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This study is an attempt to present and numerically simulate a dynamic system of energy price-energy supply-economic growth to perform a comparative analysis of strategies for energy intensity reduction in Iran. To achieve this purpose, a nonlinear differential equation system is designed and the data for total domestic energy production, non-oil GDP and energy price index during period 1992-2014 are used to estimate the parameters of system by means of whale optimization algorithm. In the next stage, four strategies (exploration of new energy sources and imports, moving towards a self-regulatory market, industrial restructuring, and adoption of new energy production and price policies) are addressed based on aforementioned system. The results indicate that the first three strategies will stabilize the energy market, but the fourth strategy will only drive the system into a cyclical shock state. The effects of different individual and combined strategies on energy intensity are also investigated. The results show that under a reasonable control power, these strategies can reduce energy intensity, but an unplanned increase in control power leads to reverse results. As for the energy intensity stabilization under these strategies, the lowest energy intensity is achieved by the third strategy and the lowest time to stabilize energy intensity is under the second strategy. It should be noted that the comprehensive strategy (combination of the first three strategies) outperforms individual strategies both in energy intensity stabilization and energy intensity reduction. Accordingly, implementation of a comprehensive strategy or any of the individual strategies with reasonable control power rather that unconsidered and strict application of a specific strategy, is the best choice for reduction of the national energy intensity in Iran.

Background and Objectives: As a green fuel and environmentally friendly energy, biodiesel has recently attracted much attention and efforts are ongoing to optimizing biodiesel production from microalgae’s. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate method of dewatering and drying biomass and selecting a suitable organic solvent for extraction lipids from biomass. Materials and Methods: After culturing Nannochloropsis Oculata in Gillard F/2 medium and reaching at the end of the stationary growth phase, algal biomass was separated from aqueous by centrifuge and drying in three methods: fore, air-dried and lyophilized. Lipid extractions of each sample was performed using soxhlet apparatus and three solvents including diethyl ether, n-hexane and n-pentane. At each stage, the quantity and quality of the extracted lipids was determined by gas chromatography. Results: In all three drying methods, palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid were significantly the main fatty acid composition of microalgae. The fatty acid composition of palmitic acid extracted by diethyl ether was significantly more than the other two solvents. Maximum production of triglyceride was observed in air dried and lyophilized (using diethyl ether solvent) microalgae as 75.03 and 76.72 % of fatty acid respectively. Conclusion: The use of lyophilized method for dewatering and drying of biomass and diethyl ether as solvent for the extraction of lipids from biomass yielded more compared with other methods studied in this paper and would be more efficient in research works related to the production of biodiesel from microalgae’s lipid.

Economic growth planning and policy making is one of the macrocosmic goals which it need to pay specific attention to energy and environmental sector and their relationship with production. Therefore, this study has conducted to investigate the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and environmental pollution using a Spatial Panel Simultaneous-Equations model for 9 developing countries during 2000-2011. Empirical results of this method show that energy consumption, economic growth and environmental pollution in each country is affected by these factors in neighboring countries. The results of research confirm there exists bidirectional causality between energy consumption and environmental pollution, economic growth and environmental pollution. Thus, there is a bidirectional causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. Regarding to result of this study suggests to achieve the sustainable economic growth should be used tax tools for controlling the emissions of CO2 and replacement of the renewable energies with fossil fuels.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between ecological awareness and rice-field knowledge of paddy field women in Bandar- E Anzali and sustainable agriculture criteria observation extent. The research method used descriptive-analytic that is performed relative – causal method. The population included paddy field women, over 25 years old in two region. In this research, 275 women were selected with systematic sampling method. Instruments reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient by SPSS/win. The descriptive findings showed that the research's paddy field women have good knowledge regarding ecological awareness and rice-field. Also, they are observing sustainability criteria in farming approximately. The analytic finding showed that there exists significant difference (%1) between the mean of observing sustainability criteria in farming, level of education, kind of ownership to field-rice and kind of used seed. Also, there exists positive significant correlation (p=%99) between age, past record paddy field, the measure of social participation, paddy field annual income, ecological awareness and paddy field knowledge and observing sustainability criteria in agriculture. But there exists negative significant correlation (p=%99) between the measure of paddy field participation and number of member household and observing sustainability criteria in farming. The measure of rice production and paddy field annual income as independent variable have maximum role and rate in analyzing of dependent variable.

Caspian Sea is one of the most low-lying areas of the region which is located between latitudes 36.34 and 47.13 degrees north. Its considerable vast area and depth have provided an opportunity to gain renewable energy by different methods. This paper analyzes the performance and mechanism of a floating wave energy converter known as WaveStar, in the above-mentioned sea. Different parts of mechanism are examined under hydrodynamic forces of waves with certain periods and amplitudes. By using the frequency parameters, profile and velocity of the waves; and solving the governing dynamic equations for the model, the vibration response of system has been derived. The main part of this study is the investigation of the effect of changing the arm length, float diameter, wave period and wave amplitude on the structure using regular wave with Froude-Krylov force.

In spite the global efforts to reduce energy intensity; Iran’s energy intensity has been increasing during the recent decades. To get a more detailed investigation of energy intensity, this study aims at decomposing energy intensity into its components including efficiency and structural change as well as at examining driving forces behind Iran’s energy intensity components during 1973-2011. Energy intensity decomposition showed that efficiency changes accounts for the most of increased energy intensity. It is found in this study that income (GDP), capital- labor ratio and urbanization are the most determinants of energy intensity and its components. Regarding the non-linear relationship between energy intensity and driving forces of income and capital-labor ratio as well as the estimated turning points, income plays a significant role in increase of energy intensity while capital-labor ratio tends to induce a reduction in energy intensity. Although urbanization has a positive contribution to energy intensity via structural changes component, its dominant effect on improved energy efficiency leads to an overall effect of reduced energy intensity by more than 1.8% as 1% increase in urbanization. The results showed a limited effect for price and share of industry in GDP and left no significant role for economic integration and foreign direct investment. The corresponding value for these variables remain less than 0.05%. 1.0pt;line-height:85%;font-family:"B Zar";letter-spacing: -.2pt;mso-bidi-language:FA;mso-ansi-font-style:italic'>کار با شاخص‌های شدت انرژی و نقطه عطف مترتب بر آنها در مجموع اثر درآمد در جهت افزایش شدت انرژی و اثر سرمایه در جهت کاهش شدت انرژی ارزیابی شد. اما شهرنشینی با وجود افزایش شدت انرژی از طریق تغییرات ساختاری از طریق بهبود کارایی در مجموع موجب کاهش شدت انرژی فراتر از 8/1 درصد به ازای 1 درصد افزایش شهرنشینی خواهد شد. اثر قیمت و سهم صنعت از تولید ناخالص داخلی بر شاخص‌های فوق محدود و اثر متغیرهای شاخص ادغام تجاری و سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی قابل اغماض ارزیابی شد. رقم متناظر برای متغیرهای یاد شده بیشتر کمتر از 05/0 درصد به دست آمد.

Nowadays, in water resources management, climate change is one of the main challenges. Changes in the water cycle are one of the most important of ground responses to warming it (IPCC 2014). Changes of precipitation and temperature caused by climate change, will damage to the products of garden and agricultural. Therefore, in order to increase the food security in future periods, it is necessary to evaluate the climate change impacts on the agricultural of regions and provide adaptation strategies its. So Regarding the importance of climate change, the purpose of this study is simulating the performance of the agricultural sector Hashtgerd Plain under climate change impacts in the future period (2020-2049).

This study aims at analyzing the energy intensity and also the effect of changes in the production technology on the efficiency of energy consumption in Iranian manufacturing sector. To this end, a regression method entitled the Translog Cost Equation Function is used to evaluate the energy consumption. The period of investigation is 1999- 2011. The results show that the energy intensity in the period of investigation is equal to 0.08 percent which indicates the effectiveness of this variable in the industrial sector. Findings also demonstrate that the technology had the lowest effect, while the small change in the price of energy (i.e. substitution and budgetary effects) had the highest effect on the energy intensity. This means that due to the structure of the industrial sector of the Iranian economy and the low price for energy as well as its adequate supply has led to the utilization of energy intensive components.

Energy intensity is one of the important and attractive indicators in energy economics. According to the abundance of energy resources in Iran, these resources are not used properly and therefore energy intensity is very high compared to other countries. Hence in this paper using a nonlinear regression method, we study the factors affecting energy intensity in Iran during the period 1979-2013. The results indicate that the existence of two regimes by considering relative price of energy as transition variable with the threshold about 1.58. The rate of urbanization and industrialization had positive effect and the level of technology and relative price of energy had negative effect on energy intensity in Iran. The effectiveness of relative price in the high price regime is intensified and the effectiveness of industrialization and technology is dropped. These results would suggest the important role of price regime on the effectiveness of energy intensity determinants in Iran and leads policy makers to prevent the decrease in the relative price of energy in the years following the implementation of targeted subsidies.

Renewable energy technologies convert renewable resources into forms of energy that can complement or replace conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels. Wind, solar, earth energy systems, small-scale hydro systems and biomass (eg. Straw, wood, corn) are all forms of renewable energy. Wind, solar and small-scale hydro systems have zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions. For example, for every kilowatt-hour generated by a wind turbine instead of by burning fossil fuels, about one kilogram of co2 is not emitted into the atmosphere (Alberta Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture Council, 2001). Wind turbines capture wind energy and convert it to electricity. Wind energy systems can either be small, stand-alone “off-grid” systems, or connected to the provincial power grid. Because wind is an intermittent resource, a back-up system is needed. Wind systems require an average annual wind speed greater then 15 kilometers per hour may only be feasible in some part Earth. Electricity generating coasts are reported to have dropped from $0.25 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) in the 1980’s to below $0.10 per kWh in 2001. One opportunity for farmers is the potential to lease land to wind energy producers. Every ten days, the earth receives solar energy of an amount equal to the world’s entire fossil fuel reserves, and approximately one precent of this is converted to wind energy (Freris, 1990). This solar radiation is converted to wind energy as a result of the unequal heating of the equator as compared to the poles, and of the oceans as compared to the continents. This unequal heating leads to motion within the atmosphere as it tries to equalize its pressure- resulting in what we know as wind. A second cause wind is the motion of the earth. Many meteorological quantities are transported via air currents. In fact, because of the winds role in the transmission of physical and meteorological parameters atmospheric, are very important. Further movement of wind as a source of new and inexhaustible energy is considered. In recent years, the kinetic energy of wind as a source of new and inexhaustible energy is considered by many countries. Recently use of wind energy as one of the most popular renewable power resources for producing electrical energy, is growing up. The purpose of this study is evaluating the amount of wind energy production and finding the windward areas in the Ilam province. In this study, the wind speed and wind direction daily data from 7 weather stations in the state (from established year to 2013) and 15 weather stations from outside of the state boundary are collected. At First, the days with incomplete data are eliminated, then for unifying dimensions of each data base, the average of long-term daily data are calculated. For averaging the long-term daily data related to wind speed and wind direction, two data bases with the 366*22 dimensions are established separately. By utilizing the two data bases, the orbital and meridional components are calculated. Based on the orbital and meridional components, and using krigingchr('39')s geostatistics method, the orbital and meridional components of wind speed of the area study, are estimated. Finally, tow data bases with the 896*366 dimensions are created for the Ilam province that 366 of data are belonged to the orbital and meridional components of wind speed average and 896 of data are belonged to estimated cells in the Ilam province. The dimensions of each cell were 4.7*4.7 square kilometers. With cluster analysis of the two data bases, the windward areas of Ilam province are specified. For better understanding of wind speed characteristics, the monthly maps of windward areas of Ilam province and the annual coefficient of variability of wind speed are plotted. Based on wind speed, wind density, and the size of utilized wind turbine (rotatory radius 5, 10, 15, 20 meters), the amount of wind power generations (from 896 cells), are estimated. The annually and monthly equipotential maps of wind power generation are plotted. The results show that Mehran is the most windward area in the Ilam province. Also the western areas of Ilam province have more wind speed availability compared to the eastern areas of the Ilam province. Darehshahr has minimum average wind speed in all months of the year. The variability coefficient of wind speed in the Ilam province is between 17.2 and 40.6. The northern areas of the state have less variability coefficient compared to other areas of the state. The evaluation findings of the four mentioned wind turbines show that the wind turbines can produce maximum wind power generation at the west areas of the state (Mehran). Among all of the months in a year, the July has the most wind power generation, as the time viewpoints. By utilizing the wind turbines with five meters blades, the amount of wind production threshold is about 1 to 11 million watts per squared meters. Also by utilizing the wind turbines with 10 and 15 meters blades, the amount of minimum and maximum annual wind energy generation can be about 5 to 45, and 12 to 101, million watts per squared meters, respectively.