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Biogas as one of gaseous alternative fuels instead of fossil fuels are increasingly not sufficient and less environmentally friendly. But biogas with a methane content of only 50% -60% is not maximized improve engine performance and reduce exhaust gas emissions. So for this study aims to analyze the test results otto 4 stroke engine generator premium fuel and biogas by means of blower type air compressor as turbocarjer and catalytic converters to reduce exhaust emissions. The use of blower turbocarjer and catalytic converter in the engine generator set otto 4 steps will impact the performance (power, torque, SFC, Thermal Efficiency and AFR) and emissions (CO, HC, CO2 and O2) generated by premium fuel and biogas. In this study was conducted with a load of 100 watts, 200 watts, 300 watts, 400 watts and 500 watts. Maximum power occurred on premium fuel load of 500 watts at 2726.29 rpm rotation, namely 427.56 watts. The maximum torque occurs at a premium fuel load of 500 watts at 2726.29 rpm rotation, namely 1.49 Nm. SFC minimum occurred on premium fuel load of 500 watts at 2726.29 rpm rotation, it’s 1042.36 g / Kw hour. Thermal efficiency maximum occurred on premium fuel load of 500 watts at 2726.29 rpm rotation, it’s 8.1%. AFR maximum occurred on premium fuel load of 100 watts at 2834.86 rpm rotation, it’s 17.93. Minimum CO emissions occur on biogas fuel load of 100 watts at 2947.7 rpm rotation, it’s 0.06%. HC emission minimum occurred on premium fuel load of 500 watts at round 2726.29 rpm, which it’s 214 ppm. Minimum CO2 emissions occurred on premium fuel load of 100 watts at 2834.86 rpm rotation, it’s 1.58%. O2 maximum occurred on premium fuel load of 100 watts at 2834.86 rpm rotation, it’s 14.93%. 110401030

The research was conducted from December 2014 to February 2015, in the coastal waters of Dumai, Riau Province. The research aimed to determine the tidal dynamics in relation to climate change. The research used survey method by performing 4 times periodically sampling. The result of measurement was then compared to Hydro-oceanographic Service Data.The results showed that tidal pattern in coastal waters of Dumai during a period of 3 months was classified into Mixed Semi-Diurnal Tides which occured 2 low tides and 2 high tides for 24 hours. Observations I-IV showed the tidal patterns were different because of different patterns of surface currents. Data of tidal pattern were compared to data obtained from Hydro-oceanographic data 3 years earlier showed a difference. Judging from the results of research that has been made known that there has been a rise in sea level if compared to data obtained from Hydro-oceanographic data 3 and 1 year before, namely an increase ranging between 19.5 to 22 cm. While the comparison of the data with the previous 2 years decreased, with a value of 45.5 cm. This means sea level in the study area has increased for 3 and 1 year. It was predicted that the existence of climate change has the effect of tidal conditions in these waters.

Biodiesel is a highly potential material to replace diesel fuel. Renewable and environmentally friendly. Waste cooking oil can be used as raw material for making biodiesel. Free fatty acid levels are high in waste cooking oil requiring pretreatment (esterification) in the process of making biodiesel. In this study transesterification reaction conducted by catalyst synthesized ZnO of ZnCO3. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in reaction time and variations the amount of catalyst to yield biodiesel produced. After esterification of free fatty acid levels in the oil can be lowered from 6.09% to 1.02%. The transesterification reaction was held at temperatures 65oC; The mole ratio of oil and methanol is 1:18; ZnO catalyst amount is 0,5%, 0,6% and 0,7%; reaction time is 50, 75, and 100 minutes. The highest biodiesel yield obtained was 94.31% on the amount of catalyst 0.7% w / w of cooking oil with a reaction time of 100 minutes. Characteristics of biodiesel produced, namely: density and viscosity at a temperature of 40°C is 866,50 kg/m3 and 5,74 mm2/s, The flash point is 190oC, acid value 0,60 mg-KOH/g-biodiesel and the content of alkyl ester 98,42%.

Biogas is a gas that can be produced from anaerobic fermentation of organic material such as animal and human’s feces, biomass or agricultural waste. In this research the biogas was produced from mixture of fruits garbage and some agricultural wastes: i.c corn stalk, rice straw and sawdust. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of the mixture using non factorial completely randomized design with parameters as follow : final C/N ratio, the first time to produce gas, pressure, colour of flame and duration of flame. The results indicated that the mixture gave significant effect on the final C/N ratio and not significant effect on the first time to produce gas, pressure, colour of flame and duration of flame. 040308018

Using of energy makes reserves running low, for it to need alternative renewable energy, saving energy environmentally friendly, is using of biogas. Biogas is a gaseous fuel produced from the fermentation of organic materials with the help of anaerobic bacteria that can be used as an alternative energy. Manufacture of biogas reactors is done to support biogas fermentation with raw material mixture of cow dung and vegetable waste in ratio 7:3. Biogas production is done by varying volume of EM4 as activator 43 ml, 48 ml and 53 ml. Fermentation biogas done until 20 days. Result of biogas is analyzed to know volume of biogas from variation of EM4. From analysis of gas, volume biogas with variation of volume EM4 43 ml, 48 ml and 53 ml and the result is 4,157 L, 4,159 L and 4,170 L. After that, volume of biogas from calculation can get calorific value, from variable EM4 43 ml is 21,17 kJ, 48 ml is 23,59 kJ and 53 ml is 32,39 kJ.

One of the utilization of solar energy is the adsorption refrigeration cycle where performance is affected by temperature and solar radiation intensity. Location of the Indonesian state that is geographically located on the equatorial plane making Indonesia the country has abundant solar energy. The main component of this research consisted collector / adsorber, condensor, and evaporator. All of these components are made of stainless steel, due to the good thermal conductivity for the test. This test uses activated carbon adsorbent of 7 kilogram and 3 litres of methanol as the refrigerant. The best efficiency result of the collector, condensor, and evaporator is 24%, 28%, dan 13.5%. 100401084

Diffusion is a combustion which is performed on a diesel engine, biodiesel as a biofuel is used to replace fossil fuels. Many studies have looked at the effect of a mixture of biodiesel fuel-ethanolmethanol-diesel with different percentages in terms of engine performance and exhaust emissions, but have never done research on the characteristics of combustion and interface evaporation. This paper discusses how the comparison of the characteristics of the diffusion combustion mixture of biodiesel and biodiesel-ethanol-methanol in mini glass tube. The results showed that the use of biodieselethanol occurred many explosions flame and lift off than biodiesel-methanol. Biodiesel-ethanol evaporation interfaces tend to be flat because there were many explosions so that the liquid fuel out of the burner. The use of biodiesel-methanol flame produces more stable than biodiesel-ethanol.

The increasing human population on earth and the depletion of oil resources into a few thousandths of a lot of things that encourage us to do research and development on renewable energy sources, one of which has a great potential is the use of biogas is used as fuel for internal combustion engine with dual fuel system. This study aims to analyze the performance of the diesel engine R 175 AN using supercharger with dual fuel systems diesel and biogas in which biogas flow entering the combustion chamber will be set (flow 2, 4, 6 l/s) . In addition, this study will also analyze economic value after use dual fuel systems diesel and biogas, and the exhaust emissions from the combustion too. Engine maximum power with rotation 1500 and load 2500 watt occurs in the use of diesel fuel + 6 l / min biogas which amounted to 1536,99 Watt, maximum torque at 2500 Watt load and rotation 1500 rpm using diesel fuel + 6 l / min biogas amounted to 9,79 Nm. SFC maximum value on diesel fuel + 6 l/min biogas load of 500 Watt and 1000 rpm rotation that is equal to 2508,48 gr / kWh. Maximum brake thermal efficiency in the use of diesel fuel with load 1500 Watt and 1200 rpm rotation that is equal to 18,73%. AFR maximum value on diesel fuel + 6 l / min biogas with load 500 Watt and 1000 rpm rotation that is equal to 68,75. For brake mean effective pressure maximum value on diesel fuel + 6 l/min biogas with load 2500 watt and 1500 rpm rotation that is equal to 348,08 kPa. For economic value maximum value on diesel + biogas 6 l/min with load 500 watt and 1000 rpm rotation, economic value in terms of fuel savings increased to 62,29 % when compared with diesel fuel. For exhaust emissions, the average opacity value has decreased after using dual fuel systems diesel and biogas. HC and CO levels increased after using dual fuel systems. 110401002

The availability of biomass as a source of primary energy in Indonesia is very abundant, reaching 280 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) and approximately 84% of the biomass has been used for the household sector. The application of gasification stove especially in cooking purposes can increase the efficiency of fuel USAge. This research used UB-03-1 semi-gasification with various of biomass, such as acacia of branches, palm frond, tropical wood and coconut shell. The moisture content measurement of biomass fuels was determined using oven-dry method. The efficiency of the biomass fuels in UB-03-1 stove between 13,18 – 45,91%. Tropical wood had the highest energy efficiency of 45,91% and coconut shell had the lowhest energy efficiency of 13,18%. UB-03-1 stove works in the range of 3,5 to 11,5 kWth of fire power. The research obtained indicate that a variety of biomass fuels in Riau can perform well in UB-03-1 stove, such as acacia branches having 4,2 kWth fire power, palm frond having 4,86 kWth fire power, tropical wood having 11,5 kWth fire power and coconut shell having 3,5 kWth fire power, thus the need for adoption to combat crisis energy household sector problem

Study on Environmental Management Sustainability in the Deposition Area.Mineral mining is important sector which contributes significantly to the national and local government's revenue as well as for local community prosperity. Most mineral mining to the ore process isusing flotation process, which produces concentrate with tailing as waste products. Tailing is finely ground natural rock residue from the processing of mineralized ore which amount to approximately 96-97% of theprocessed ore and only 3-4% concentrate containing copper, gold and silver. Tailing should be managed properly to minimize environmental impact. The objective of this study is to identify the elements ofmineral mining environmental management system, to study existing environmental policy and to design sustainable model on the tailing handling. Case study was done in the Modified Ajkwa Deposition Area (Mod-ADA) at the Mimika Regency, Papua. This research was using soft system methodology (SSM) and policy development was using the total system intervention (TSD procedure which highlighted environmental care, complementarism and community development. The system modeling techniques used were Strategic Assumption Surfacing and Testing (SAST), Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) and Issue Management Technology (IMT) with Face validation by expert survey and FGD. Effective cost parameter and related SME business feasibility were calculated through field survey. The strategic policy model was formulated based on COMHAR sustainable development themes: satisfaction of human needs by the efficient use of resource, respect for ecological integrity and bio diversity, social equity and good decision making.This study resulted conceptual model which consists of the tailing management model (PET AS) for the physical environmental aspect and the Mod-ADA land rehabilitation (RELAW) for the biological aspect. The strategic policy model was developed according to environmental management and monitoring procedure (RKPL). The strategy should be strengthened by community empowerment and local environmental forum for stakeholder engagement. Based on the model formulation, the policy implicationis carried out through regional control of Informal Mining, community participation in the reclamation of deposition area activities and activities and optimalization of the CSR-fund with CSER guideline. The long term solution of Mod-ADA environmental management is tailing processing to increase added value such as cement industry. This plan should be supported by integrated EIA and environmental audit in line with the clean development mechanism (CDM) principles.