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Cinq pièges à particules ont été déployés à des profondeurs comprises entre 4400 et 4 900 rn sur deux stations dans la plaine abyssale de Demerara et une station dans la plaine abyssale du Cap Vert (Atlantique tropical). Dans le même temps, un échantillonnage intensif du sédiment superficiel a été réalisé à l'aide d'un carottier de 0,25 m2 d'ouverture. Le flux particulaire total mesuré varie de 372 mg de matière sèche/m2/jour à 87,7 mg/m2/g de matériel récolté. Dans les sédiments superficiels, elle n'est plus que d'environ 4 mg/g. Il existe une relation directe entre l'intensité du flux organique et la richesse en composés organiques du sédiment. D'après nos estimations, plus de 90% du matériel organique arrivant sur le fond sont consommés par les organismes benthiques abyssaux et seulement 1% est perdu dans la sédimentation permanente. Pour 100 calories consommées par le benthos, 99 le sont par la petite faune et la flore vivant dans le sédiment, 0, 7 calories sont utilisées par les holothuries (mégafaune) et 0,3 calories par les poissons. La composition biochimique des particules se caractérise, à toutes les stations, par la prédominance des composés organiques transformées néobiogéniques ( « humus ») dans la matière organique totale (plus de 55%). La part des molécules de la matière vivante varie d'une station à l'autre: à la station la plus océanique, les protéines dominent et composent 200/o de l'énergie totale des apports. Dans la station plus soumise aux influences continentales, la concentration en lipides augmente et peut égaler celle des protéines. Dans ce cas, le taux de glucides des particules est très faible (7% des apports organiques). Enfin, les préférences nutritionnelles des animaux qui s'alimentent sur ces particules se portent principalement sur les molécules les plus énergétiques (lipides) et les plus facilement hydrolysables (protéines labiles) : les autres molécules, comme les composés néobiogéniques sont moins recherchés bien qu'ils contribuent pour moitié à l'énergie consommée par les animaux benthiques abyssaux Five particle traps were deployed at depths of 4 400 to 4 900 rn at two stations on the Demerara abyssal plain and one station on the Cape Verde abyssal plain (tropical Atlantic). At the same time, an intensive sampling of superficial sediments was carried out using a 0,25 m2 box corer. The total particle flux varied from 372 to 87,7 mg dry weightfm2/day. The average concentration of organic carbon was 40 mg/g of material collected. ln the surface sediment this was only 4 mg/g. A direct relationship existed between the intensity of the flux of organic matter and the richness of the organic matter of the deposited sediment. According to our calculations, more than 90% of the organic matter arriving at the bottom is consumed by the abyssal benthos and only 1% is lost to permanent sediment deposits. For 100 calories consumed by the benthos, 99 are utilized by the infauna and flora, 0, 7 by the holothurian egafauna and 0,3 by near-bottom fisches. The biochemical composition of the particles is characterized at ali stations by a predominance of "humic" material in the total organic matter (more than 55%). The part of the molecules unaltered form living material varied from on station to another: for the most oceanic station the protein dominated, composing 20% of the total energy. At the station onder the influence of the continent the lipid fraction grew and was almost equal to that of the protein. ln this case, the carbohydrate fraction was very weak (7% of the organic matter). Finally the preference of the animais which feed on the particles is principally for the most energetic (lipid) and the most easily hydrolysable (labile protein) molecules: the other molecules, such as the humic matter, are less preferred, although they still contribute to about half of the energy consumed by the abyssal benthic animais.

Le changement climatique est sans aucun doute un des plus grands défis de l’humanité. Voilà pourquoi les résultats de la 21ème Conférence des États parties à la Convention sur le climat à Paris en 2015 sont encourageants en ce qui concerne la réduction des émissions des gaz à effet de serre. Cependant, même si l’on arrivait à limiter le réchauffement à 1.5–2.0 °C, nous devons envisager des adaptations. Des événements comme les vagues de chaleur, les précipitations intenses ou les sécheresses sévères seront plus intenses, plus fréquents ou dureront plus longtemps. C’est la raison pour laquelle il faut nous adapter à ces conditions climatiques déjà inévitables. L’article traite des conséquences directes des vagues de chaleur sur la santé humaine dans des régions urbaines et rurales en Allemagne du Nord-Est. Des stratégies d’adaptation à de telles conditions extrêmes sont proposées. Climate change is without any doubt one of the greatest challenges of mankind. Therefore, the results of the 21st Conference of Parties 2015 in Paris are encouraging concerning the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, even with a future limitation of global warming to 1.5 – 2.0°C, we have to support the impact of the past and actually still growing emissions of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Under climate change conditions extreme climate events like heatwaves, heavy rains, or severe drought will become more frequent, more intense, and will last longer. Therefore, we have to adapt to these atmospheric conditions which are already unavoidable. The article enhances the direct impacts of heatwaves to public health in urban and rural areas of Northeast Germany. The development of adaptation strategies to cope with extreme weather events is discussed.

Metadata only record The article examines the application of a geographical information system (GIS) project to the sustainable development of a natural resource within the context of a fisheries production system in the Central Delta of the River Niger in Mali. The project, which takes into account the specific characteristics of the natural and social environment, results from the findings of a research programme carried out between 1986-94 to investigate the organization and dynamics of a production sector which is based on the exploitation of a natural renewable resource. The Central Delta of the Niger contributes around 90% annually of total fish production in Mali. Over recent years, however, increasing interest from developers, restrictions on fishing and conflict between producers have caused a crisis of production. Through the development of a system of spatial representation of the interactions between the social and natural systems of the area, the objectives of the GIS are to solve the conflicts associated with resource use, develop an effective system of resource management and ensure the long term sustainability of the resource. (CAB Abstract)

Les innovations développées pour faire face aux enjeux climatiques de notre siècle soulèvent plusieurs questionnements en termes d’empreinte écologique et environnementale mais aussi en ce qui concerne l’appropriation des nouvelles technologies de la transition par des publics aux réalités socioéconomiques et aux compétences numériques très variées. La littérature des services apporte des réflexions intéressantes quant à la participation du public dans le contexte de la transition énergétique. The innovations developed to deal with the climate challenges of our century raise several questions in terms of ecological and environmental footprint but also regarding the appropriation of new transition technologies by households with very varied socio-economic realities and digital skills. The literature on services provides interesting issues on public participation in the context of energy transition.

Climate change, adaptation and sustainable development are inextricably linked. These issues haunt the developing world Parties to the multilateral environmental agreements, who are trying hard to implement policies and plans within their national jurisdictions. These policies are required to be linked with overall economic growth and development objectives. With limited technical workforce and financial capacity, the developing world is facing a grave challenge of attaining inclusive growth and sustainable development, besides developing resilience to climate change. A parallel stream of activities for these three objectives is not the solution for poor countries. Some countries are already on the path of establishing linkages among climate change, development and sustainability activities. However, while grappling with these issues, most are still stuck at different levels of governance. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have timelines until 2030. At least 60% of the NDCs, mostly those of the developing countries, contain an adaptation component which is closely linked to sustainable development. Convergence of NDC and SDG goals at the national level will assist in financing NDCs through SDG funds for achieving both mitigation and adaptation goals. The paper discusses barriers to good governance around these issues and opportunities available to link them at the national level. This includes improvement of knowledge base, and mainstreaming finance for both, adaptation and sustainable development, besides serving national needs. The trick is to include adaptation and sustainability into the developmental planning. Journal d’Economie, de Management, d’Environnement et de Droit, Vol 3, No 1 (2020)

Hydrothermal communities of various species compositions have been described from the eastern and western Pacific and Atlantic. Brine and cold seeps and hydrocarbon seepages have been found off Florida, off the Oregon and Japanese subduction systems, on the Laurentian Fan, near Barbados, and off Louisiana. Biomasses range from 10 to 70 kg/m super(2), fresh weight. Basic microdistribution of species groups in aureoles centered around hydrothermal vents reveals different levels of adaptation to harsh physico-chemical conditions. Two groups of primary producers can be recognized: a highly efficient cool water group with large vestimentiferan tube worms and bivalves, and alvinellid polychaetes adapted to hot waters. Both groups are exploited by specific carnivores. The food web is based on sulfooxidizing symbiotic bacteria. Methanotrophic symbiotic bacteria have recently been found in bivalves off Louisiana. Nearly 160 species new to sciences have been described, with an abnormally large number of panchronic species. The short life span of hydrothermal vents together with the world-wide distribution of several species raise questions of propagation and colonization.

Africa is classified as the continent with the highest thread caused by changing earth climate. This thread is a result of interaction between diverse stressing factors which are already indicated in local ecosystems. These climatic effects are more visible in Africa than on any other continent or regions in the world. The interactions of climate change and anthropogenic caused environmental influences are specifically distinct like inequalities, education, food security etc. Environmental and agricultural resources are fundamentals for social, economic and ecologic development and essential for countries in Africa. With increased interferences in the ecological balance of ecosystems soil degradation and lack of education are major and most serious effects on booming economies. With indicators like illiteration, poverty, food insecurity / soil fertility etc. the productivity and stability of different regions in Africa can be evaluated. With this evaluation it will be possible to estimate the economic efficiency and therefore concrete potential stabilizing indicators. Against this background, the impact of climate change and soil degradation will be extremely in regions of Africa. Investigations in optimized strategies and examples of successful agricultural production in Africa could be blueprints to reach further global goals. The importance to understand cultural characteristics and to get local experts involved from the beginning is essential for the success of developing strategies in Africa. Journal d’Economie, de Management, d’Environnement et de Droit, Vol 3, No 1 (2020)

L���objectif de cet article est d�����valuer de mani��re synth��tique la vuln��rabilit�� des petites ��conomies insulaires (PEI) aux cons��quences du changement climatique. Nous utilisons un indicateur composite de vuln��rabilit�� physique au changement climatique (PVCCI pour Physical vulnerability to climate change index), d��velopp�� �� la Ferdi, que nous appliquons �� un ��chantillon large de 250 ��conomies dont 100 PEI souveraines ou affili��es. Nos r��sultats refl��tent bien que les PEI sont structurellement expos��es aux cons��quences du changement climatique mais de mani��re h��t��rog��ne. Une illustration des r��sultats est donn��e sur les PEI du Sud-Ouest de l���oc��an Indien. The objective of this paper is to synthetically assess the vulnerability of small island economies (SIEs) to the consequences of climate change. We use a composite indicator of physical vulnerability to climate change (PVCCI), developed at Ferdi, which we apply to a large sample of 250 economies, including 100 sovereign or affiliated SIEs. Our results show that SEIs are structurally exposed to the consequences of climate change but in a heterogeneous way. An illustration of the results is given on the southwest Indian Ocean SEIs.

Pour évaluer le stock d'oursin P. lividus à l'échelle de la côte basque, un échantillonnage spatial sur l'ensemble de la zone exploitée a été réalisé. Pour étudier la période de reproduction, un échantillonnage sur une année entière a été effectué. Ces travaux se sont déroulés en 2013 et 2014. La reproduction se produit une seule fois au cours d'un cycle annuel du printemps à l’été, entre mai et août en 2014. Parmi les facteurs qui déclenchent la ponte, la salinité, la température et l'hydrodynamisme témoignent d'une importante variabilité inter-annuelle sur la côte basque. Ainsi, la période définie en 2014, pourra fluctuer selon les années. Concernant le stock, les résultats font état de 11,85 (+/-0,32) millions d'individus exploitables pour une biomasse de 724 (+/- 137) tonnes, répartis sur l'ensemble de la zone prospectée. La densité et la biomasse diminuent rapidement avec la profondeur, la majorité des individus se localisent entre 0 et 5 m. Une importante fluctuation des densités est observée entre les profils géomorphologiques mais, en moyenne, elles sont comprises entre 3 et 3,8 individus.m-2. Les conditions hydrodynamiques, particulièrement énergétiques sur cette zone, se traduisent par un comportement fouisseur prononcé. A spatial sampling was carried out for stock assessment of sea urchin P. lividus throughout the Basque coast. A sampling, over the year, was conducted to study the reproductive cycle. This work took place over 2013 and 2014. Reproduction occurs once in spring, between May and August 2014. Among factors affecting the release of eggs, salinity, temperature and hydrodynamics show a significant inter-annual variability in the Basque coast. Thus, the period set in 2014, may fluctuate between years. For the stock, the results showed that 11.85 (+/-0.32) million individuals of harvestable biomass for 724 tones (+/- 137). Stock is spread over the entire surveyed area density and biomass decrease rapidly with depth, individuals are mainly located between 0 and 5 m. Large fluctuations in densities are observed among geomorphological profiles, but on average they are between 3 and 3,8 individuals.m-2. Hydrodynamic conditions particularly energetic over this area are reflected the burrowing behavior pronounced.

The detailed analysis of energy consumption requires a global approach to behaviour and individual action registers. This makes it possible to investigate the question between the different spheres of activity of people, from housing to habitat and from habitat to travel. This thesis aims to analyze, through the creation of a lifestyle variable, to what extent these explain the coherence between practices and values of individuals, and whether they allow a better approach to energy consumption between the two sectors of housing and mobility. Our questioning led to the construction of a typology of respondents based on the activities carried out and their values. Our methodology is based on an ad-hoc survey carried out at the end of 2013 among 2191 French households. The questionnaires provide us with information on the activities carried out, mobility behaviour and associated energy consumption. These elements are complemented by a series of more specific questions about the values and aspirations of respondents. First, we have shown that the relevance of using the lifestyle variable for analyzing energy consumption can be observed at a disaggregated level. We found significant differences in consumption between individuals and their lifestyles through mobility patterns and modes of travel, as well as the uses and types of energy used at home. To understand these differences, we analyzed in detail how individualâ s energy consumption is spatially distributed according to their lifestyle, showing mechanisms of compensation, cumulation and independence between spaces. Each lifestyle has its own pattern of consumption, influenced by socio-demographic and spatial variables. Our second questioning concerns the relationship between lifestyle and the living environment of individuals and the consequences on energy consumption. First, through residential congruence, we show that lifestyle has a concrete influence on residential choice. Secondly, we demonstrate that residential dissonance, contrary to congruence, is conditioned by the positioning of individuals in the lifecycle as well as the technical offer of the territory. We highlight the fact that these discordances generate effects of over-consumption of energy, either in the home or during mobility, due to frustration with unrealized residential aspirations. In order to go beyond the unique use of density in analyzing the role of lifestyle and living environment on people's energy consumption, we have created territories with functional, structural and sensitive attributes. While individuals show very different consumptions according to the inhabited territory, lifestyles hardly directly related to consumptions. The same is true of housing, since we see the major role played by the type of housing, the surface area and age of buildings on energy consumption in the home rather than that of lifestyles. However, the latter influence the possession of equipment. We thus show that lifestyle, the position in the lifecycle, the technical offer of the territory conditions the choice of a living environment and generally the "consumption space" of individuals. We note that the choice of a specific living environment conditions the practice of certain activities and can influence residential aspirations already anchored in individuals. It is this recursive relationship between lifestyle and living environment that will condition the volumes and forms of energy consumed on a daily basis.