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Biodiesel is an alternative fuel from renewable raw materials. One of the raw material can be used to make biodiesel is coconut oil. This research aims is determine the maximum biodiesel yield by using varying amounts of H-zeolite catalyst and methanol mole ratios of coconut oil through a process methanolysis. The independent variables used in this study is the mole ratio of methanol-oil 3: 1; 6: 1; 8: 1 9: 1 and catalyst concentration of 1%, 2%, 3% respectively. Temperature of 60°C, 1.5 hours and stirrer speed is keep constant. The yield of biodiesel produced in this study reached 84.78% at a concentration of 2% catalyst mole ratio of methanol-oil 6: 1. The density of biodieselproduced at the maximum yield was 880.90 kg / m3, kinematic viscosity of 4.59 mm2 / s, the flashpoint of 110oC, the water content of 0.048% v, and the acid number of 0.65 mg KOH / g, respectively in addition, analysis of the chemical compositions of biodiesel is used GC - MS. All the characteristics of the physical properties of biodiesel produced have met the standard range contained in the SNI 04-7182-2006.

Indonesia has petroleum reserves about 9 billion barrels, which the average production rate is 0.5 billion barrels per year, and was predicted would be exhaust within 18 years. Government has ordered a program and policy to develop bioethanol and biodiesel for the energy crisis in Indonesia. It is targeted can be provide about 15-20% of the fuel for transportation and national industry in 2025. This research's goals were to produce fuel grade ethanol by distillation-adsorption method, determined the effect of activation temperature of bentonite and the effect ratio of bentonite to bioethanol. The raw materials were bioethanol from nypa sap (8% ethanol content). The ethanol concentration was not too high, so it needed to improve its purity by distillation-adsorption process. The research was held in three phases, which were distillation of nypa sap's bioethanol to 96% ethanol content, activation of bentonite, and distillation-adsorption using activated bentonite. Activation temperature of bentonite were 400oC, 500oC and the ratio of bentonite:bioethanol were 1:2; 1:3; and 1:4. The most effective process for the purification of bioethanol was distillation-adsorption at 500oC activated temperature and the ratio of bentonite:bioethanol was 1:2 with the purity is 99.5% and has been categorized as a fuel grade ethanol

Power Boats is a means of transportation in an environmentally friendly water using solar systems, which transform the energy of sunlight into electrical energy stored in the battery and later as an energy source to drive an electric boat engines. This electric boats as the development of renewable energy do not use fuel that is increasingly growing number of limited and expensive prices. Electric boats have a speed of 7 km / h and can operate for approximately 11.46 hours. The electric boats using solar panels solar Skytech SIM-100 wp, Trojan 31-GEL battery with a capacity of 102 Ah, Solar Charge Controller Shinyoku SC 990 (12V - 10A) engine powered boat Trolling Motor 0.50 pk made in China.

Recently a comprehensive source of data and information on carbon storage in various types of forest ecosystems and other land use in Java Island are still limited. This study was carried out in a conservation area of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) that represents the ecosystem types of lowland rain forest, sub-montane forests and mountain forests in Java. The information on carbon sequestration and carbon stocks at TNBTS becomes important. The main objective of this study was to estimate biomass and carbon storage in various types of forests in TNBTS using allometric approaches. The additional objectives were to estimate carbon storage on various land cover and to estimate the changes in carbon storage by land cover changes during the period 1990, 2000 and 2013. The measurement of forest carbon include aboveground, understorey, necromass and litter pools covering all ecosystem such as primary forest, secondary forest with high- and low- canopy density. This study found that the average of carbon stocks in primary forest were 193,49 ± 125,98 tonC/ha, and were 267,42 ± 119,25 tonC/ha in secondary forest. The total carbon stocks in the period 1990–2000 has decreased about 22.6 tonC/ha/year and in the period 2000–2013 has increased about 41.2 tonC/ha/year. The enhancement of carbon stocks in this area was driven by an intensive forest protection, good monitoring and land rehabilitation.

Agroindustries in general produce a large amount of organic wastewater. Until now, most of this organics waste-stream was not recovered and left to decompose anaerobically in ponds, where it emits methane, a potent greenhouse gas. By anaerobically digesting of the effluents in a suitable bioreactor, methane can be captured and used for combustion in gas engines or boilers. This way, uncontrolled methane emission from the anaerobic decomposition can be avoided and the utilization of fossil fuels can be replaced partly with the renewable biogas from the decomposition process. In addition, the approach of reducing green house gas emission is potentially to earn financial incentive through Clean Development Mechanism project. This paper demonstrates quantitatively some potential ecological and economical benefits derived from utilising agroindustrial effluents by treating it anaerobically to generate biogas (with cases of cane sugar factory, starch industry, palm oil mill, and tofu industry) . As illustration, for each ton cane sugar produced app. 15 m3 methane can be emitted from uncontrolled anaerobic degradation of it wastewater. By capturing the gas and transforming it into renewable biogas, a methane emission of equivalent to ≈ 272 kg CO2 can be avoided and an energy value of app. 427 MJ with a money value of app. Rp 59 600,- can be obtained. In addition, a financial incentive of app. Rp 14 850,- is possible to be earned from clean development mechanism (CDM) project. The ecological and financial benefits derived from anaerobic treatment of agroindustrial wastewater as indicated by this study should therefore become the driving force for the implementation of the approach.

Biogas is flammable gas produced from the fermentation of organic matter by anaerobic bacteria derived from household waste manure ( cow , pig , chicken ) and organic waste including POME . POME is a condensate of the sterilization process liquid derived from palm oil processing into crude palm oil . The purpose of this study to determine performasi biogas fuel and then compare it with premium fuel . Performance may include power , torque , specific fuel consumption , thermal efficiency , air-fuel ratio , exhaust emissions and combustion in spark plugs . Testing is done by using a variation of the lamp load 100W , 200W , 300W , 400W , and 500W . This study utilizes the biogas produced from palm oil wastewater to be used as fuel in the generator engine 4-stroke otto Starke GFH1900LX type with 1.3 kW peak power , average power 1.0 kW , bore 55 mm , stroke 40 mm , Vd 95 ×〖10〗^(-6 ) m^3, Vc 10 ×〖10〗^(-6 ) m^3, the ratio of compression 10.5 : 1 , and just 1 cylinder . From the test resultshowed the value of power, torque, brake thermal efficiency, AFR, emission levels of CO and O2 decreases. Meanwhile an increase in the value of sfc, emissions of HC and CO2. 090401087

There were two kinds of monsoon winds in Indonesia. They are the east and the west monsoon winds. Both of them blow alternately in a year through the Indonesian territory. The velocity and energy of monsoon winds in Indonesian territorial sea were mapped by using MatLab program. The velocity and energy data were obtained by using QuikSCAT satellite from January 1999 until December 2009, meanwhile WindSat from January 2004 until December 2014. The results show that high energy of monsoon winds start from Indian oceans until Nusa Tenggara sea, then from Arafuru sea to Banda sea, Java sea, Karimata strait and the southern region of south Sulawesi.

In Bahasa Indonesia; Penelitian pengembangan proses produksi biodiesel (B-100) dari minyak biji karet atau rubber seed oil (RSO) yang diproduksi secara non-katalis superheated metanol di dalam sebuah bubble column reactor (BCR) tekanan atmosfir telah dilaporkan. Spesifikasi B-100 tersebut dipergunakan sebagai bahan bakar dalam penelitian ini yaitu: densitas 882 g/ml; viskositas kinematik 5,19 cSt; calculated cetane index (CCI) 47,5; titik tuang –6oC; flash point 200 oC; residu karbon mikro dalam sampel asli 0,126% massa dan dalam 10% ampas distilasi 2,87% massa; sedimen 0,01% volume; temperatur distilasi 347oC; kandungan sulfur 0,72 ppm; angka asam 0,01 mgKOH/g; serta nilai kalor rendah 9184,43 kkal/kg. Biodiesel dicampur dengan solar (B-0) pada tingkat perbandingan tertentu sehingga diperoleh B-5, B-10, B-15, dan B-20 (B-5 adalah campuran antara biodiesel 5% serta solar 95%, dst) dipergunakan sebagai bahan bakar pada mesin diesel stasioner. Kinerja mesin diesel dan emisi gas buang dibandingkan dengan mesin yang memakai solar (B-0). Mesin dioperasikan pada putaran konstan 1350, 1750, 2150, 2550, dan 2950 rpm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahan bakar B-10 menghasilkan kinerja mesin terbaik pada putaran 2550 rpm. Pada putaran ini diperoleh daya maksimum sebesar 36,95 PS, konsumsi bahan bakar spesifik terendah sebesar 0,256 kg/(PS.jam), efisiensi termal 58,44%, kandungan CO terkecil sebesar 0,4%, dan opasitas gas buang 58,6% HSU memenuhi Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 5 tahun 2006, dan tidak perlu memodifikasi mesin. Jika dibandingkan dengan solar murni (B-0), B-10 lebih baik dari pada B-0 karena pada kondisi optimum menghasilkan kenaikan daya sebesar 1,8%, konsumsi bahan bakar spesifik sama 0,256 kg/(PS.jam), efesiensi termal naik 2,4%, kadar CO gas buang turun 80%, serta CO2 turun 55%. Kata kunci: Biodiesel, RSO, non-katalis, mesin diesel. The research about development of biodiesel (B-100) production process from RSO which is produced in the non-catalyst superheated methanol in a bubble column reactor (BCR) atmospheric pressure has been reported. The fuel which is used in this research has the following specifications: density 882 g/ml; kinematic viscosity 5.19 cSt; calculated cetane index (CCI), 47.5; pour point -6oC, flash point 200oC; micro carbon residue in the original sample 0.126% of mass and the 10% distillation residue is 2.87% of mass; sediment 0.01% of volume; destilation temperature 347oC; sulfur content 0.72 ppm; acid number 0.01 mgKOH/g; and low heating value 9184.43 kcal/kg. Biodiesel (B-100) was blended with diesel fuel (B-0) at a certain level of comparison in order to obtain B-5, B-10, B-15, and B-20 (B-5 is a mixture of 5% biodiesel and 95% diesel fuel, and so on) and then it is used as fuel in diesel engine stationary. Engine performance and exhaust emissions are compared with engines that use diesel fuel (B-0). The machine is operated in constant rotation in 1350, 1750, 2150, 2550, and 2950 rpm. The results showed that B-10 produced the best engine performance at 2550 rpm. In this rotation, the maximum power obtained was 36.95 PS, the lowest specific fuel consumption was 0.256 kg/(PS.hr), the thermal efficiency 58.44%, the lowest CO content 0.4%, and flue gas opacity 58.6% HSU in accordance with the State Minister of Environment Regulation Number 5/2006, and no modification of engine needed. Compared with diesel fuel (B-0), B-10 was better than B-0 because it produced power increase 1.8%, same specific fuel consumption 0.256 kg/(PS.hr), rising thermal efficiency 2.4%, CO content decreased 80.0%, and CO2 content decreased 55.0% at optimum condition.

This research is a study of conflict of interest which discusses about the interest of The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on chosing the World Bank as the shareholders of the Green Climate Fund. The climate change has been a crucial issue that should be solved wisely. Many efforts had been tried for solving this issue, until the countries agree for making an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the convention (The Green Climate Fund) through the Conference of Parties of UNFCCC.This funding mechanism requires all developed and developing country to take their part in making the success of it.In this research, the author uses the group behavior analysis level which focused on the role of International organization. This research uses the diplomacy theory by Woodrow Wilson and the decision making theory, which are explain how the procedure for the decision is choosen.In effort to succeed this new agenda of UNFCCC, some critical statement come because the fact that, there are many developed countries that still using the dirty energy, which is the high factor of carbon emissions producer. The record of World Bank career in funding the countries which support and produce the dirty energy, also being one of the critic and obstacle. And the using of dirty energy of them still had increased right after the program declaration.

Energy is needed by people but sooner or later the world's oil reserves will be depleted. Generally energy needs are dominated by fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas and coal. It is time for Indonesia to reduce dependence on fossil fuels by developing alternative fuels that are renewable and environmentally friendly (renewable). There are three types of alternative energy that can be researched and developed in the world today such as biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas. One potential alternative to be developed was the use of bioethanol. Bioethanol is an alternative fuel that is processed from plants (biomass) by fermentation. In this study, the raw material used to make bioethanol is jackfruit seeds. During this time only used as a jackfruit seeds that only a small proportion of waste utilized as livestock feed and even largely discarded. In fact, if further processed jackfruit seeds can provide added value. This research aims to make bioethanol with various concentrations of yeast and fermentation time. The main process is hydrolysis fermentation using yeast Saccharomyces Cereviciae; and purification by distillation. The variables used were changes in the concentration of yeast 3, 6, 9%; and fermentation time 2, 3, 4 days. From the analysis of the research results obtained bioethanol yield per amount of raw materials best start was 10.9 ml/kg with a density of 0.959 g/ml and the calorific value sebasar 196.899 kkal/kg, ie at 9% concentration variation yeast and fermentation time 3 days. 130425007