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A Calypso Square gravity core AMD15-Casq1 (543 cm) and corresponding box core (40 cm) were collected in 2015 from the central north NOW (77°15.035’ N, 74°25.500’ W, 692 m water depth) (Figure 1) during the ArcticNet Leg 4a, onboard the Canadian Coast Guard Ship Amundsen. Core chronology: The core chronology is based on 11 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates on mollusc shells from the Calypso core, and 210Pb and 137Cs measurements on 20 samples from the box core (see Jackson et al. (2021) for more details). Here, all radiocarbon dates were calibrated using the latest marine calibration curve (Marine20; Heaton et al., 2020; Table S1). In Jackson et al. (2021), and using the Marine13 calibration curve, a local reservoir correction of 140 ± 60 years was applied based on measurements from a live marine mollusc specimen collected from the NOW before the mid-1950’s (McNeely & Brennan, 2005). Using the Marine20 calibration curve, this specimen now yields a reservoir offset of –4 ± 60 years. In line with this reduced reservoir offset for the Marine 20 (vs. Marine13) calibration curve, and owing to the lack of a regional ΔR term for the polynya (Pieńkowski et al., 2023), no additional reservoir age correction (i.e., ΔR=0) was applied. A mixed age-depth model was constructed using the bacon-package in R (Blaauw & Christen, 2011). Accordingly, the composite core covers the last ca. 3800 cal years BP. We note that the new calibration only resulted in negligible changes compared to the age model presented in Jackson et al. (2021). Diatom analyses: Sediment samples for diatom analysis were prepared following the protocol described in Crosta et al. (2020). Approximately 0.3 g of dry sediment was treated with an oxidative solution composed of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), distilled water and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (decahydrate, Na4O7P2-10H2O) in a warm bath (~65°C) for several hours until the reaction ceased. The residue was then rinsed repeatedly with distilled water by centrifugation (7 min at 1200 rpm). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 30%) was used to remove the carbonate content. The residue was again rinsed several times until neutral pH, and microscopy slides were mounted in Naphrax©. In each sample, ca. 300 diatom valves were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Resting spores of Chaetoceros were counted, but not included in the relative abundance calculations. Census counts were done using a light microscope (Olympus BX53, UNB) with dark field, phase contrast optics and oil immersion, at 1000X magnification. We followed the counting rules presented in Crosta and Koç (2007): specimens were counted when at least half of the valve was observed, with the exception of Rhizosolenia and Thalassiothrix taxa that were only counted when the spine-like proboscis or appendix was visible, respectively. The Pikialasorsuaq (North Water polynya) is an area of local and global cultural and ecological significance. However, over the last decades, the region has been subject to rapid warming and, in some recent years, the seasonal ice arch that has historically defined the polynya’s northern boundary has failed to form. Both factors are deemed to alter the polynya’s ecosystem functioning. To understand how climate-induced changes to the Pikialasorsuaq impact the basis of the marine food web, we explored diatom community-level responses to changing conditions, from a sediment core spanning the last 3800 years. Four metrics were used: total diatom concentrations, taxonomic composition, mean size, and diversity. Generalized additive model statistics highlight significant changes at ca. 2400, 2050, 1550, 1200, and 130 cal years BP, all coeval with known transitions between colder and warmer intervals of the Late Holocene, and regime shifts in the Pikialasorsuaq. Notably, a weaker/contracted polynya during the Roman Warm Period and Medieval Climate Anomaly caused the diatom community to reorganize via shifts in species composition, with the presence of larger taxa but lower diversity, and significantly reduced export production. This study underlines the high sensitivity of primary producers to changes in the polynya dynamics and illustrates that the strong pulse of early-spring cryopelagic diatoms that makes the Pikialasorsuaq exceptionally productive may be jeopardized by rapid warming and associated Nares Strait ice arch destabilization. Future alterations to the phenology of primary producers may disproportionately impact higher trophic levels and keystone species in this region, with implications for Indigenous Peoples and global diversity.  # Marine diatoms record Late Holocene regime shifts in the Pikialasorsuaq ecosystem [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cz8w9gj8p](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cz8w9gj8p) This dataset includes diatom counts (relative abundances, %) from core AMD15-Casq1. Diatoms were analyzed at a 1 to 10 cm sampling interval, which corresponds to an effective age resolution ranging from ca. 3 to 64 years (mean: 31 years). Absolute abundances are reported in valves per g of dry sediment. Fluxes were calculated by combining diatom concentrations (valves and spores g-1) with mass accumulation rates (g cm-2 yr-1). ## Description of the data and file structure Diatom data are presented against depth and modelled age (years BP) in the sediment archive. ## Sharing/Access information n/a ## Code/Software n/a

Dataset 1: Brain and body size Published measures of brain size (g) for 131 species of seabird. Brain size estimates were generated from the measurement of adult skulls in museum collections using the endocast method. For each species, multiple specimens were measured and a mean value was calculated to provide a single, species-specific brain size estimate. To account for the allometric relationship between brain and body size, we also obtained information on body size (g). Dataset 2: Natal and adult dispersal rates We collated data on natal and adult dispersal rates by conducting a systematic literature search using the online database, Web of Science. The literature search generated a total of 793 papers and reports and from these, we extracted natal and adult dispersal rates. Here, natal dispersal is defined as the annual proportion of fledglings recruiting into a colony different from their natal colony, and adult dispersal is defined as the annual proportion of adults relocating to a new breeding colony. The final dataset included dispersal estimates from 47 studies and 29 species. For studies that provided multiple dispersal rate estimates, i.e., for different adult age classes or for males and females (n=9), we calculated a species mean value. For this final list, we also collated information on age at first breeding and fledging time. We selected age at first breeding to reflect the species-specific time that is available to prospect different colonies, and fledging time to reflect maternal investment. Where multiple species-specific values were provided for age at first breeding, we calculated the mean weighted by the percentage of individuals that had bred by each age. Where a range was provided for fledging time, we took the midpoint. Dataset 3: Extinction risk and threats We extracted a species’ threat status from the IUCN Red List database (iucnredlist.org, 2020) and their vulnerability to six relevant anthropogenic threats listed under the Threats Classification Scheme (v. 3.3, IUCN, 2020). The six anthropogenic threats we considered were: climate change, biological resource use (e.g., fishing), human intrusions and disturbance, invasive species, energy production and mining, and pollution. Threat vulnerability was classified as: ‘vulnerable’ or ‘not vulnerable’. We used the IUCN classifications to group species into two broader categories of extinction risk. Here, species classified as Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (E) and Vulnerable (V) were defined as ‘threatened’, and species listed as Near Threatened (NT) and Least Concern (LC) were defined as ‘non-threatened’. The cognitive buffer hypothesis proposes that species with larger brains (relative to their body size) exhibit greater behavioural flexibility, conferring an advantage in unpredictable or novel environments. Therefore, behavioural flexibility – and relative brain size – are likely to be important predictors of a species’ vulnerability to anthropogenic pressures and, ultimately, extinction risk. However, current evidence linking brain size to species vulnerability and extinction risk is inconclusive. Furthermore, studies examining the relationship between relative brain size and behavioural flexibility have mainly focused on foraging innovations, whilst other forms of behavioural flexibility remain unexplored. In this study, we collate species-specific information and examine links between relative brain size, rates of natal and adult dispersal (a measure of flexibility in breeding site fidelity), vulnerability to six anthropogenic threats and extinction risk for 131 species of seabird. We focused our study on seabirds, a highly threatened group that displays large variation in both relative brain size and dispersal behaviour. We found a significant positive relationship between relative brain size and natal dispersal rate, suggesting that relative brain size could enhance flexibility in breeding site choice in seabirds, consistent with the cognitive buffer hypothesis. However, this relationship does not persist when we consider adult dispersal, possibly reflecting constraints imposed by mate selection and knowledge transfer in seabirds. We also show that relative brain size is negatively associated with vulnerability to climate change. These findings have immediate application for predicting interspecific variation in species’ vulnerability to climate change and identifying priority species for conservation.

This publication contains the R code and associated data used in the Journal of Applied Ecology publication entitled "A review of riverine ecosystem service quantification: research gaps and recommendations".

A curated database of open technology projects and organisations working for a stable climate, energy supply and natural resources. The dataset was created by the Open Sustainable Technology Initiative

1. Diversification of fisheries and agroecosystems can increase and stabilize production and revenue, despite unpredictable changes in ecosystems and markets. Recent work suggests that diversification can provide multiple benefits simultaneously, but empirical evidence of relationships between catch or crop diversification and the provision of multiple benefits is scarce. The effect of diversification on multiple benefits may vary temporally and among systems. 2. Using long-term (11–54 years) capture fishery statistics from five Japanese lakes, we examined whether catch diversity increased multiple benefits, including revenue, nitrogen and phosphorus removal, and seasonal commercial species diversity. We also assessed whether catch species diversity increased the stability of each benefit via a portfolio effect. 3. Our study revealed positive relationships between catch diversity and the bundle of benefits (the mean of all normalized benefits; i.e., the provisioning of multiple benefits) in all five lakes, even after controlling for the total catch. The effects of catch diversity on individual benefits were positive or insignificant and differed among the study lakes. These differences were likely caused by the range and variation of functional characteristics among catch species. The influence of the annual mean price on revenue, suggested that market forces did have an effect. 4. We also found that aggregated revenue as well as N and P removal were 1.6-2.1 times (four lakes), 1.5-2.2 times (four lakes), and 1.4-2.2 times (all five lakes) more stable, respectively, than would be expected if only a single species were harvested. This greater stability suggests that maintaining catch species diversity may increase the stability of multiple benefits through portfolio effects. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our analysis suggests that catch diversification has great potential to increase the magnitude and stability of multiple benefits. Although total catch alone was sufficient to provide multiple benefits, a goal of maximization with specialization may decrease stability and deplete resources. Under fluctuating environmental and economic conditions, diversification strategies promise to be an effective management option for achieving resilient and sustainable inland fisheries. In places, such as Japan, that have experienced decreased demand, both demand diversification and maintenance would be needed as part of a diversification strategy.14-Nov-2018 Japanese_inland_fiseries_data_Matsuzaki_JAE2018

This data package contains data used for an model-data intercomparison originally published in: D. K. Hutchinson, H. K. Coxall, D. J. Lunt, M. Steinthorsdottir, A. M. de Boer, M. Baatsen, A. von der Heydt, M. Huber, A. T. Kennedy-Asser, L. Kunzmann, J.-B. Ladant, C. H. Lear, K. Moraweck, P. N. Pearson, E. Piga, M. J. Pound, U. Salzmann, H. D. Scher, W. P. Sijp, K. K. Śliwińska, P. A. Wilson, and Z. Zhang, 2021: The Eocene-Oligocene transition: a review of marine and terrestrial proxy data, models and model-data comparisons, Climate of the Past, 17, 269-315. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021 These data are also used in a further model-data intercomparison of Antarctic temperatures: Emily Tibbett, Natalie J Burls, David K. Hutchinson, Sarah J Feakins, (2023), Proxy-Model Comparison for the Eocene-Oligocene Transition in Southern High Latitudes, Paleoceanography and Paleocliamtology, In Review. Pre-print avaiable from: https://www.authorea.com/doi/full/10.1002/essoar.10511735.2 The package contains surface air temperature and sea surface temperature from an ensemble of model simulations of the Eocene-Oligocene transition. These data are provided at annual and monthly frequency. They are also provided on the original model grid, and an interpolated common grid used for the intercomparison. (The common grid is based on the HadCM3BL model grid.) All data are provided in NETCDF format with self-describing variable names. The name and explanation of the interpolated data files are contained in: table_of_experiments.xlsx Please read that spreadsheet to interpret the filenames, and see Table 2 (p291) of Hutchinson et al (2021) for experiment descriptions. Please also be mindful to cite the original authors of the simulations when using these data, whose work made this dataset possible. The appropriate citations are listed below: Reference DOI link Baatsen et al (2020) https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020 Goldner et al (2014) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13597 Ladant et al (2014a,b) https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1957-2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002593 Hutchinson et al (2018, 2019) https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-789-2018 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11828-z Kennedy et al (2015) https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0419 Zhang et al (2012, 2014) https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-523-2012 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13705 Sijp et al (2009) https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3003.1

Marine turtles may respond to projected climatic changes by shifting their nesting range to climatically suitable areas, which may result in either increased exposure to threats or fewer threats. Therefore, there is a need to identify whether the habitat predicted to be climatically suitable for marine turtle nesting in the future will be affected by future threats and hinder marine turtles’ ability to adapt. We modelled the geographic distribution of climatically suitable nesting habitat for marine turtles in the USA under future climate scenarios, identified potential range shifts by 2050, determined impacts from sea-level rise, and explored changes in exposure to coastal development as a result of range shifts. Overall nesting ranges of marine turtle species were not predicted to change between the current and future time periods, except for the northern nesting boundaries for loggerhead turtles. However, declines in climatically suitable nesting grounds were predicted; loggerhead turtles will experience the highest decreases (10%) in climatically suitable habitat followed by green (7%) and leatherback (1%) turtles. However, sea-level rise is projected to inundate 78–81% of current habitat predicted to be climatically suitable in the future, depending on species and scenario. Nevertheless, new beaches will also form, and suitable nesting habitat could be gained, with leatherback turtles potentially experiencing the biggest percentage gain in suitable habitat.

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One of the regions most affected by this phenomenon on Algerian coast is the region of Zemmouri, located northwest of Algiers, on over 55 km of coastline between Cape Matifou in the West and Cape Djinet in the East. Objective of this paper is to evaluate the CVIPhys (physical coastal vulnerability) and the CVIeco (socioeconomic vulnerability). We helped mapping the zones most vulnerable to climate change by using a geographic information system (GIS). Firstly, the CVIPhys was calculated by using six physical variables, these include geomorphology, coastal slope, mean tidal range, wave height, coastal erosion rate and sea level rise. Secondly, CVIeco was determined by using six variables, including population, cultural heritage, roads, railroads, land use and conservation designation. The results obtained from CVIPhys show that 52% (24.58 km) of the eastern coastline has a high to very high vulnerability. According to the values obtained from CVIeco, the most vulnerable areas represent 36% (30 km) along the coast. These results can be used by decision makers and planners in the integrated management of coastal areas.