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Informal financial services (IFSs) provide various types of investment avenues for both rural and urban populations in Zambia. This paper is a critical review of the sustainability of various informal investment typologies Zambians has been using and adopting to increase their financial resources and solve their livelihoods and social issues in the process. An evaluation of why people and organizations opt for specific financial services that come in the form of savings and lending groups will be discussed in detail to understand if they have been meeting people's expectations. The paper derives its data from various studies in the past 10 years that emanates from Zambia and Sub-Saharan Africa. While the sustainability of various typologies of informal financial services is broad, they are measured through risks associated, savings policies adopted, group loan guarantees and flexibility, interest and transactional expenses enforcement, income-generating, wealth creation and any social capital investment. The research reveals that limited studies have looked at various typologies of savings and lending groups, including evaluating their sustainability. This study helps in decision making for anyone or organization who would want to join or start a savings group in Zambia and key parameters to follow.

Informal financial services (IFSs) provide various types of investment avenues for both rural and urban populations in Zambia. This paper is a critical review of the sustainability of various informal investment typologies Zambians has been using and adopting to increase their financial resources and solve their livelihoods and social issues in the process. An evaluation of why people and organizations opt for specific financial services that come in the form of savings and lending groups will be discussed in detail to understand if they have been meeting people's expectations. The paper derives its data from various studies in the past 10 years that emanates from Zambia and Sub-Saharan Africa. While the sustainability of various typologies of informal financial services is broad, they are measured through risks associated, savings policies adopted, group loan guarantees and flexibility, interest and transactional expenses enforcement, income-generating, wealth creation and any social capital investment. The research reveals that limited studies have looked at various typologies of savings and lending groups, including evaluating their sustainability. This study helps in decision making for anyone or organization who would want to join or start a savings group in Zambia and key parameters to follow.

Over the years people's dependence on fossil fuels is very high. Even for generating electrical energy, fuel continues to be used as well. Fuel cell technology (fuel cell) is the right thing to save the use of oil by using hydrogen to generate electricity and oxygen as a binder so harmless exhaust gas .To obtain hydrogen and oxygen, the authors use a dry cell by varying the number of neutral plates. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the number neutral plate with respect to temperature and the resulting gas production. This study also aimed to determine the effect of KOH and strong currents in the dry cell. The study was done using a thermocouple temperature recorder agilent as produced. In every 90 seconds, the volume of gas produced was measured at each test variable that has been done. From the results obtained, the highest production values generated at 10 plates neutral testing with 4.66% KOH. Whereas, the highest temperature occurs in the test 4 neutral plates with 4.66% KOH. So it can be concluded that, the more the higher the plate neutral gases produced, while the lower temperatures generated and the less the higher the neutral plate heat generated while the volume of gas produced lower. 090401017

Over the years people's dependence on fossil fuels is very high. Even for generating electrical energy, fuel continues to be used as well. Fuel cell technology (fuel cell) is the right thing to save the use of oil by using hydrogen to generate electricity and oxygen as a binder so harmless exhaust gas .To obtain hydrogen and oxygen, the authors use a dry cell by varying the number of neutral plates. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the number neutral plate with respect to temperature and the resulting gas production. This study also aimed to determine the effect of KOH and strong currents in the dry cell. The study was done using a thermocouple temperature recorder agilent as produced. In every 90 seconds, the volume of gas produced was measured at each test variable that has been done. From the results obtained, the highest production values generated at 10 plates neutral testing with 4.66% KOH. Whereas, the highest temperature occurs in the test 4 neutral plates with 4.66% KOH. So it can be concluded that, the more the higher the plate neutral gases produced, while the lower temperatures generated and the less the higher the neutral plate heat generated while the volume of gas produced lower. 090401017

Munculnya bank sampah sebagai upaya penerapan dari UU No18 thn 2008, merupakan suatu cara pengelolaan sampah dalam aksi nyata melalui gerakkan 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) dengan melibatkan langsung masyarakat. Untuk pemerintah sendiri, bank sampah menjadi langkah awal yang baik untuk melakukan pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam memperlakukan sampah sebagai sesuatu yang mempunyai nilai guna dan manfaat. Program bank sampah yang diberdayakan di Indonesia tentunya diharapkan dapat memberikan sebuah sistem yang efektif dan efisien sehingga proses bisnis dari bank sampah yang diselenggarakan dapat maksimal. Sistem yang efektif dan efisien ini terangkum dalam suatu proses yang dikenal dengan proses adaptabilitas. Adaptabilitas bank sampah adalah kemampuan sistem bank sampah untuk bereaksi secara positip ketika proses atau kondisi faktor kunci mengalami Perubahan. Belum adanya penelitian mengenai sistem pengukuran adaptabilitas bank sampah di Indonesia, maka makalah ini menyajikan suatu ide model konseptual untuk mengukur adaptabilitas bank sampah, dengan harapan akan terbentuk pemahaman yang mendalam dari keseluruhan permasalahan atau sistem elemen yang membentuk sistem adaptabilitas bank sampah. Jika sistem adaptabilitas ini kelak bisa teramati dan terukur, maka akan berguna bagi pengambilan keputusan dalam pengalokasian sumber daya dan membuat perencanaan keberlanjutan dalam proses manajemen bank sampah. The emergence of garbage banks as an effort to implement UU No18, 2008, is a method of waste management in a real action through the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) by involving the public directly. For the government, a garbage bank is a good initial step for community empowerment in treating waste as something of value and beneficial. Garbage bank program empowered in Indonesia is, of course, expected to provide an effective and efficient system so that the business processes of the program can be maximized. The effective and efficient system is encapsulated in a process known as adaptability process. The adaptability of a garbage bank is the capability of a garbage bank system to react positively when the process or condition of key factors changes. The absence of research on the measurement of garbage bank adaptability system in Indonesia has given an idea to present this paper which is a conceptual model for measuring it, in hopes to form a deep understanding of the whole problem or element system that make up the adaptability system of a garbage bank. If the adaptability of this system can be observed and measured, in the future it will be useful for decision making in the allocation of resources and sustainability planning process of garbage bank management.

Munculnya bank sampah sebagai upaya penerapan dari UU No18 thn 2008, merupakan suatu cara pengelolaan sampah dalam aksi nyata melalui gerakkan 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) dengan melibatkan langsung masyarakat. Untuk pemerintah sendiri, bank sampah menjadi langkah awal yang baik untuk melakukan pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam memperlakukan sampah sebagai sesuatu yang mempunyai nilai guna dan manfaat. Program bank sampah yang diberdayakan di Indonesia tentunya diharapkan dapat memberikan sebuah sistem yang efektif dan efisien sehingga proses bisnis dari bank sampah yang diselenggarakan dapat maksimal. Sistem yang efektif dan efisien ini terangkum dalam suatu proses yang dikenal dengan proses adaptabilitas. Adaptabilitas bank sampah adalah kemampuan sistem bank sampah untuk bereaksi secara positip ketika proses atau kondisi faktor kunci mengalami Perubahan. Belum adanya penelitian mengenai sistem pengukuran adaptabilitas bank sampah di Indonesia, maka makalah ini menyajikan suatu ide model konseptual untuk mengukur adaptabilitas bank sampah, dengan harapan akan terbentuk pemahaman yang mendalam dari keseluruhan permasalahan atau sistem elemen yang membentuk sistem adaptabilitas bank sampah. Jika sistem adaptabilitas ini kelak bisa teramati dan terukur, maka akan berguna bagi pengambilan keputusan dalam pengalokasian sumber daya dan membuat perencanaan keberlanjutan dalam proses manajemen bank sampah. The emergence of garbage banks as an effort to implement UU No18, 2008, is a method of waste management in a real action through the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) by involving the public directly. For the government, a garbage bank is a good initial step for community empowerment in treating waste as something of value and beneficial. Garbage bank program empowered in Indonesia is, of course, expected to provide an effective and efficient system so that the business processes of the program can be maximized. The effective and efficient system is encapsulated in a process known as adaptability process. The adaptability of a garbage bank is the capability of a garbage bank system to react positively when the process or condition of key factors changes. The absence of research on the measurement of garbage bank adaptability system in Indonesia has given an idea to present this paper which is a conceptual model for measuring it, in hopes to form a deep understanding of the whole problem or element system that make up the adaptability system of a garbage bank. If the adaptability of this system can be observed and measured, in the future it will be useful for decision making in the allocation of resources and sustainability planning process of garbage bank management.

Humus is a substance that is created from the decomposition of plant residues with the help of beneficial microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) present in the surface layer of soil, with a massive amorphous consistency, homogeneous and dark in color due to a large amount of carbon it contains, and which is essential to sustain the total soil ecosystem since it helps maintain available nutrients for the plants. The objectives achieved are the elaboration of organic humus from vegetable residues within the homes, to generate a product that contributes to the improvement of the soil, through the methodology of the surveys, favorable results were obtained for the realization of the organic humus, in the same way, it concludes that by elaborating organic humus, the plants have better growth and therefore it is an aid to the environment since through this technique we can reduce and apply the use of vegetable residues, which will become organic matter and reach to reduce pollution in all homes, contribute to the soil and restore the proper nutrients to obtain adequate fertilization without the increase of chemicals harmful to humans.

Humus is a substance that is created from the decomposition of plant residues with the help of beneficial microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) present in the surface layer of soil, with a massive amorphous consistency, homogeneous and dark in color due to a large amount of carbon it contains, and which is essential to sustain the total soil ecosystem since it helps maintain available nutrients for the plants. The objectives achieved are the elaboration of organic humus from vegetable residues within the homes, to generate a product that contributes to the improvement of the soil, through the methodology of the surveys, favorable results were obtained for the realization of the organic humus, in the same way, it concludes that by elaborating organic humus, the plants have better growth and therefore it is an aid to the environment since through this technique we can reduce and apply the use of vegetable residues, which will become organic matter and reach to reduce pollution in all homes, contribute to the soil and restore the proper nutrients to obtain adequate fertilization without the increase of chemicals harmful to humans.

In Bahasa Indonesia : Kemajuan teknologi yang sangat cepat, menuntut penyediaan energi yang makin banyak, untuk industri maupun kebutuhan energi penggerak kendaraan, mengingat makin mendesaknya tuntutan tersebut, maka selalu dicari cara-cara untuk memanfaatkan energi yang sudah tersedia sebaik mungkin, sehingga energi yang terbuang dapat makin berkurang, hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan penggunaan energi tersebut se-efisien mungkin. Keterbatasan cadangan minyak bumi merupakan salah satu pertimbangan untuk mencari energi atau alat yang baru yang dapat mengolah minyak se maksimal mungkin. Kendala yang ditimbulkan oleh energi minyak, yaitu mengakibatkan proses ekologi yang tidak menguntungkan menyebabkan perlu dikembangkannya pemanfaatan energi yang lain. Fuel cell merupakan salah satu jalan keluar dari berbagai-bagai kendala yang sudah ada, yaitu pengolahan energi dengan cara listrik-kimiawi, dengan menggunakan hidrogen sebagai bahan bakar dan oksigen pembakarnya. Percobaan dan penelitian yang telah dilakukan sejak pertengahan abad 20, telah memberikan cukup banyak masukan yang positif, sehingga dapat dinyatakan bahwa fuel cell akan memberikan harapan untuk abad yang baru ini. Kata kunci: energi, fuel cell. Technology development has proceed very fast in the last century, industries required a lot more power to meet the demands, vehicles developments also follow the demand for more energy, due to this the source of energy must be used wisely and efficiently, no loss of energy should be allowed. Limitation of oil reserves is one of the reasons for searching new type of energy and new equipment, which are highly efficient. The problem of the fossil fuels, which caused disadvantages in ecological system make it necessary to develop another, more better energy converter. Fuel cell is one way out to the existing problems, which convert energy electro- chemically, using hidrogen as fuel and oksigen. Experimentation has been done since medio of 20th century, has given a lot of good result, so that fuel cell will be a good hope for this new century.

In Bahasa Indonesia : Kemajuan teknologi yang sangat cepat, menuntut penyediaan energi yang makin banyak, untuk industri maupun kebutuhan energi penggerak kendaraan, mengingat makin mendesaknya tuntutan tersebut, maka selalu dicari cara-cara untuk memanfaatkan energi yang sudah tersedia sebaik mungkin, sehingga energi yang terbuang dapat makin berkurang, hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan penggunaan energi tersebut se-efisien mungkin. Keterbatasan cadangan minyak bumi merupakan salah satu pertimbangan untuk mencari energi atau alat yang baru yang dapat mengolah minyak se maksimal mungkin. Kendala yang ditimbulkan oleh energi minyak, yaitu mengakibatkan proses ekologi yang tidak menguntungkan menyebabkan perlu dikembangkannya pemanfaatan energi yang lain. Fuel cell merupakan salah satu jalan keluar dari berbagai-bagai kendala yang sudah ada, yaitu pengolahan energi dengan cara listrik-kimiawi, dengan menggunakan hidrogen sebagai bahan bakar dan oksigen pembakarnya. Percobaan dan penelitian yang telah dilakukan sejak pertengahan abad 20, telah memberikan cukup banyak masukan yang positif, sehingga dapat dinyatakan bahwa fuel cell akan memberikan harapan untuk abad yang baru ini. Kata kunci: energi, fuel cell. Technology development has proceed very fast in the last century, industries required a lot more power to meet the demands, vehicles developments also follow the demand for more energy, due to this the source of energy must be used wisely and efficiently, no loss of energy should be allowed. Limitation of oil reserves is one of the reasons for searching new type of energy and new equipment, which are highly efficient. The problem of the fossil fuels, which caused disadvantages in ecological system make it necessary to develop another, more better energy converter. Fuel cell is one way out to the existing problems, which convert energy electro- chemically, using hidrogen as fuel and oksigen. Experimentation has been done since medio of 20th century, has given a lot of good result, so that fuel cell will be a good hope for this new century.

Energy consumption increases when human activity increases. Today, the energy supply is mainly focused on fossil fuel which its availability is limited and the price increases continuelly. There is thus a need to develop the alternative energy such as biodiesel. The objective of this study is to determine the optimum process conditions to produce biodiesel from jatropha seeds by in situ transesterification using respon surface method (RSM). The variable of process conditions used was reaction time (A) (45, 50 and 55oC) and hexane to total solvent ratio (B) (1/6, 2/6 and 3/6), while the respon (y) observed included biodiesel yield, acid value, saponification value, viscosity and ash content. Reaction time, stirring speed and KOH concentration were respectively fixed at 3 h, 500 rpm and 0,075 mpl/L methanol. Regression analysis showed that first order polynomial equation, y = 74,98 + 1,20 A – 2,71 B (R2 = 89,87%) was significant to optimize the influence of reaction temperature and hexane to solvent ratio on biodiesel yield. The influence of hexane to solvent ratio on biodiesel yield was more significant then that reaction temperature. Biodiesel yield increased as hexane to solvent ratio decreased. The influence of variable A and B on biodiesel quality, especially saponification value and viscosity, was significant. Highest biodiesel yield (78,60%) was obtained under process conditions of 55oC reaction temperature and 1/6 hexane to solvent ratio. Biodiesel quality under such process conditions was acid value of 0,66 mg KOH/g, saponification value of 195 mg KOH/g, ash content of 0,0% and viscosity of 3,70 cSt.