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{"references": ["[1] W. EL-Khattam, and M. M. A. Salama, \u201cImpact of Distributed Generation on Voltage Profile in Deregulated Distribution System,\u201d Proceedings of the Power Systems 2002 Conference, Impact of Distributed Generation, Clemson, SC, USA, pp. 13-14, March 2002", "[2] P. Barker, and R. W. De Mello, \" Detennining the Impact of Distributed Generation on Power Systems: Part 1 - Radial Distribution Systems,\" IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 22-28, April 1999K. Elissa, \u201cTitle of paper if known,\u201d unpublished.", "[3] D.Q. Hung, N. Mithulananthan, and R.c. Bansal, \"Analytical expression for DG allocation in primary distribution network,\" IEEE Trans. on energy conservation, vol.2 5, pp 814-820, Sept 2010.", "[4] E. Bamdad, \u201cHigh Penetration Photovoltaic System Analysis\u201d, MSc. dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering, California State University, Northridge, 2014, Pg 37-38.", "[5] C.A.Canizaresand and F.L.Alvarado,\u201cPoint of collapse and continuation methods for large AC/DC systems,\u201d IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1\u20138, Feb. 1993.", "[6] R. A. Walling, R. Saint, R. C. Dugan, J. Burke, and L. A. Kojovic, \u201cSummary of distributed resources impact on power delivery systems,\u201d IEEE Trans.Power Del.,vol.23,no.3,pp.1636\u20131644,Jul.2008.", "[7] M. Wolter and L. Hofmann, \u201dGeneral estimation of the impact of additional DG sources on distribution grids\u201d, accepted for presentation at IEEE PES General Meeting 2011, Detroit, United States 2011.", "[8] I. Lei\u00dfe, \u201cEfficient Integration of Distributed Generation in Electricity Distribution Networks\u201d, PhD. dissertation, Department of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering, Lund University, 2013, Pg 174."]} Distributed Generation is gaining popularity with the recent advancements in the renewable energy sources. DGs are used as a source of energy as well as performance enhancers by utilities. Subject to the weather of a certain location different DG sources are used in which Wind Turbines, Small Hydro Plants, Photovoltaic and Fuel Cells are commonly used. In this research work, a detailed comparative analysis is made among Wind Turbine, Photovoltaic and Synchronous machine to suggest the most suitable source. The said comparison is made on the technical factors such as voltage and electrical power losses and on the basis of this comparison a suitable DG source is suggested. A radial distribution feeder is simulated in Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) to study the effect of these sources on the test distribution network

Background: Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of dairy processing waste was performed to investigate the effect of temperature and initial pH on the yield and composition of the solid (hydrochar) and liquor produced. All hydrochars met the EU requirements of organo-mineral solid fertilizers defined in the Fertilizing Products Regulation in terms of phosphorus (P) and mineral content. Methods: Laboratory scale HTC was performed using pressurized reactors, and the products (solid and liquid) were collected, stored and analyzed for elemental composition and nutrient content using Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and other analytic techniques. Results: Maximum hydrochar yield (60.67%) was observed at T=180℃ and pH=2.25, whereas the maximum P-recovery was 80.38% at T=220℃ and pH=4.6. The heavy metal content of the hydrochars was mostly compliant with EU limitations, except for Ni at T=220℃ and pH=8.32. Meanwhile, further study of Chromium (Cr) species is essential to assess the fertilizer quality of the hydrochars. For the liquid product, the increase in temperature beyond 200℃, coupled with an increase in initial acidity (pH=2.25) drove P into the liquor. Simultaneously, increasing HTC temperature and acidity increased the concentration of NO3- and NH4+ in the liquid products to a maximum of 278 and 148 mg/L, respectively, at T=180℃ and pH=4.6. Furthermore, no direct relation between final pH of liquor and NH4+ concentration was observed. Conclusions: HTC improved the nutrient content of dairy waste, allowing for the production of potential solid organo-mineral fertilizers requiring additional treatment to ensure safe fertilizer application.

The paper describes the approach to the assessment of nuclear energy systems based on the integral indicator characterizing the level of their sustainability and results of comparative assessment of several nuclear energy system options incorporating different combinations of nuclear reactors and nuclear fuel cycle facilities. The nuclear energy systems are characterized by achievement of certain key events pertaining to the following six subject areas: economic performance, safety, availability of resources, waste handling, non-proliferation and public support. Achievement of certain key events is examined within the time interval until 2100, while the key events per se are assessed according to their contribution in the achievement of sustainable development goals. It was demonstrated that nuclear energy systems based on the once-through nuclear fuel cycle with thermal reactors and uranium oxide fuel do not score high according to the integral sustainable development indicator even in the case when the issue of isolation of spent nuclear fuel in geological formation is resolved. Gradual replacement of part of thermal reactors with fast reactors and closing the nuclear fuel cycle results in the achievement of evaluated characteristics in many subject areas, which are close to maximum requirements of sustainable development, and in the significant enhancement of the sustainability indicator.

The article is devoted to the actual problem of how to improve the reliability of the urban electric network. Based on the statistical analysis of the breakdown of electrical equipment in urban distribution networks in Dushanbe for the periods of 2017-2018 and for the reasons of damage leading to these emergency outages, the factors that affect the distribution of damage leading to emergency outages are identified. Taking into account the identified factors, a power consumption forecasting system is proposed that takes into account the local conditions of the city of Dushanbe. it allows us to suggest a way to control the operating parameters of the electric network, thereby increasing the reliability of the city's electric network in Dushanbe based on the recommendation of power consumption standards. Implementation of the control of the proposed method for improving the reliability of power supply to the urban electric network is proposed on the basis of the functionality of modern smart electricity metering using the control algorithm. To implement the control algorithm, schematic design for receiving and transmitting information from smart power metering to the data collection centre is proposed.

AbstractBuildings are responsible for approximately 36% of carbon emissions in the European Union. Besides, gradual aging and a lack of adaptability and flexibility of buildings often lead to destructive interventions, resulting not only in higher costs but also in a large amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW). Recently, an innovative system (Ref. VEEP project) has been developed to recycle CDW for the manufacturing of energy‐efficient prefabricated concrete elements (PCE) for new building construction. By applying life cycle costing (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA), this study aimed to determine whether the use of VEEP PCE leads to lower carbon emission and lower associated costs over the life cycle of an exemplary four‐story residential building in the Netherlands than a business‐as‐usual (BAU) PCE scenario. This paper provides a case study on the alignment and/or integration of LCA and LCC in an independent and a combined manner (via monetization). This study examines how the internalization of carbon emission and discount rate will affect the final life cycle costs over a 40‐year life span. The simulation results show that the key to economic viability and environmental soundness of VEEP PCE is to reduce production cost and to optimize the thermal performance of the novel isolation material Aerogel; internalization of external cost monetarizes the environmental advantage thus slightly expands the cost advantage of low carbon options, but leads to larger uncertainty about the LCC result.

The bioeconomy can support Europe’s transition to a low-carbon economy and help to meet key international, European and member state sustainability targets through the provision of bio-based products and energy derived from sustainably sourced biomass. A successful implementation of a bio-based economy in Europe will, however, require a profound transformation of our production and consumption patterns. Consumer behavior will play a major role in supporting the successful transition to a bio-based economy. This paper uses a structured quantitative survey approach to gain an understanding of consumer perspectives in relation to bio-based products. Conducted among 18–75-year-old consumers in Ireland and the Netherlands, the study indicates that consumers in both countries have a relatively positive outlook regarding bio-based products, with Irish consumers showing a slightly more positive outlook. The study finds that a larger majority of Irish consumers would prefer buying bio-based products as opposed to fossil-based products, while Irish consumers also have a slightly more positive impression than Dutch consumers that their consumer choices can be beneficial for the environment.