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  • Energy Research
  • 7. Clean energy
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: MONTEIRO, Rhadson Rezende; SILVA, Emilly Menezes; CONCEIÇÃO, Davi Bomfim; SCHIAVETTI, Alexandre;

    In the current global pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), environmental governance in Brazil stands out, especially for its inclusion of social participation in decision-making bodies. The National Council for the Environment (CONAMA) plays a central role in this scenario. Given this, this study asks: How did government changes between 2011 and 2023 influence social participation in this entity, and in what ways did its institutional design vary according to the ineptitude of the current governments? The selected time frame encompasses three distinct moments in the council's design. For the analysis, qualitative methods of content analysis were employed, examining official documents, decrees, and academic publications, providing an in-depth view of the changes that occurred. The results initially reveal a period of strength and prominence, followed by a phase of significant reduction in representation, and later, a moment of reformulation and restructuring of the institutional design of this council. These transitions reaffirm the essential balance between government and social stakeholders in achieving environmental governance. The study emphasizes the imperative of maintaining participatory structures to ensure the quality of environmental policies in the country and realignment with the development of environmental policies at the global level.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fabreau, Felisa Edla Falcon;

    Climate change is a crosscutting, long term, global problem and one of the biggest challenges that humankind is facing. As the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2013 said, it is clear that climate change is caused by human activity - and more importantly by burning fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and gas), which emit dangerous greenhouse gases (GHGs). The European Union has sought to be a leader in the international arena in the fight against climate change. For this, the EU has developed a common integrated strategy on energy and climate that aims a low carbon economy as well as a competitive and secure energy. This research is conducting a study of this strategy, specifically the most current energy and climate change Framework for Climate & Energy 2030 policies. First, the aim of the research is to identify whether the political climate model of European integration can become a path to global environmental governance. Second, the historical development of this strategy, its origins and the progressive convergence to its consolidation in the form of an integrated European strategy is discussed. Based on the background analysis of the Single European Act to 2020 Europe Strategy internally, and from the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement from an external point of view, the dissertation will outline the initiative of EU leadership in this area. For this purpose, it is necessary to make a prospective analysis (SWOT and PESTLE) in which all possible recommendations to be considered for this scenario 2030 will be made according to the Framework for Climate & Energy 2030 policies. From this analysis the main recommendation that emerges is that the EU should support especially small- and medium-sized businesses that are unable to invest great monetary resources in the establishment of an increasing greenhouse-gas-reduced production. As a result, this model could be adopted to other regions as well, for example in South America in MERCOSUR.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositório da Unive...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mendes, Marco Alexandre Carvalho;

    De acordo com o relatório da Organização Mundial para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico (OCDE), no ano de 2019, verificaram-se, novamente, aumentos nos consumos mundiais de energia primária e nas respetivas emissões de Gases com Efeito de Estufa (GEE). Torna-se, assim, por demais evidente que o estudo da eficiência energética desempenha um papel de enorme responsabilidade na racionalização destes valores. A dissertação que se apresenta aborda a execução de uma auditoria energética a um estabelecimento industrial têxtil concreto, inserido no subsetor de branqueamento e tingimento têxtil, abrangido pelo Sistema de Gestão dos Consumos Intensivos de Energia (SGCIE). Nas condições previstas pelo Decreto-Lei n.˚68-A/2015, torna-se obrigatória a execução de uma auditoria energética, visto que a instalação alvo apresentou, no ano civil de 2019, um consumo anual de energia primária de 3 454 toneladas equivalente de petróleo (tep). A caracterização energética da instalação e a identificação de potenciais programas de investimento em sistemas energéticos, conducentes ao aumento da eficiência energética e/ou redução da fatura energética da empresa, foram as principais finalidades deste estudo. De modo a efetuar-se a auditoria em questão, tornou-se essencial a realização de um enquadramento bibliográfico, abordando-se o consumo de energia nacional e mundial, bem como a respetiva legislação atualmente em vigor. De seguida, adotou-se a metodologia que seria a base do projeto, sendo esta etapa sucedida pela elaboração de um caderno subsetorial, referente à atividade empresarial em que a instalação alvo da auditoria se insere. Posteriormente, tiveram lugar etapas fundamentais ao processo de auditoria energética, nomeadamente a recolha de dados e planeamento da intervenção, os levantamentos e medições de campo e o tratamento e análise de toda a informação obtida. Por fim, com vista na implementação de um processo contínuo e eficiente de gestão da energia consumida na instalação e de forma a alcançarem-se os objetivos legalmente exigidos, foram ainda identificadas Medidas de Utilização Racional de Energia (MURE), destacando-se o dimensionamento de uma Unidade de Produção para Autoconsumo (UPAC) e a reativação do Sistema de Recuperação de Calor dos Efluentes Quentes da Tinturaria, constituintes do Plano de Racionalização dos Consumos Energéticos (PREn) da instalação auditada. According to the report of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in the year of 2019, there were, once again, increases in the world’s consumption of primary energy and in the respective emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG). It thus becomes all too clear that the study of energy efficiency plays an enormously responsible role in the rationalization of these values. The dissertation that is presented addresses the execution of an energy audit to a textile industrial establishment, inserted in the textile bleaching and dyeing subsector, covered by the Intensive Energy Consumption Management System (SGCIE). According to the Portuguese regulation conditions, provided by the Decree-Law nº 68-A/2015, it is mandatory to execute an energy audit, since the targeted industrial plant, in the calendar year of 2019, presented an annual primary energy consumption of 3 454 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe). The industrial plant’s energy characterization and the identification of potential investment programs in energy systems, that would lead to an increase in the overall energy efficiency and/or a reduction in the company’s energy expenses, were the main purposes of this study. In order to carry out the energy audit mentioned, the study of a bibliographic framework became essential, addressing the national and global energy consumption, as well as the respective legislation currently in force. Then, the methodology that would be the basis for this project was adopted and this step was followed by the elaboration of a subsector notebook, referring to the business activity in which the audited industrial plant is inserted. Subsequently, fundamental steps were taken so that audit the targeted industrial plant, namely the collection of data and intervention, the field surveys and measurements and the treatment and analysis of all the obtained information. Finally, with a view to implement a continuous and efficient management process of the industrial plant’s energy consumption, and in order to achieve the required legal objectives, Rational Energy Use Measures (MURE) were also identified, emphasizing the project of a Production Unit for Self-consumption (UPAC) and the Reactivation of the Dyeing’s Hot Effluents’ Heat Recovery System, as part of the audited industrial plant’s Energy Consumption Rationalization Plan (PREn). Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica

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    Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUM
    Other ORP type . 2021
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      Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUM
      Other ORP type . 2021
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    Authors: Fernandez, Marcelo Richter;

    Resumo: Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de metodologia para a operação de um portfólio de contratos de compra e venda de energia elétrica no ambiente de contratação livre utilizando conceitos de otimização, em especial de programação linear, matemática financeira e estatística, além de considerar também as regras de comercialização de energia do setor elétrico brasileiro. Isso permite que comercializadores maximizem seus resultados financeiros pela alocação ótima de seus contratos de compra e venda de energia. Além disso, permite a simulação de cenários alternativos de consumo, variações de preços de curto prazo e opções de contrato. A partir dessas informações, os agentes de comercialização de energia elétrica podem realizar comparações entre as várias alternativas de operações no mercado de energia; podem também comparar essas ações com outras propostas de investimentos. Estudos de casos ilustram a aplicação da metodologia a cenários reais do sistema elétrico brasileiro. A análise desses resultados permite avaliar benefícios alcançados e sugere possibilidades de desdobramentos Abstract: This work proposes the development of a new approach for the operation of electric energy contracts in the Brazilian free market. It uses concepts of linear optimization, financial mathematics, statistics and considers the Brazilian free market regulation. The methodology allows traders to maximize their profits by using the optimal allocation for each energy contract. It also allows traders to simulate trading with different scenarios of energy consumption by the customers, spot market prices, future market prices and long term contracts. Results allow investors to compare energy trading options with other alternatives for investments. Case studies illustrate the application of the proposed methodology to real world scenarios; benefits are also evaluated Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação Orientadores: Christiano Lyra Filho, Leontina Maria Viana Graziadio Pinto Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica Mestrado

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    Authors: Silva, Luciana Yumi Akisawa;

    Resumo: O biodiesel e um combustível biodegradável, renovável e com menor emissão de gases poluentes do que o petrodiesel. Ele e composto por ésteres alquilícos de ácidos graxos obtidos pela transesterificação de óleos ou gorduras com um álcool de cadeia curta como o metanol ou o etanol. Os ésteres etílicos resultantes da transesterificação com o etanol ainda são pouco caracterizados. Dados de suas propriedades termofísicas e de equilíbrio de fases; que são muito importantes para o projeto, modelagem, simulação e otimização do processo de produção do biodiesel, são escassos na literatura. Neste trabalho determinaram-se dados de pressão de vapor dos ésteres laurato de etila, miristato de etila, palmitato de etila, estearato de etila, oleato de etila e linoleato de etila, e dados de equilíbrio líquido-vapor dos sistemas palmitato de etila + estearato de etila a 40 mmHg, palmitato de etila + oleato de etila a 40 e 70 mmHg e palmitato de etila + linoleato de etila a 70 mmHg. Para a determinação experimental propôs-se a utilização de uma técnica não convencional: a calorimetria exploratória diferencial ("Differential Scanning Calorimetry" - DSC). Nas analises foram utilizadas de 2-5 mg de amostra a uma taxa de aquecimento de 25 oC/min. As amostras foram colocadas em cadinhos herméticos de alumínio com um pequeno orifício na tampa ("pinhole") de 0,25 mm de diâmetro, para garantir a pressão interna constante. Para a determinação de dados de pressão de vapor, o DSC revelou-se ser uma técnica adequada e suas principais vantagens em relação as técnicas convencionais são: utilização de pequena quantidade de amostra e menor tempo de analise. Os dados de equilíbrio líquido-vapor medidos pelo DSC foram satisfatórios. Esta técnica mostrou-se restrita, não sendo adequada para a determinação do equilíbrio liquidovapor de sistemas cujos componentes apresentam grande diferença de volatilidade Abstract: Biodiesel is a biodegradable, renewable fuel with lower greenhouse gas emissions. It consists of the alkyl esters of fatty acids, obtained by the transesterification of fats and oils with a short chain alcohol such as methanol or ethanol. Ethyl esters resulting from transesterification with ethanol are poorly characterized. The thermophysical properties and phase equilibrium data involving the fatty acid ethyl esters are very important in the design, modeling, simulation, and the optimization of the production of biodiesel, are scarce in the literature. In this work was determined vapor pressure data of the esters ethyl laurate, ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl stearate, ethyl oleate and ethyl linoleate; and vapor-liquid equilibrium data of systems ethyl pamitate + ethyl stearate at 40 mmHg, ethyl palmitate + ethyl oleate at 40 and 70 mmHg and ethyl palmitate + ethyl linoleate ant 70 mmHg. For the experimental determination proposed the use of a non-conventional technique: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Samples of 2 to 5 mg were used in the analysis, with heating rate of 25 ?C/min. The samples were placed in hermetic aluminum crucibles with a small hole in the lid ("pinhole") of 0.25 mm diameter, which maintain a constant internal pressure. The technique of differential scanning calorimetry was shown to be appropriate to determining the vapor pressure of ethyl esters. This technique showed advantages over conventional techniques: the use of a small sample size and shorter analysis time. The vapor-liquid equilibrium data measured by DSC were satisfactory. This technique proved to be restricted and it is not suitable for determining the vapor-liquid equilibrium data of systems whose components have large difference in volatility Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos Orientador: Maria Alvina Krähenbühl Doutor em Engenharia Química Doutorado

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    Authors: Romeiro, Viviane Roberto da Silva;

    Resumo: A utilização racional do uso da energia (considerando sua interface ambiental e social) associada ao aprimoramento do desenvolvimento econômico representa um dos grandes desafios do planejamento energético. No entanto, embora o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo- MDL tenha almejado relativo sucesso no sentido de reduzir as emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa-GEE em alguns escopos setoriais, o setor de eficiência energética não tem sido alvo de relevante investimento desse tipo de projeto. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho baseia-se na premissa de que a inserção de mecanismos programáticos e mais abrangentes de regulação representaria um potencial para reestruturar o cenário de implementação do MDL em escopos setoriais com menor índice de participação, como transportes e eficiência energética. Ainda, a nova abordagem subsidiada pelas Ações de Mitigação Apropriadas Nacionalmente (NAMA's), ou Nationally Apropriate Mitigation Actions, representa uma opção promissora para financiamento internacional que poderia atuar concomitantemente a alguns mecanismos (especificamente os projetos e programas MDL) para reaplicar projetos em eficiência do uso da energia. O objetivo principal da dissertação é analisar em que medida a evolução dos instrumentos regulatórios do clima criados pela Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas para a Mudança do Clima (CQNUMC) está contribuindo para aprimorar a eficiência energética de uso final nos países em desenvolvimento. Partindo de uma pesquisa teórica e qualitativa, metodologicamente foi realizado estudo do Marcelo regulatório de proteção ao clima no âmbito dos países em desenvolvimento. Observou-se que a governança climática está sendo gradualmente inserida em uma perspectiva além da visão mercadológica, aportando mecanismos mais abrangentes e programáticos que imputam maior interferência do setor público em relação ao mercado (setor privado), que tem se apresentado com muitas limitações Abstract: The rational use of energy, associated with economic development improvement, represents one of the most challenges in the energy planning context. Although the Clean Development Mechanism - CDM has got a relative success by reducing Greenhouse Gases Emissions- GGE, energy efficiency has not been considered yet as a strategic measure for significant investments. This work assumes that an inclusion of programmatic mechanisms and a more comprehensive regulation tools could represent a potential to maximize the CDM in areas with low participation, such as transport and energy efficiency. Also, the new approach by the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA's) emerges as a promising option for international funding that could be combined with other mechanisms. In this way, the aim of this thesis is to analyze how the evolution of climate change regulation proposed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is contributing to enhance energy efficiency actions in developing countries. Methodologically, it was made a bibliographic review from an analytical perspective of the carbon market framework in developing countries. As a result, it was observed that the climate governance has been gradually inserted in a more comprehensive and programmatic structure attributing more interference from the public sector instead of the private sector (which has been presenting many limitations) Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Orientadores: André Felipe Simões, Gilberto de Martino Jannuzzi Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos Engenharia Mecânica Mestrado

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    Authors: Andrade, José; Abreu, Francisco;

    In Mediterranean-type climates crop yield depends strongly on the early development of individual plants. Extreme variations of soil temperature close to the surface of bare soils and fast changes of soil water content due to irregular rainfall and high evaporative demand reduce the success of germination, emergence and early leaf production, reducing crop productivity. According to IPCC Fourth Assesment report, climate change in Southern Europe “is projected to worsen hygrometric and thermal conditions (high temperature and drought) and to reduce water availability” and, consequently, to decrease general crop productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal conditions in the top soil layer under different climate change scenarios, and their effects on the early development of some representative crops of Mediterranean agriculture (pea, broad bean, maize and sunflower). For this purpose, soil temperatures near the surface of a Luvisol and a Vertisol during the usual sowing season of winter (October) and summer crops (April) were compared to those recorded in the air above ground, to forecast future values. The impact of simulations on the speed, size and dispersion of germination, emergence and early leaf production was estimated using values of bioclimatic parameters of the crops (cardinal temperatures and thermal times for different phases of establishment) found in the literature. In both seasons, monthly mean temperatures at soil top layer were significantly greater (*P<0.05) than those found in the air above ground. However, the relationships between air and top soil temperatures were different in both soils and in both seasons. Summer crops seem to be less affected by an increase in temperature than winter crops. Otherwise, the former seem to be more affected by a decrease in soil water availability than the later. In addition, final emergence, speed of emergence and leaf production of the different species will be more affected by global warming than the dispersion around the most likely thermal times. The magnitude of these effects depends also on the magnitude of warming.

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    Authors: Dester, Mauricio;

    Resumo: A eletricidade é bem de consumo e também insumo posicionado dentre aqueles considerados essenciais para a sociedade moderna. Neste contexto, o planejamento e a construção de uma matriz de energia elétrica é questão de importância capital não somente para o setor elétrico, como também para o desenvolvimento do Brasil. A constituição desta matriz deve ser pautada, sobretudo, pelo aspecto sustentabilidade. Neste sentido, sua concepção deve, imprescindivelmente, contemplar todas as perspectivas que permeiam o processo estratégico que a origina, a saber: técnica, econômica e sócio-ambiental. Somente balizado por estas óticas é possível proporcionar a expansão da oferta de energia elétrica de forma sustentável e com segurança no que concerne ao atendimento pleno da demanda, um requisito indispensável para que este serviço possa ser um sólido sustentáculo de um processo maior: o desenvolvimento socioeconômico da sociedade brasileira. A participação das fontes renováveis na matriz de energia elétrica é fator desejável e colabora, de forma meritória no que diz respeito aos impactos ambientais decorrentes da produção de eletricidade. Todavia, há algumas questões de ordem econômica e principalmente técnica as quais devem ser tratadas e lapidadas de forma a eliminar as lacunas existentes, permitindo que se possa estabelecer planos de expansão da oferta de eletricidade sustentáveis sob todos os pontos de vista. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é proporcionar e aprofundar o debate sobre estas questões e apresentar uma solução que propicie a integração das fontes renováveis na matriz de energia elétrica brasileira mantendo a confiabilidade no atendimento da carga. Outrossim, não somente os aspectos técnico e econômico foram contemplados na análise, mas, também o socioambiental, possibilitando assim oferecer subsídios para a evolução da oferta com orientação para a sustentabilidade. Para elaboração da proposta foi realizado um estudo abrangente sobre as principais fontes primárias a partir das quais é possível produzir eletricidade, além de uma revisão de todo o extenso e complexo caminho pelo qual passou o setor de planejamento da expansão desde seus primórdios até o modelo atual. São também apresentados vários pontos de vista sobre as dificuldades encontradas pelo planejador, desde os empecilhos de ordem regulatória, passando por aqueles oriundos de uma falta de coordenação dentre os setores do governo envolvidos no problema, até as questões de ordem ambiental. Por fim, no decorrer do trabalho e particularmente ao concluí-lo, propõe-se um conjunto de medidas estratégicas por intermédio das quais se pode construir uma matriz de energia elétrica segura e sustentável e lograr êxito, sob as perspectivas técnica, econômica e socioambiental, ao se realizar o planejamento da expansão da oferta, seja no horizonte de curto, médio ou longo prazos Abstract: Electricity is not just a consumer good but also an input which commands a place amongst those goods considered essential to modern society. In this context, the planning and construction of an electricity matrix is a question of paramount importance, not just for the electricity sector but also for Brazil's development as a whole. The establishment of this matrix should, above all, be regulated with an emphasis on sustainability. In this regard, its conception must necessarily embrace all the perspectives that imbue the strategic process that gives rise to it: technical, economic and socio-environmental. Delimited by these viewpoints alone, it is possible to provide the sustainable expansion of an electric power supply that is also secure in terms of being able to fully meet demand. This is a fundamental prerequisite to this service becoming a solid base for a larger process, namely the socio-economic development of Brazilian society. The participation of renewable energy sources in the electric energy matrix is a desirable factor and contributes laudably to the mitigation of environmental impacts resulting from the electricity generation. Nevertheless, there are several issues of an economic and mainly technical nature which have to be dealt with and refined in order to close the existing gaps and enable plans to be established, that are sustainable from all points of view, for the expansion of an electric power supply. The main aim of this study is to prompt, and study in greater depth, the debate over these issues and present a solution that delivers the integration of renewable sources into Brazil's electricity matrix while maintaining reliability of load fulfillment. Similarly, not only were the technical and economic aspects covered in the analysis but also the socio-environmental aspects, thereby making it possible to provide support for the evolution of a sustainability-oriented supply. For the purposes of drafting this proposal, a wide-ranging study was conducted of the principal primary sources from which it is possible to generate electricity, as well as a review of the long and complex path which the expansion planning sector has taken, from its outset through to the current model. Various points of view are also put forward about the difficulties encountered by the planner, ranging from the regulatory obstacles to those arising from a lack of coordination between the government sectors involved in the problem and to issues of an environmental nature. Finally, throughout the study and in particular in its conclusion, a set of strategic measures is proposed through which a secure, sustainable electricity matrix can be constructed from a technical, economic and socio-environmental perspective, which is successful in carrying out supply expansion planning in the short, medium and long term Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Orientadores: Sérgio Valdir Bajay, Moacyr Trindade de Oliveira Andrade Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos Doutorado

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    Authors: Fróes Lima, Carlos Alberto, 1963-;

    Resumo: Este trabalho parte da premissa que as tecnologias para smart grid se apresentam como oportunidade para criar um novo negócio de energia. Todos os stake-holders devem ser envolvidos, e organizados para construir ou modernizar a rede de energia em seus aspectos de qualidade, disponibilidade, infraestrutura, padronização, interoperabilidade, confiabilidade e sustentabilidade. Deve-se também buscar a consciência de uso/demanda, de renda e de entendimento dos clientes de forma adequada. Pondera-se que as estratégias governamentais, no âmbito da legislação e da regulamentação, devem ser objetivas para garantir o novo negócio e proteger o interesse público. Os consumidores (como clientes) devem ser ouvidos, tornando-se partícipes ativos no mercado de energia. Com o desenvolvimento de um relacionamento dinâmico a indústria de energia necessitará de novas condições e requisitos operacionais que devem ser criados para garantir a transformação dentro e fora do ambiente de negócios regional. Foram estudadas novas tecnologias, novas possibilidades de serviços e preços. Incentivos, bem como a evolução das normas regulatórias apareceram como fundamentais para manter e expandir o fornecimento da energia e gerenciar a demanda, com implicações na melhora do relacionamento e nos investimentos/receitas para o capital investido, que necessitam resultar na ampliação da percepção de valor da energia pelos clientes. Uma avaliação para o caso brasileiro é feita considerando-se a experiência internacional até a data e através de exemplo de aplicação em consumidores residenciais como um estudo de caso. Demonstra-se o impacto para e do consumidor doméstico nos processos de uso da energia, bem como a evolução necessária de sistemas, estratégias para que se alcance o desejado momento histórico do desenvolvimento, da reorganização do mercado de energia e da legislação/regulamentação. Em suma, a evolução do negócio de energia no Brasil é um fato que, para sua eficácia, deve ser estrategicamente planejado nos diversos âmbitos de aplicação de tecnologias e modelagem do negócio, receber incentivos e ser regulado. Questões relacionadas aos investimentos a serem realizados e o retorno destes investimentos devem ser respondidas caso a caso, segundo a realidade regional das concessões, segundo as previsões de compartilhamento de custos com os consumidores e também totalmente relacionadas com a regulamentação adotada. A possiblidade da oferta de serviços e produtos para atendimento e ampliação do espaço de atuação das concessionárias brasileiras é uma transformação necessária para seu reconhecimento como provedoras de soluções energéticas. Abstract: The smart grid technologies present themselves as opportunities to create new energy business. All stake holders must be involved, organizing, building and upgrading the power grid in its aspects of quality, availability, infrastructure, standards, reliability, interconnectivity, and sustainability. It is necessary the awareness target of supply-demand, incomes and strongly understand their clients. The Governmental strategies must be clear, with regulatory and legislative initiatives to foster new business and protect the public interest. Consumers (as clients) must be heard, as they become active players in the energy market. As they develop a dynamic relationship with the operating power industry new conditions and requirements need to be created in order to lead the strategic transformation inside and outside regional businesses. Deals on new energy sources, new technologies, new possibilities of differentials service and prices were studied. Incentives as well as the evolution of regulation rules seem a fundamental role to maintain and to expand the power supply and demand-side management, with implications for a better relationship between client-consumers, dealers and incomes/revenues on invested capital. It is also important to relate and to rethink the affordability of the tariffs and energy delivery costs to clients. An evaluation to the Brazilian market was done, considering the up to date international experiences and running an application, specially built to demonstrate the domestic consumption, as a case study. This implemented case is presented in order to demonstrate the domestic consumer impact to the energy use as well as the required evolution of systems and strategies to move on to this historical moment of development and reorganization of the energy market as well as the legislation/regulation. To sum up, evolving energy business in Brazil does not appear in this analysis merely as a possibility but as fact to be accomplished. It should be strategically planned considering the scope of a number of different technology applications, business models and be promoted by the policies agencies. Questions related to investments and their profits should be answered according to the regional energy business, as well as the consumer's participation and obviously new legislation and market regulation. Services and products to be offered by the Brazilian energy dealers should evolve correspondingly in order to improve business and recognition as energy solution providers Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos Orientador: Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos Doutorado

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    Authors: Hamamoto, Marcus Vinícius;

    Resumo: Com exceção da energia nuclear e da energia proveniente de hidroelétricas, a maior parte da energia consumida no mundo vem dos combustíveis fósseis, ou seja, do petróleo, do carvão mineral e do gás natural, que são recursos limitados. Os biocombustíveis são produzidos a partir de biomassa, que assim como a energia dos ventos, do sol, das marés e das águas, é considerada uma fonte renovável de energia. O biodiesel é biodegradável, renovável e obedece ao ciclo de carbono, sendo definido como mono-alquil éster de ácidos graxos derivado de fontes renováveis, como óleos vegetais e gorduras animais, obtido através de um processo de transesterificação, no qual ocorre a transformação de triglicerídeos em moléculas menores de ésteres de ácidos graxos e apresenta características físico-químicas semelhantes às do diesel fóssil. Neste trabalho foi projetada e montada uma bancada de testes com o objetivo de testar e validar um novo método de obtenção de biodiesel através da aplicação de micro-ondas durante a reação de transesterificação. Foi utilizado óleo de girassol comercial como matéria prima, álcool etílico anidro como reagente e metilato de sódio como catalisador nos testes. Ao final dos experimentos foi constatado que algumas modificações na bancada de testes levariam a resultados mais satisfatórios, porém foi possível comprovar que a utilização da energia das micro-ondas na produção de biodiesel pelo método contínuo acelera muito o processo de reação de transesterificação Abstract: Excepting the nuclear energy and the hydropower, most of the energy consumed in the world comes from fossil fuels which mean petroleum, mineral coal and natural gas. Those are limited sources. Biofuels are produced from biomass. Biomass is a renewable source of energy like the wind, the sun and the water. Biodiesel is biodegradable, renewable and it obeys the cycle of carbon. It is defined as a blend of mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from renewable sources, as vegetable oils and animal fats. It is obtained by means of a transesterification process, in which takes place the transformation of triglycerides into smaller molecules of fatty acid esters, and it displays physical and chemical characteristics similar to the ones of a fossil fuel-derived diesel oil. In this work, a test bench was designed in order to test and validate a new method of producing biodiesel by applying microwaves during the transesterification process. Sunflower oil was used as raw material, ethyl alcohol was used as a reagent and sodium methylate was used as a catalyst in the tests. As a result, it was found that a few modifications in the test bench would have given better results. It was concluded that the continuous method of production of biodiesel was quite accelerated by using the microwave energy during the process Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Mecânica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecânico Orientador: Paulo Roberto Gardel Kurka Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica Mestrado

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    Authors: MONTEIRO, Rhadson Rezende; SILVA, Emilly Menezes; CONCEIÇÃO, Davi Bomfim; SCHIAVETTI, Alexandre;

    In the current global pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), environmental governance in Brazil stands out, especially for its inclusion of social participation in decision-making bodies. The National Council for the Environment (CONAMA) plays a central role in this scenario. Given this, this study asks: How did government changes between 2011 and 2023 influence social participation in this entity, and in what ways did its institutional design vary according to the ineptitude of the current governments? The selected time frame encompasses three distinct moments in the council's design. For the analysis, qualitative methods of content analysis were employed, examining official documents, decrees, and academic publications, providing an in-depth view of the changes that occurred. The results initially reveal a period of strength and prominence, followed by a phase of significant reduction in representation, and later, a moment of reformulation and restructuring of the institutional design of this council. These transitions reaffirm the essential balance between government and social stakeholders in achieving environmental governance. The study emphasizes the imperative of maintaining participatory structures to ensure the quality of environmental policies in the country and realignment with the development of environmental policies at the global level.

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    Article . 2023
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    Authors: Fabreau, Felisa Edla Falcon;

    Climate change is a crosscutting, long term, global problem and one of the biggest challenges that humankind is facing. As the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2013 said, it is clear that climate change is caused by human activity - and more importantly by burning fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and gas), which emit dangerous greenhouse gases (GHGs). The European Union has sought to be a leader in the international arena in the fight against climate change. For this, the EU has developed a common integrated strategy on energy and climate that aims a low carbon economy as well as a competitive and secure energy. This research is conducting a study of this strategy, specifically the most current energy and climate change Framework for Climate & Energy 2030 policies. First, the aim of the research is to identify whether the political climate model of European integration can become a path to global environmental governance. Second, the historical development of this strategy, its origins and the progressive convergence to its consolidation in the form of an integrated European strategy is discussed. Based on the background analysis of the Single European Act to 2020 Europe Strategy internally, and from the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement from an external point of view, the dissertation will outline the initiative of EU leadership in this area. For this purpose, it is necessary to make a prospective analysis (SWOT and PESTLE) in which all possible recommendations to be considered for this scenario 2030 will be made according to the Framework for Climate & Energy 2030 policies. From this analysis the main recommendation that emerges is that the EU should support especially small- and medium-sized businesses that are unable to invest great monetary resources in the establishment of an increasing greenhouse-gas-reduced production. As a result, this model could be adopted to other regions as well, for example in South America in MERCOSUR.

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    Authors: Mendes, Marco Alexandre Carvalho;

    De acordo com o relatório da Organização Mundial para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico (OCDE), no ano de 2019, verificaram-se, novamente, aumentos nos consumos mundiais de energia primária e nas respetivas emissões de Gases com Efeito de Estufa (GEE). Torna-se, assim, por demais evidente que o estudo da eficiência energética desempenha um papel de enorme responsabilidade na racionalização destes valores. A dissertação que se apresenta aborda a execução de uma auditoria energética a um estabelecimento industrial têxtil concreto, inserido no subsetor de branqueamento e tingimento têxtil, abrangido pelo Sistema de Gestão dos Consumos Intensivos de Energia (SGCIE). Nas condições previstas pelo Decreto-Lei n.˚68-A/2015, torna-se obrigatória a execução de uma auditoria energética, visto que a instalação alvo apresentou, no ano civil de 2019, um consumo anual de energia primária de 3 454 toneladas equivalente de petróleo (tep). A caracterização energética da instalação e a identificação de potenciais programas de investimento em sistemas energéticos, conducentes ao aumento da eficiência energética e/ou redução da fatura energética da empresa, foram as principais finalidades deste estudo. De modo a efetuar-se a auditoria em questão, tornou-se essencial a realização de um enquadramento bibliográfico, abordando-se o consumo de energia nacional e mundial, bem como a respetiva legislação atualmente em vigor. De seguida, adotou-se a metodologia que seria a base do projeto, sendo esta etapa sucedida pela elaboração de um caderno subsetorial, referente à atividade empresarial em que a instalação alvo da auditoria se insere. Posteriormente, tiveram lugar etapas fundamentais ao processo de auditoria energética, nomeadamente a recolha de dados e planeamento da intervenção, os levantamentos e medições de campo e o tratamento e análise de toda a informação obtida. Por fim, com vista na implementação de um processo contínuo e eficiente de gestão da energia consumida na instalação e de forma a alcançarem-se os objetivos legalmente exigidos, foram ainda identificadas Medidas de Utilização Racional de Energia (MURE), destacando-se o dimensionamento de uma Unidade de Produção para Autoconsumo (UPAC) e a reativação do Sistema de Recuperação de Calor dos Efluentes Quentes da Tinturaria, constituintes do Plano de Racionalização dos Consumos Energéticos (PREn) da instalação auditada. According to the report of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in the year of 2019, there were, once again, increases in the world’s consumption of primary energy and in the respective emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG). It thus becomes all too clear that the study of energy efficiency plays an enormously responsible role in the rationalization of these values. The dissertation that is presented addresses the execution of an energy audit to a textile industrial establishment, inserted in the textile bleaching and dyeing subsector, covered by the Intensive Energy Consumption Management System (SGCIE). According to the Portuguese regulation conditions, provided by the Decree-Law nº 68-A/2015, it is mandatory to execute an energy audit, since the targeted industrial plant, in the calendar year of 2019, presented an annual primary energy consumption of 3 454 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe). The industrial plant’s energy characterization and the identification of potential investment programs in energy systems, that would lead to an increase in the overall energy efficiency and/or a reduction in the company’s energy expenses, were the main purposes of this study. In order to carry out the energy audit mentioned, the study of a bibliographic framework became essential, addressing the national and global energy consumption, as well as the respective legislation currently in force. Then, the methodology that would be the basis for this project was adopted and this step was followed by the elaboration of a subsector notebook, referring to the business activity in which the audited industrial plant is inserted. Subsequently, fundamental steps were taken so that audit the targeted industrial plant, namely the collection of data and intervention, the field surveys and measurements and the treatment and analysis of all the obtained information. Finally, with a view to implement a continuous and efficient management process of the industrial plant’s energy consumption, and in order to achieve the required legal objectives, Rational Energy Use Measures (MURE) were also identified, emphasizing the project of a Production Unit for Self-consumption (UPAC) and the Reactivation of the Dyeing’s Hot Effluents’ Heat Recovery System, as part of the audited industrial plant’s Energy Consumption Rationalization Plan (PREn). Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica

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    Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUM
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    Authors: Fernandez, Marcelo Richter;

    Resumo: Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de metodologia para a operação de um portfólio de contratos de compra e venda de energia elétrica no ambiente de contratação livre utilizando conceitos de otimização, em especial de programação linear, matemática financeira e estatística, além de considerar também as regras de comercialização de energia do setor elétrico brasileiro. Isso permite que comercializadores maximizem seus resultados financeiros pela alocação ótima de seus contratos de compra e venda de energia. Além disso, permite a simulação de cenários alternativos de consumo, variações de preços de curto prazo e opções de contrato. A partir dessas informações, os agentes de comercialização de energia elétrica podem realizar comparações entre as várias alternativas de operações no mercado de energia; podem também comparar essas ações com outras propostas de investimentos. Estudos de casos ilustram a aplicação da metodologia a cenários reais do sistema elétrico brasileiro. A análise desses resultados permite avaliar benefícios alcançados e sugere possibilidades de desdobramentos Abstract: This work proposes the development of a new approach for the operation of electric energy contracts in the Brazilian free market. It uses concepts of linear optimization, financial mathematics, statistics and considers the Brazilian free market regulation. The methodology allows traders to maximize their profits by using the optimal allocation for each energy contract. It also allows traders to simulate trading with different scenarios of energy consumption by the customers, spot market prices, future market prices and long term contracts. Results allow investors to compare energy trading options with other alternatives for investments. Case studies illustrate the application of the proposed methodology to real world scenarios; benefits are also evaluated Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação Orientadores: Christiano Lyra Filho, Leontina Maria Viana Graziadio Pinto Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica Mestrado

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    Authors: Silva, Luciana Yumi Akisawa;

    Resumo: O biodiesel e um combustível biodegradável, renovável e com menor emissão de gases poluentes do que o petrodiesel. Ele e composto por ésteres alquilícos de ácidos graxos obtidos pela transesterificação de óleos ou gorduras com um álcool de cadeia curta como o metanol ou o etanol. Os ésteres etílicos resultantes da transesterificação com o etanol ainda são pouco caracterizados. Dados de suas propriedades termofísicas e de equilíbrio de fases; que são muito importantes para o projeto, modelagem, simulação e otimização do processo de produção do biodiesel, são escassos na literatura. Neste trabalho determinaram-se dados de pressão de vapor dos ésteres laurato de etila, miristato de etila, palmitato de etila, estearato de etila, oleato de etila e linoleato de etila, e dados de equilíbrio líquido-vapor dos sistemas palmitato de etila + estearato de etila a 40 mmHg, palmitato de etila + oleato de etila a 40 e 70 mmHg e palmitato de etila + linoleato de etila a 70 mmHg. Para a determinação experimental propôs-se a utilização de uma técnica não convencional: a calorimetria exploratória diferencial ("Differential Scanning Calorimetry" - DSC). Nas analises foram utilizadas de 2-5 mg de amostra a uma taxa de aquecimento de 25 oC/min. As amostras foram colocadas em cadinhos herméticos de alumínio com um pequeno orifício na tampa ("pinhole") de 0,25 mm de diâmetro, para garantir a pressão interna constante. Para a determinação de dados de pressão de vapor, o DSC revelou-se ser uma técnica adequada e suas principais vantagens em relação as técnicas convencionais são: utilização de pequena quantidade de amostra e menor tempo de analise. Os dados de equilíbrio líquido-vapor medidos pelo DSC foram satisfatórios. Esta técnica mostrou-se restrita, não sendo adequada para a determinação do equilíbrio liquidovapor de sistemas cujos componentes apresentam grande diferença de volatilidade Abstract: Biodiesel is a biodegradable, renewable fuel with lower greenhouse gas emissions. It consists of the alkyl esters of fatty acids, obtained by the transesterification of fats and oils with a short chain alcohol such as methanol or ethanol. Ethyl esters resulting from transesterification with ethanol are poorly characterized. The thermophysical properties and phase equilibrium data involving the fatty acid ethyl esters are very important in the design, modeling, simulation, and the optimization of the production of biodiesel, are scarce in the literature. In this work was determined vapor pressure data of the esters ethyl laurate, ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl stearate, ethyl oleate and ethyl linoleate; and vapor-liquid equilibrium data of systems ethyl pamitate + ethyl stearate at 40 mmHg, ethyl palmitate + ethyl oleate at 40 and 70 mmHg and ethyl palmitate + ethyl linoleate ant 70 mmHg. For the experimental determination proposed the use of a non-conventional technique: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Samples of 2 to 5 mg were used in the analysis, with heating rate of 25 ?C/min. The samples were placed in hermetic aluminum crucibles with a small hole in the lid ("pinhole") of 0.25 mm diameter, which maintain a constant internal pressure. The technique of differential scanning calorimetry was shown to be appropriate to determining the vapor pressure of ethyl esters. This technique showed advantages over conventional techniques: the use of a small sample size and shorter analysis time. The vapor-liquid equilibrium data measured by DSC were satisfactory. This technique proved to be restricted and it is not suitable for determining the vapor-liquid equilibrium data of systems whose components have large difference in volatility Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos Orientador: Maria Alvina Krähenbühl Doutor em Engenharia Química Doutorado

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    Authors: Romeiro, Viviane Roberto da Silva;

    Resumo: A utilização racional do uso da energia (considerando sua interface ambiental e social) associada ao aprimoramento do desenvolvimento econômico representa um dos grandes desafios do planejamento energético. No entanto, embora o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo- MDL tenha almejado relativo sucesso no sentido de reduzir as emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa-GEE em alguns escopos setoriais, o setor de eficiência energética não tem sido alvo de relevante investimento desse tipo de projeto. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho baseia-se na premissa de que a inserção de mecanismos programáticos e mais abrangentes de regulação representaria um potencial para reestruturar o cenário de implementação do MDL em escopos setoriais com menor índice de participação, como transportes e eficiência energética. Ainda, a nova abordagem subsidiada pelas Ações de Mitigação Apropriadas Nacionalmente (NAMA's), ou Nationally Apropriate Mitigation Actions, representa uma opção promissora para financiamento internacional que poderia atuar concomitantemente a alguns mecanismos (especificamente os projetos e programas MDL) para reaplicar projetos em eficiência do uso da energia. O objetivo principal da dissertação é analisar em que medida a evolução dos instrumentos regulatórios do clima criados pela Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas para a Mudança do Clima (CQNUMC) está contribuindo para aprimorar a eficiência energética de uso final nos países em desenvolvimento. Partindo de uma pesquisa teórica e qualitativa, metodologicamente foi realizado estudo do Marcelo regulatório de proteção ao clima no âmbito dos países em desenvolvimento. Observou-se que a governança climática está sendo gradualmente inserida em uma perspectiva além da visão mercadológica, aportando mecanismos mais abrangentes e programáticos que imputam maior interferência do setor público em relação ao mercado (setor privado), que tem se apresentado com muitas limitações Abstract: The rational use of energy, associated with economic development improvement, represents one of the most challenges in the energy planning context. Although the Clean Development Mechanism - CDM has got a relative success by reducing Greenhouse Gases Emissions- GGE, energy efficiency has not been considered yet as a strategic measure for significant investments. This work assumes that an inclusion of programmatic mechanisms and a more comprehensive regulation tools could represent a potential to maximize the CDM in areas with low participation, such as transport and energy efficiency. Also, the new approach by the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA's) emerges as a promising option for international funding that could be combined with other mechanisms. In this way, the aim of this thesis is to analyze how the evolution of climate change regulation proposed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is contributing to enhance energy efficiency actions in developing countries. Methodologically, it was made a bibliographic review from an analytical perspective of the carbon market framework in developing countries. As a result, it was observed that the climate governance has been gradually inserted in a more comprehensive and programmatic structure attributing more interference from the public sector instead of the private sector (which has been presenting many limitations) Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Orientadores: André Felipe Simões, Gilberto de Martino Jannuzzi Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos Engenharia Mecânica Mestrado

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    Authors: Andrade, José; Abreu, Francisco;

    In Mediterranean-type climates crop yield depends strongly on the early development of individual plants. Extreme variations of soil temperature close to the surface of bare soils and fast changes of soil water content due to irregular rainfall and high evaporative demand reduce the success of germination, emergence and early leaf production, reducing crop productivity. According to IPCC Fourth Assesment report, climate change in Southern Europe “is projected to worsen hygrometric and thermal conditions (high temperature and drought) and to reduce water availability” and, consequently, to decrease general crop productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal conditions in the top soil layer under different climate change scenarios, and their effects on the early development of some representative crops of Mediterranean agriculture (pea, broad bean, maize and sunflower). For this purpose, soil temperatures near the surface of a Luvisol and a Vertisol during the usual sowing season of winter (October) and summer crops (April) were compared to those recorded in the air above ground, to forecast future values. The impact of simulations on the speed, size and dispersion of germination, emergence and early leaf production was estimated using values of bioclimatic parameters of the crops (cardinal temperatures and thermal times for different phases of establishment) found in the literature. In both seasons, monthly mean temperatures at soil top layer were significantly greater (*P<0.05) than those found in the air above ground. However, the relationships between air and top soil temperatures were different in both soils and in both seasons. Summer crops seem to be less affected by an increase in temperature than winter crops. Otherwise, the former seem to be more affected by a decrease in soil water availability than the later. In addition, final emergence, speed of emergence and leaf production of the different species will be more affected by global warming than the dispersion around the most likely thermal times. The magnitude of these effects depends also on the magnitude of warming.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositório Científi...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dester, Mauricio;

    Resumo: A eletricidade é bem de consumo e também insumo posicionado dentre aqueles considerados essenciais para a sociedade moderna. Neste contexto, o planejamento e a construção de uma matriz de energia elétrica é questão de importância capital não somente para o setor elétrico, como também para o desenvolvimento do Brasil. A constituição desta matriz deve ser pautada, sobretudo, pelo aspecto sustentabilidade. Neste sentido, sua concepção deve, imprescindivelmente, contemplar todas as perspectivas que permeiam o processo estratégico que a origina, a saber: técnica, econômica e sócio-ambiental. Somente balizado por estas óticas é possível proporcionar a expansão da oferta de energia elétrica de forma sustentável e com segurança no que concerne ao atendimento pleno da demanda, um requisito indispensável para que este serviço possa ser um sólido sustentáculo de um processo maior: o desenvolvimento socioeconômico da sociedade brasileira. A participação das fontes renováveis na matriz de energia elétrica é fator desejável e colabora, de forma meritória no que diz respeito aos impactos ambientais decorrentes da produção de eletricidade. Todavia, há algumas questões de ordem econômica e principalmente técnica as quais devem ser tratadas e lapidadas de forma a eliminar as lacunas existentes, permitindo que se possa estabelecer planos de expansão da oferta de eletricidade sustentáveis sob todos os pontos de vista. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é proporcionar e aprofundar o debate sobre estas questões e apresentar uma solução que propicie a integração das fontes renováveis na matriz de energia elétrica brasileira mantendo a confiabilidade no atendimento da carga. Outrossim, não somente os aspectos técnico e econômico foram contemplados na análise, mas, também o socioambiental, possibilitando assim oferecer subsídios para a evolução da oferta com orientação para a sustentabilidade. Para elaboração da proposta foi realizado um estudo abrangente sobre as principais fontes primárias a partir das quais é possível produzir eletricidade, além de uma revisão de todo o extenso e complexo caminho pelo qual passou o setor de planejamento da expansão desde seus primórdios até o modelo atual. São também apresentados vários pontos de vista sobre as dificuldades encontradas pelo planejador, desde os empecilhos de ordem regulatória, passando por aqueles oriundos de uma falta de coordenação dentre os setores do governo envolvidos no problema, até as questões de ordem ambiental. Por fim, no decorrer do trabalho e particularmente ao concluí-lo, propõe-se um conjunto de medidas estratégicas por intermédio das quais se pode construir uma matriz de energia elétrica segura e sustentável e lograr êxito, sob as perspectivas técnica, econômica e socioambiental, ao se realizar o planejamento da expansão da oferta, seja no horizonte de curto, médio ou longo prazos Abstract: Electricity is not just a consumer good but also an input which commands a place amongst those goods considered essential to modern society. In this context, the planning and construction of an electricity matrix is a question of paramount importance, not just for the electricity sector but also for Brazil's development as a whole. The establishment of this matrix should, above all, be regulated with an emphasis on sustainability. In this regard, its conception must necessarily embrace all the perspectives that imbue the strategic process that gives rise to it: technical, economic and socio-environmental. Delimited by these viewpoints alone, it is possible to provide the sustainable expansion of an electric power supply that is also secure in terms of being able to fully meet demand. This is a fundamental prerequisite to this service becoming a solid base for a larger process, namely the socio-economic development of Brazilian society. The participation of renewable energy sources in the electric energy matrix is a desirable factor and contributes laudably to the mitigation of environmental impacts resulting from the electricity generation. Nevertheless, there are several issues of an economic and mainly technical nature which have to be dealt with and refined in order to close the existing gaps and enable plans to be established, that are sustainable from all points of view, for the expansion of an electric power supply. The main aim of this study is to prompt, and study in greater depth, the debate over these issues and present a solution that delivers the integration of renewable sources into Brazil's electricity matrix while maintaining reliability of load fulfillment. Similarly, not only were the technical and economic aspects covered in the analysis but also the socio-environmental aspects, thereby making it possible to provide support for the evolution of a sustainability-oriented supply. For the purposes of drafting this proposal, a wide-ranging study was conducted of the principal primary sources from which it is possible to generate electricity, as well as a review of the long and complex path which the expansion planning sector has taken, from its outset through to the current model. Various points of view are also put forward about the difficulties encountered by the planner, ranging from the regulatory obstacles to those arising from a lack of coordination between the government sectors involved in the problem and to issues of an environmental nature. Finally, throughout the study and in particular in its conclusion, a set of strategic measures is proposed through which a secure, sustainable electricity matrix can be constructed from a technical, economic and socio-environmental perspective, which is successful in carrying out supply expansion planning in the short, medium and long term Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Orientadores: Sérgio Valdir Bajay, Moacyr Trindade de Oliveira Andrade Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos Doutorado

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    Authors: Fróes Lima, Carlos Alberto, 1963-;

    Resumo: Este trabalho parte da premissa que as tecnologias para smart grid se apresentam como oportunidade para criar um novo negócio de energia. Todos os stake-holders devem ser envolvidos, e organizados para construir ou modernizar a rede de energia em seus aspectos de qualidade, disponibilidade, infraestrutura, padronização, interoperabilidade, confiabilidade e sustentabilidade. Deve-se também buscar a consciência de uso/demanda, de renda e de entendimento dos clientes de forma adequada. Pondera-se que as estratégias governamentais, no âmbito da legislação e da regulamentação, devem ser objetivas para garantir o novo negócio e proteger o interesse público. Os consumidores (como clientes) devem ser ouvidos, tornando-se partícipes ativos no mercado de energia. Com o desenvolvimento de um relacionamento dinâmico a indústria de energia necessitará de novas condições e requisitos operacionais que devem ser criados para garantir a transformação dentro e fora do ambiente de negócios regional. Foram estudadas novas tecnologias, novas possibilidades de serviços e preços. Incentivos, bem como a evolução das normas regulatórias apareceram como fundamentais para manter e expandir o fornecimento da energia e gerenciar a demanda, com implicações na melhora do relacionamento e nos investimentos/receitas para o capital investido, que necessitam resultar na ampliação da percepção de valor da energia pelos clientes. Uma avaliação para o caso brasileiro é feita considerando-se a experiência internacional até a data e através de exemplo de aplicação em consumidores residenciais como um estudo de caso. Demonstra-se o impacto para e do consumidor doméstico nos processos de uso da energia, bem como a evolução necessária de sistemas, estratégias para que se alcance o desejado momento histórico do desenvolvimento, da reorganização do mercado de energia e da legislação/regulamentação. Em suma, a evolução do negócio de energia no Brasil é um fato que, para sua eficácia, deve ser estrategicamente planejado nos diversos âmbitos de aplicação de tecnologias e modelagem do negócio, receber incentivos e ser regulado. Questões relacionadas aos investimentos a serem realizados e o retorno destes investimentos devem ser respondidas caso a caso, segundo a realidade regional das concessões, segundo as previsões de compartilhamento de custos com os consumidores e também totalmente relacionadas com a regulamentação adotada. A possiblidade da oferta de serviços e produtos para atendimento e ampliação do espaço de atuação das concessionárias brasileiras é uma transformação necessária para seu reconhecimento como provedoras de soluções energéticas. Abstract: The smart grid technologies present themselves as opportunities to create new energy business. All stake holders must be involved, organizing, building and upgrading the power grid in its aspects of quality, availability, infrastructure, standards, reliability, interconnectivity, and sustainability. It is necessary the awareness target of supply-demand, incomes and strongly understand their clients. The Governmental strategies must be clear, with regulatory and legislative initiatives to foster new business and protect the public interest. Consumers (as clients) must be heard, as they become active players in the energy market. As they develop a dynamic relationship with the operating power industry new conditions and requirements need to be created in order to lead the strategic transformation inside and outside regional businesses. Deals on new energy sources, new technologies, new possibilities of differentials service and prices were studied. Incentives as well as the evolution of regulation rules seem a fundamental role to maintain and to expand the power supply and demand-side management, with implications for a better relationship between client-consumers, dealers and incomes/revenues on invested capital. It is also important to relate and to rethink the affordability of the tariffs and energy delivery costs to clients. An evaluation to the Brazilian market was done, considering the up to date international experiences and running an application, specially built to demonstrate the domestic consumption, as a case study. This implemented case is presented in order to demonstrate the domestic consumer impact to the energy use as well as the required evolution of systems and strategies to move on to this historical moment of development and reorganization of the energy market as well as the legislation/regulation. To sum up, evolving energy business in Brazil does not appear in this analysis merely as a possibility but as fact to be accomplished. It should be strategically planned considering the scope of a number of different technology applications, business models and be promoted by the policies agencies. Questions related to investments and their profits should be answered according to the regional energy business, as well as the consumer's participation and obviously new legislation and market regulation. Services and products to be offered by the Brazilian energy dealers should evolve correspondingly in order to improve business and recognition as energy solution providers Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos Orientador: Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos Doutorado

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    Authors: Hamamoto, Marcus Vinícius;

    Resumo: Com exceção da energia nuclear e da energia proveniente de hidroelétricas, a maior parte da energia consumida no mundo vem dos combustíveis fósseis, ou seja, do petróleo, do carvão mineral e do gás natural, que são recursos limitados. Os biocombustíveis são produzidos a partir de biomassa, que assim como a energia dos ventos, do sol, das marés e das águas, é considerada uma fonte renovável de energia. O biodiesel é biodegradável, renovável e obedece ao ciclo de carbono, sendo definido como mono-alquil éster de ácidos graxos derivado de fontes renováveis, como óleos vegetais e gorduras animais, obtido através de um processo de transesterificação, no qual ocorre a transformação de triglicerídeos em moléculas menores de ésteres de ácidos graxos e apresenta características físico-químicas semelhantes às do diesel fóssil. Neste trabalho foi projetada e montada uma bancada de testes com o objetivo de testar e validar um novo método de obtenção de biodiesel através da aplicação de micro-ondas durante a reação de transesterificação. Foi utilizado óleo de girassol comercial como matéria prima, álcool etílico anidro como reagente e metilato de sódio como catalisador nos testes. Ao final dos experimentos foi constatado que algumas modificações na bancada de testes levariam a resultados mais satisfatórios, porém foi possível comprovar que a utilização da energia das micro-ondas na produção de biodiesel pelo método contínuo acelera muito o processo de reação de transesterificação Abstract: Excepting the nuclear energy and the hydropower, most of the energy consumed in the world comes from fossil fuels which mean petroleum, mineral coal and natural gas. Those are limited sources. Biofuels are produced from biomass. Biomass is a renewable source of energy like the wind, the sun and the water. Biodiesel is biodegradable, renewable and it obeys the cycle of carbon. It is defined as a blend of mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from renewable sources, as vegetable oils and animal fats. It is obtained by means of a transesterification process, in which takes place the transformation of triglycerides into smaller molecules of fatty acid esters, and it displays physical and chemical characteristics similar to the ones of a fossil fuel-derived diesel oil. In this work, a test bench was designed in order to test and validate a new method of producing biodiesel by applying microwaves during the transesterification process. Sunflower oil was used as raw material, ethyl alcohol was used as a reagent and sodium methylate was used as a catalyst in the tests. As a result, it was found that a few modifications in the test bench would have given better results. It was concluded that the continuous method of production of biodiesel was quite accelerated by using the microwave energy during the process Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Mecânica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecânico Orientador: Paulo Roberto Gardel Kurka Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica Mestrado

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