract. This paper investigates the aerodynamic impact of Gurney flaps on a research wind turbine of the Hermann-Föttinger Institute at the Technische Universität Berlin. The rotor radius is 1.5 m, and the blade configurations consist of the clean and the tripped baseline cases, emulating the effects of forced leading-edge transition. The wind tunnel experiments include three operation points based on tip speed ratios of 3.0, 4.3, and 5.6, reaching Reynolds numbers of approximately 2.5×105. The measurements are taken by means of three different methods: ultrasonic anemometry in the wake, surface pressure taps in the midspan blade region, and strain gauges at the blade root. The retrofit applications consist of two Gurney flap heights of 0.5 % and 1.0 % in relation to the chord length, which are implemented perpendicular to the pressure side at the trailing edge. As a result, the Gurney flap configurations lead to performance improvements in terms of the axial wake velocities, the angles of attack and the lift coefficients. The enhancement of the root bending moments implies an increase in both the rotor torque and the thrust. Furthermore, the aerodynamic impact appears to be more pronounced in the tripped case compared to the clean case. Gurney flaps are considered a passive flow-control device worth investigating for the use on horizontal-axis wind turbines.

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    Wind Energy Science
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    Authors: Yildiz, Özgür;

    Diese Dissertationsschrift untersucht verschiedene betriebswirtschaftliche sowie umwelt- und wirtschaftspolitische Fragestellungen im Kontext der Energiewende. Des Weiteren werden Themen wie Transdisziplinarität und die Gestaltung transdisziplinärer Forschungsansätze im Kontext der nachhaltigen Transformation des Energiesektors in Deutschland im Verlauf dieser Arbeit ergründet. Die Dissertationsschrift umfasst sechs verschiedene Aufsätze, deren Forschungsansätze sich jeweils in ihrer Methodik unterscheiden. Demnach beinhaltet diese Arbeit - literaturbasierte Meta-Analysen, - theoretische Untersuchungen mittels mikroökonomischer Modelle, - theoretische Auseinandersetzungen unter Rückgriff auf das Argumentationsgerüst der Neuen Institutionenökonomik sowie - die Anwendung von Monte Carlo-Simulationstechniken zur Entwicklung eines Instruments zur Risikoanalyse. Zudem setzen zwei Aufsätze den Gedanken der Transdisziplinarität um, indem Akteure aus der Praxis sowohl im Zuge der Entwicklung der Fragestellung als auch während der Problemlösung einbezogen werden. Im Detail vermittelt der erste Aufsatz einen Überblick über die zentralen Akteure bei der Finanzierung von erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland und zeigt im Zuge der Analyse Zusammenhänge zwischen Akteursgruppen, zugrunde liegender Technologie und dem betrieblichen Organisationsmodell. Der zweite Aufsatz ergänzt den ersten Beitrag durch eine theoretische, institutionenökonomische Analyse zur Untersuchung von Energiegenossenschaften. Der dritte und vierte Aufsatz stellen entwickelte Instrumente zur Wirtschaftlichkeits- und Risikoanalyse von nachhaltigen Infrastrukturen zur Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen. Hierbei beinhaltet der dritte Aufsatz ein Verfahren zur (Kosten-) Optimierung des Substrateinsatzes von Biogasanlagen mittels verschachtelter Produktions-funktionen. Im Rahmen des vierten Aufsatzes wird ein Instrument zur Risikoanalyse vorgestellt, das durch die Anwendung von Monte Carlo-Simulationstechniken die parallele Variation mehrerer Eingangsparameter ermöglicht. Neben den erläuterten methodischen und inhaltlichen Merkmalen wird im Rahmen der beiden soeben beschriebenen Aufsätze der Aspekt der Transdisziplinarität besonders hervorgehoben, indem Akteure aus der Praxis aktiv in den Forschungsprozess involviert wurden. Das besondere Charakteristikum des fünften und sechsten Aufsatzes ist der Bezug zur Verhaltensökonomik. Während der fünfte Beitrag einen Ansatz zur Erweiterung des etablierten umweltpolitischen Instrumentariums unter Verwendung von Erkenntnissen aus dem Bereich der Kognitionsforschung entwickelt, greift der sechste Essay auf Forschungsergebnisse zu sogenannten sozialen Präferenzen zurück und wendet diese auf die theoretische Auseinandersetzung zur Verteilung von Eigentumsrechten im Rahmen von öffentlich-privaten Partnerschaften an. Die Dissertationsschrift endet mit einer Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse und stellt nochmals heraus, das für die komplexen Problemstellungen im Rahmen der Ener-giewende ein holistischer Analyseansatz notwendig ist, um die verschiedenen Di-mensionen der relevanten Fragen zu adressieren. This thesis addresses through six essays questions from a managerial and policy perspective in the context of the transition of the German energy sector toward a broader use of renewable energy technologies (“Energiewende”). In addition, this thesis will also deal implicitly with questions of transdisciplinary research in the context of the “Energiewende”. The different essays include a variety of methods, i.e., - literature-based meta-analysis, - theoretical analysis through microeconomic modeling, - the rationale of new institutional economics, and - the use of Monte Carlo simulation techniques to address the specific managerial question of risk management. Furthermore, two essays also include an additional feature by integrating insights from behavioral economics into the analytical framework of the respective essays. In detail, the first essay provides an overview on relevant actors in the German renewable energy sector and derives insights on the connection between actors, technology, and the organizational framework of business models through meta-analysis. The second essay complements this overview by conducting a theoretical analysis of renewable energy cooperatives with the help of the new institutional economics rationale. The third and fourth essays focus on tools for project assessment. Here, the third essay offers an approach for the optimization of the input of biogas plants by applying a nested constant elasticity of substitution production function approach. The fourth essay presents a developed tool for the risk analysis of renewable energy projects using Monte Carlo simulation. Here, the transdisciplinary aspect will be tackled because actors from nonacademia were involved in developing the tool. The particular characteristic of the fifth and sixth essays is that both focus particularly on insights from behavioral economics. While the fifth essay develops a toolset for energy and environmental policy through a meta-analysis of insights from cognitive sciences that goes beyond conventional policy instruments (e.g., monetary incentives and mandates), the sixth essay uses findings from behavioral sciences on so-called social preferences to conduct a theoretical, microeconomic analysis of the effects of different ownership options in the context of public private partnerships. In the end, this thesis reviews the findings and comes to the conclusion that a holistic analysis approach, as presented here, is of particular importance for the analysis and governance of the “Energiewende” as central aspects such as the involved actors, their determinants for decision-making, technical characteristics, frame-setting institutions, and the wider social context are in a vital interaction.

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    Authors: Brauers, Hanna; Oei, Pao-Yu;

    BMBF, 01LN1704A, Nachwuchsgruppe Globaler Wandel: CoalExit - Die Okonomie des Kohleausstiegs - Identifikation von Bausteinen fur Rahmenplane zukunftiger regionaler Strukturwandel

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    Authors: Ertem-Kappler, Funda Cansu;

    Eine bessere Vorhersage anaerober Gärprozesse in der Biogaserzeugung kann dazu beitragen, mehrere energie- und umweltpolitische Ziele zu erreichen. Die Erzeugung von Biogas ist jedoch ein komplexer Vorgang, bei dem viele Herausforderungen bewältigt werden müssen, um einen nachhaltigen Betrieb zu erreichen. In diesem Zusammenhang müssen bessere Kontroll-, Überwachungs- und Optimierungsstrategien umgesetzt werden. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Kombinierung von LCA (Lebenszyklusanalyse) und Modellierungsansätzen als Werkzeug für eine bedarfsangepasste Energieproduktion in den Biogasanlagen. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine erweiterte Version Anaerobes Vergärungsmodells (AM2) zur Vorhersage der Biogasproduktion unter dynamischen Einsatzstoff- und Belastungsszenarien verwendet. Der in dieser Arbeit angewandte Ansatz erlaubt die Vorhersage verschiedener Produktionsszenarien und eine geeignete Wahl desjenigen mit der günstigsten Umweltwirkung. Die Ergebnisse hängen weitestgehend von den methodischen Annahmen ab, zum Beispiel von der funktionellen Einheit, den Systemgrenzen und der Art und Weise, wie der Einsatzstoff vergärt wird. Die Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt variieren stark zwischen den untersuchten Biogasanlagen in Abhängigkeit von dem vergärten Einsatzstoff und der Lage des Referenzsystems. Um ebenfalls von der Verfügbarkeit von Daten unabhängiger zu sein und Szenarien für einen verbesserten Betrieb vorauszusagen, sind die Entwicklung und Anwendung geeigneter mathematischer Modelle erforderlich. Sie sollten in der Lage sein, die Hauptprozesse mit ausreichender Genauigkeit zu beschreiben, während sie eine geringe Rechenlast behalten. Erst nach einer guten Annäherung des Gesamtsystems und seiner Dynamik wird die Suche nach der optimalen Kombination seiner Parameter unter Berücksichtigung aller Effekte und Wechselwirkungen möglich. Daten dieser Simulationsstudien sind für die Integration in LCA-Studien geeignet. Dabei gibt es mehrere Hindernisse für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung des kombinierten LCA- und Modellierungsansatzes. Wenn das Ziel der optimalen Planung und Betriebs eines Biogasproduktionsnetzwerks die Reduzierung von Treibhausgasen sein soll, ist die Quantifizierung der Auswirkungen jedes Elements im System in einem "Cradle to Grave" -Sinn erforderlich. Um dies zu erreichen, müssen Ökobilanzstudien durchgeführt werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, wie wichtig die Verwertung von regional verfügbaren Rohstoffen ist. Das flexible Fütterungsmanagement und die zusätzliche Gasspeicherung ermöglichen eine Anpassung der Biogasproduktion an die Nachfrage zusammen mit der BHKW-Kapazität. Techno-ökonomische Berechnungen zeigen, dass bis zu 34% Flexibilität durch Biogasspeicher und 17% durch ein angepasstes Fütterungssystem erhalten werden können. Die Flexibilität sorgt weiter für zusätzliche Einkünfte von 300.000 €, trotz der notwendigen KWK-Investitionskosten von 0,17 € kWh-1 el. Schlussfolgernd würde eine kombinierte Anwendung von Modellierung und LCA die Vorhersage des Prozessverhaltens in den Gärbehältern ermöglichen. Dies würde folglich dazu beitragen, die Netzstabilität durch bedarfsangepasste Biogasproduktion zu sichern. Darüber hinaus könnte der Ansatz auch den Ländern helfen, ihre klimabezogenen Ziele zu erreichen, indem sie die resultierenden Prozessemissionen reduzieren können. Anaerobic digestion and biogas production can help to meet several targets concerning energy and environmental policy. However, biogas generation is a complex process where many challenges need to be tackled to achieve real sustainable operation. In this regard, better control, monitoring and optimization strategies need to be implemented. This thesis focuses on the combination of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and modelling approaches as a tool for a demand driven energy production at the biogas plants. For this reason an extended version of the Anaerobic Digestion Model (AM2) was applied to predict the biogas production under dynamic feedstock loading scenarios. The approach applied in this thesis allows the prediction of different production scenarios and a suitable choice of the one with the most favorable environmental impact. The results are largely dependent on the methodological assumptions made, for instance, the functional unit, the system boundaries, and the method & efficiency of how various feedstock is digested. If the objective of the optimal design and operation of a biogas production network is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the quantification of the impact of each element in the system in a “cradle to grave” sense is required. In order to achieve this, LCA studies need to be performed. The environmental impact vary greatly between the biogas systems studied depending on the feedstock digested and the location of the reference system. Moreover, LCA perspective requires large quantities of operational data. In order to be independent from the availability of data and to predict scenarios for improved operation, the development and application of suitable mathematical models are required. They should be able to describe the main processes with sufficient accuracy, while they keep a low computational burden. There are several potential barriers to a successful implementation of LCA coupled to a suitable modeling approach. It is only feasible after a fair approximation of the entire system and its dynamics that the search for the optimal combination of parameters considering all effects and interactions within the system boundaries. Data of these simulation studies are suitable for the integration into LCA studies. Results of this thesis indicates the importance of the utilization of regionally available feedstock. Flexible feeding management and additional gas storage allow a possible adaptation of the biogas production to the demand together with the CHP capacity. Techno-economic calculations demonstrate that up to 34% flexibility can be gained by biogas storage, while 17% can be obtained by an adapted feeding regime. Flexibility also ensure an additional revenue of 300,000 €, in spite of the necessary CHP investment costs of 0.17 € kWh-1 el. Flexible production allows up to 50% reduction of GHG emissions, however, the process itself requires 16% higher energy input. Overall, a combined application of modeling and LCA would allow the prediction of process behavior in the digesters. This would consequently help to secure the grid stability by means of balanced energy supply against the demand. Moreover, the approach might also assist the countries to reach their climate related goals by allowing to reduce the resulting process emissions.

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    Authors: Mathias Heiker; Matthias Kraume; Anica Mertins; Tim Wawer; +1 Authors

    Biogas production is a relevant component in renewable energy systems. The paper addresses modeling approaches from an energy system, as well as from a process optimization, point of view. Model approaches of biogas production show different levels of detail. They can be classified as white, gray, and black box, or bottom-up and top-down approaches. On the one hand, biogas modeling can supply dynamic information on the anaerobic digestion process, e.g., to predict biogas yields or to optimize the anaerobic digestion process. These models are characterized by a bottom-up approach with different levels of detail: the comprehensive ADM1 (white box), simplifications and abstractions of AD models (gray box), or highly simplified process descriptions (black box). On the other hand, biogas production is included in energy system models. These models usually supply aggregated information on regional biogas potentials and greenhouse gas emissions. They are characterized by a top-down approach with a low level of detail. Most energy system models reported in literature are based on black box approaches. Considering the strengths and weaknesses of the integration of detailed and deeply investigated process models in energy system models reveals the opportunity to develop dynamic and fluctuating business models of biogas usage.

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    Authors: Matthew Lennie; Johannes Steenbuck; Bernd R. Noack; Christian Oliver Paschereit;

    Abstract. Airfoil stall is bad for wind turbines. Once stall has set in, lift collapses, drag increases and then both of these forces will fluctuate strongly. The result is higher fatigue loads and lower energy yield. In dynamic stall, separation first develops from the trailing edge up the leading edge, eventually the shear layer rolls up and then a coherent vortex forms and then sheds downstream with it’s low pressure core causing a lift spike and moment dump. When 50+ experimental cycles of lift or pressure values are averaged, this process appears clear and coherent in flow visualizations. Unfortunately, stall is not one clean process, but a broad collection of processes. This means that the analysis of separated flows should be able to detect outliers and analysis cycle to cycle variations. Modern data science/machine learning can be used to treat separated flows. In this study, a clustering method based on dynamic time warping is used to find different shedding behaviors. This method captures that secondary and tertiary vorticity vary strongly and in static stall with surging flow; the flow can occasionally reattach. A convolutional neural network was used to extract dynamic stall vorticity convection speeds and phases from pressure data. Finally, bootstrapping was used to provide best practices regarding the number of experimental repetitions required to ensure experimental convergence.

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    Authors: Paul Anton Verwiebe; Stephan Seim; Simon Burges; Lennart Schulz; +1 Authors

    In this article, a systematic literature review of 419 articles on energy demand modeling, published between 2015 and 2020, is presented. This provides researchers with an exhaustive overview of the examined literature and classification of techniques for energy demand modeling. Unlike in existing literature reviews, in this comprehensive study all of the following aspects of energy demand models are analyzed: techniques, prediction accuracy, inputs, energy carrier, sector, temporal horizon, and spatial granularity. Readers benefit from easy access to a broad literature base and find decision support when choosing suitable data-model combinations for their projects. Results have been compiled in comprehensive figures and tables, providing a structured summary of the literature, and containing direct references to the analyzed articles. Drawbacks of techniques are discussed as well as countermeasures. The results show that among the articles, machine learning (ML) techniques are used the most, are mainly applied to short-term electricity forecasting on a regional level and rely on historic load as their main data source. Engineering-based models are less dependent on historic load data and cover appliance consumption on long temporal horizons. Metaheuristic and uncertainty techniques are often used in hybrid models. Statistical techniques are frequently used for energy demand modeling as well and often serve as benchmarks for other techniques. Among the articles, the accuracy measured by mean average percentage error (MAPE) proved to be on similar levels for all techniques. This review eases the reader into the subject matter by presenting the emphases that have been made in the current literature, suggesting future research directions, and providing the basis for quantitative testing of hypotheses regarding applicability and dominance of specific methods for sub-categories of demand modeling.

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    Energies
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    Energies
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
    Article . 2021
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
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