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The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between ecological awareness and rice-field knowledge of paddy field women in Bandar- E Anzali and sustainable agriculture criteria observation extent. The research method used descriptive-analytic that is performed relative – causal method. The population included paddy field women, over 25 years old in two region. In this research, 275 women were selected with systematic sampling method. Instruments reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient by SPSS/win. The descriptive findings showed that the research's paddy field women have good knowledge regarding ecological awareness and rice-field. Also, they are observing sustainability criteria in farming approximately. The analytic finding showed that there exists significant difference (%1) between the mean of observing sustainability criteria in farming, level of education, kind of ownership to field-rice and kind of used seed. Also, there exists positive significant correlation (p=%99) between age, past record paddy field, the measure of social participation, paddy field annual income, ecological awareness and paddy field knowledge and observing sustainability criteria in agriculture. But there exists negative significant correlation (p=%99) between the measure of paddy field participation and number of member household and observing sustainability criteria in farming. The measure of rice production and paddy field annual income as independent variable have maximum role and rate in analyzing of dependent variable.

Objective Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) is a fast-growing oil crop belonging to the Brassicaceae family that can tolerate drought, salinity, cold, and many diseases and pests. Camelina seed has precious oil and protein with a number of potential attributes or benefits in both the human food and animal feed industry. Camelina also is being deemed as promising species to produce biodiesel and jet fuel in margin lands of the globe. Monolignols, as the precursor of lignin, are the common compounds in both lignification and soluble chemicals that have important roles in both normal development of healthy plants and defense-related responses in infected plant subjects. The regulatory mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of these multifaceted secondary metabolites are poorly understood. Material and Methods Our current study presents the mode of gene expression and analyzes data to investigate the role of monolignol biosynthesis genes in the normal development growth of Camelina. We considered the transcript level of those genes that were covered 12 different tissues in major developmental stages during the life cycle of the Camelina. Using the R programming environment, we could have visualized the pattern of gene expressions with transcript per million (TPM) data in the heatmap. Results The results revealed the similarities as well as differences in gene expression patterns in both regulatory and functional gene groups among different tissues. Moreover, tissue-specific genes in different developmental stages were recognized. Conclusions The scrutiny in the literature related on biotic stress experiments in Camelina and also other species determined considerable differences in transcript levels and gene regulation patterns for the genes especially for members of the gene group encoding cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR). Association of the latter genes CsCCR4 and CsCCR2 in particular involved in monolignol biosynthesis with the resistance of Camelina to pathogens contributes to providing a preliminary view to contemplate the future research options in various Camelina breeding programs.

In spite the global efforts to reduce energy intensity; Iran’s energy intensity has been increasing during the recent decades. To get a more detailed investigation of energy intensity, this study aims at decomposing energy intensity into its components including efficiency and structural change as well as at examining driving forces behind Iran’s energy intensity components during 1973-2011. Energy intensity decomposition showed that efficiency changes accounts for the most of increased energy intensity. It is found in this study that income (GDP), capital- labor ratio and urbanization are the most determinants of energy intensity and its components. Regarding the non-linear relationship between energy intensity and driving forces of income and capital-labor ratio as well as the estimated turning points, income plays a significant role in increase of energy intensity while capital-labor ratio tends to induce a reduction in energy intensity. Although urbanization has a positive contribution to energy intensity via structural changes component, its dominant effect on improved energy efficiency leads to an overall effect of reduced energy intensity by more than 1.8% as 1% increase in urbanization. The results showed a limited effect for price and share of industry in GDP and left no significant role for economic integration and foreign direct investment. The corresponding value for these variables remain less than 0.05%. 1.0pt;line-height:85%;font-family:"B Zar";letter-spacing: -.2pt;mso-bidi-language:FA;mso-ansi-font-style:italic'>کار با شاخص‌های شدت انرژی و نقطه عطف مترتب بر آنها در مجموع اثر درآمد در جهت افزایش شدت انرژی و اثر سرمایه در جهت کاهش شدت انرژی ارزیابی شد. اما شهرنشینی با وجود افزایش شدت انرژی از طریق تغییرات ساختاری از طریق بهبود کارایی در مجموع موجب کاهش شدت انرژی فراتر از 8/1 درصد به ازای 1 درصد افزایش شهرنشینی خواهد شد. اثر قیمت و سهم صنعت از تولید ناخالص داخلی بر شاخص‌های فوق محدود و اثر متغیرهای شاخص ادغام تجاری و سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی قابل اغماض ارزیابی شد. رقم متناظر برای متغیرهای یاد شده بیشتر کمتر از 05/0 درصد به دست آمد.

Renewable energy technologies convert renewable resources into forms of energy that can complement or replace conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels. Wind, solar, earth energy systems, small-scale hydro systems and biomass (eg. Straw, wood, corn) are all forms of renewable energy. Wind, solar and small-scale hydro systems have zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions. For example, for every kilowatt-hour generated by a wind turbine instead of by burning fossil fuels, about one kilogram of co2 is not emitted into the atmosphere (Alberta Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture Council, 2001). Wind turbines capture wind energy and convert it to electricity. Wind energy systems can either be small, stand-alone “off-grid” systems, or connected to the provincial power grid. Because wind is an intermittent resource, a back-up system is needed. Wind systems require an average annual wind speed greater then 15 kilometers per hour may only be feasible in some part Earth. Electricity generating coasts are reported to have dropped from $0.25 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) in the 1980’s to below $0.10 per kWh in 2001. One opportunity for farmers is the potential to lease land to wind energy producers. Every ten days, the earth receives solar energy of an amount equal to the world’s entire fossil fuel reserves, and approximately one precent of this is converted to wind energy (Freris, 1990). This solar radiation is converted to wind energy as a result of the unequal heating of the equator as compared to the poles, and of the oceans as compared to the continents. This unequal heating leads to motion within the atmosphere as it tries to equalize its pressure- resulting in what we know as wind. A second cause wind is the motion of the earth. Many meteorological quantities are transported via air currents. In fact, because of the winds role in the transmission of physical and meteorological parameters atmospheric, are very important. Further movement of wind as a source of new and inexhaustible energy is considered. In recent years, the kinetic energy of wind as a source of new and inexhaustible energy is considered by many countries. Recently use of wind energy as one of the most popular renewable power resources for producing electrical energy, is growing up. The purpose of this study is evaluating the amount of wind energy production and finding the windward areas in the Ilam province. In this study, the wind speed and wind direction daily data from 7 weather stations in the state (from established year to 2013) and 15 weather stations from outside of the state boundary are collected. At First, the days with incomplete data are eliminated, then for unifying dimensions of each data base, the average of long-term daily data are calculated. For averaging the long-term daily data related to wind speed and wind direction, two data bases with the 366*22 dimensions are established separately. By utilizing the two data bases, the orbital and meridional components are calculated. Based on the orbital and meridional components, and using krigingchr('39')s geostatistics method, the orbital and meridional components of wind speed of the area study, are estimated. Finally, tow data bases with the 896*366 dimensions are created for the Ilam province that 366 of data are belonged to the orbital and meridional components of wind speed average and 896 of data are belonged to estimated cells in the Ilam province. The dimensions of each cell were 4.7*4.7 square kilometers. With cluster analysis of the two data bases, the windward areas of Ilam province are specified. For better understanding of wind speed characteristics, the monthly maps of windward areas of Ilam province and the annual coefficient of variability of wind speed are plotted. Based on wind speed, wind density, and the size of utilized wind turbine (rotatory radius 5, 10, 15, 20 meters), the amount of wind power generations (from 896 cells), are estimated. The annually and monthly equipotential maps of wind power generation are plotted. The results show that Mehran is the most windward area in the Ilam province. Also the western areas of Ilam province have more wind speed availability compared to the eastern areas of the Ilam province. Darehshahr has minimum average wind speed in all months of the year. The variability coefficient of wind speed in the Ilam province is between 17.2 and 40.6. The northern areas of the state have less variability coefficient compared to other areas of the state. The evaluation findings of the four mentioned wind turbines show that the wind turbines can produce maximum wind power generation at the west areas of the state (Mehran). Among all of the months in a year, the July has the most wind power generation, as the time viewpoints. By utilizing the wind turbines with five meters blades, the amount of wind production threshold is about 1 to 11 million watts per squared meters. Also by utilizing the wind turbines with 10 and 15 meters blades, the amount of minimum and maximum annual wind energy generation can be about 5 to 45, and 12 to 101, million watts per squared meters, respectively.

Introduction: Spices and herbs are part of daily food intake in many regions of the world. They have been used as natural sources of flavorings and preservatives. Yarrow (Achillea spp.) belongs to Asteraceae family and more than 100 species have been recognized in this genus. This plantis reportedto be a diaphoretic, astringent, tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic plant. It contains isovaleric acid, salicylic acid, asparagin, sterols, flavonoids, bitters, tannins, and coumarins. The plant also has a long history as a powerful 'healing herb' used topically for wounds, cuts and abrasions. The genus name Achillea is derived from the mythical Greek character, Achilles. Action is also reflected in some of the common names mentioned below, such as staunchweed and soldier's woundwort. The genus Achillea is a well-known medicinal plant, widely used in folk medicine against gastrointestinal disorders such as lack of appetite. This plant is native to Europe and Western Asia but isalso found in Australia, New Zealand and North America. Nineteen species of Achillea have been recognized in Iran distributed in different geographical and ecological regions. Achillea spp. are diaphoretic, astringent, tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic. Major components in Achillea spp. essential oil are sabinene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, α-pinene, β-pinene, borneol and bornyl acetate. The aim of this work is to investigate growth, essential oil yield and chemical composition of essential oils of A. eriophora, A. millefolium, A. biebersteinii and A. tenuifolia. Material and Methods: This study investigated the growth and essential oil yield of four Achillea species in the North of Khuzestan situation,Shoushtar, in2008-2010. An experiment was conducted in combined analysis based on complete block design with 4 replicates. Achillea species examined concluded Achillea eriophora, A. millefolium, A. biebersteinii and A. nobilis. Seedling establishment, essential oil percentage andyield, flowering period and shoot dry weight was measured during the experiment. The clevenger apparatus was used to extract oils by hydro-distillation of leaf and head branches for 3 hours according to the method described in the British Pharmacopeia. For identification of components, Agilent gas chromatography model 6890 N, was equipped with MSD model 5973 N and fused with the silica capillary column (HP-5MS, 30m- 0.25mm) were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.Analysis of variance was employed for statistical analysis of the data using a MSTATC software. The mean values were compared with the Duncan test. Results and Discussion: The results showed that year, species and their interaction (year×species) had significant (p

Nowadays, in water resources management, climate change is one of the main challenges. Changes in the water cycle are one of the most important of ground responses to warming it (IPCC 2014). Changes of precipitation and temperature caused by climate change, will damage to the products of garden and agricultural. Therefore, in order to increase the food security in future periods, it is necessary to evaluate the climate change impacts on the agricultural of regions and provide adaptation strategies its. So Regarding the importance of climate change, the purpose of this study is simulating the performance of the agricultural sector Hashtgerd Plain under climate change impacts in the future period (2020-2049).

Human economic activities have caused many environmental impacts that can be attributed to climate change as the most important side effects. One of the components of climate change is the change in rainfall pattern, time and space distribution of rainfall, and also the reduction of rainfall. Considering the importance of water inputs in economic activities, especially agriculture and fisheries, in the present study, the effect of rainfall change on the value added of the fisheries sector in the short and long term has been studied. For this purpose, the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) has been used. The results of this study indicate that rainfall in the short and long run has a positive and significant effect on the added value of the fisheries sector. Rainfall by improving access to surface water and groundwater resources has indirect effects on improving the value added of the fisheries sector. According to the results, it is suggested that fish catch limits be applied in critical areas affected by climate change. Also, in order to adjust and adapt the country's aquaculture sector to shocks caused by rainfall and climate change, the field of technology and production improvement should be provided through providing banking and financing facilities. Published

Introduction: The rapid population growth in Iran and the corresponding increases in water demands, including drinking water, industry, agriculture and urban development and existing constraints necessitate optimal scheduling necessity in use of this crucial source. Furthermore, the phenomenon of climate change as a major challenge for humanity can be considered in future periods. Climate change is caused by human activity have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, referred to as "global warming". Climate change indicates an unusual change in the Earth's atmosphere and climate consequences of the different parts of planet Earth. Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation of weather around longer-term average conditions. A Warmer climate exacerbates the hydrologic cycle, altering precipitation, magnitude and timing of runoff. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of climate change on water consumption and demand in Bar river basin of Neighbor. Climate change affects precipitation and temperature patterns and hence, may alter on water requirements and demand at three sectors; agriculture, industry and urban water. Materials and Methods: At present, Global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) are the most frequently used models for projection of different climatic change scenarios. AOGCMs models represent the pinnacle of complexity in climate models and internalize as many processes as possible. These models are based on physical laws that are provided by mathematical relations. AOGCMs models used for climate studies and climate forecast are run at coarse spatial resolution and are unable to resolve important sub-grid scale features such as clouds and topography. As a result AOGCMs output cannot be used for local impact studies. Therefore, downscaling methods were developed to obtain local-scale weather and climate, particularly at the surface level, from regional-scale atmospheric variables that are provided by AOGCMs. Four different downscaling methods exist: regression methods, weather pattern-based approaches, stochastic weather generators, which are all statistical downscaling methods, and limited-area modeling. For this research, HadCM3 and statistical downscaling model (SDSM), precipitation and temperature variations were simulated under A2 scenario. Then the impacts of these variations on Bar River discharge were analyzed, i.e. water resources at three sectors of agriculture, industrial and potable water under climate change during 2011-2040 using WEAP. Results at first part of simulation showed that temperature is increasing and precipitation is decreasing resulted in decreasing of Bar discharge. According to the decreasing on Bar discharge, water allocation was simulated under these conditions of agricultural and industrial development and increasing of population with WEAP. Simulation showed that watershed will face increasing of water demand for all three sectors; agriculture, industry and drinking water, so the highest water shortage would be in agricultural demand and then industry and drinking water respectively. IWRM is the basic managerial need to rest the demands especially for drought periods. Current allocation process is based on steady state conditions while allocation pattern would be done under climate change conditions so we need to be reinvestigat the last allocations for all three sectors. Another challenge for this watershed refers to the gardens and steel factory of Khorasan that they need to use new technologies for reduction of their water needs. Results Discussion: In this study, the outputs of General Circulation Models (HadCM3) and statistical downscaling model (SDSM) have been used to investigate the changes of rainfall and temperature under A2 scenario in Bar river basin of Neishaboor and assess the impacts of this changes on the Bar river’s discharge. Finally, using WEAP model under climate change conditions for the period of 2011-2040, the status of basin water resources was evaluated for the three sectors (agricultural, domestic and industrial). The results indicated increased temperature in the Arie station amounting to 16 percent and rainfall reduction in the Arie and Taghan stations amounting to 3.9 and 8.75 percent respectively. Under these conditions, according to the increasing water demands of agricultural and industrial sectors in the future, there will be a shortage of water supply resources in the region. So the agricultural sector with 12 percent will have the highest percentage of water shortage and water scarcity and of the industrial sector will be 2%. However, the drinking water or domestic demand will not face a shortage of supplies. Conclusion: Therefore given that the most part of agriculture sector’s share of basin is allocated to orchards and on the other hand the most shortages are related to agriculture, then while creating an integrated management of water resources, development and use of modern methods of irrigation during the period of 2011 - 2040 would seem to be necessary.

Planting of narrow leaf cover crops may have an important effect in reducing the use of herbicide. Cover crops, therefore, are an effective tools in the non-chemical weed management in sustainable agriculture. To evaluate the effect of cover crops on weeds control and essential oil yield of mint, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blok design with three replications was conducted at the Research Field Mohagheghe Ardabili University, Iran, in 2015. First factor consisted of: spring wheat, spring barley, winter rye, winter wheat, winter barley, mixed winter rye + winter barley and second factor consisted of: cutting mulch near ground, heading living mulch 20-30 cm. from ground and killing ground cover by herbicide. Also, two controls were: without cover crop and weeding without cover crop and without weeding, inside conducted experiments. The results showed that the main effect of cover crops management had significant effect on peppermint content and dry weight and density of weeds. Comparison of interaction effects showed that highest leaf oil yield in heading living mulch of winter wheat, undercutting spring barley and winter rye was (52g/h). On the average in three stages of sampling the percent biomass control of redroot pigweed andfield bindweed in undercutting mulch, heading living mulch, killing cover crops with herbicide were 38% and 66% and their density control were 44% and 70%, respectively.

Introduction: The final energy consumption per capita in Iran in the agricultural sector is 3.4, as well for household sector is 2, besides the commercial and public sectors are 1.6, and transportation and industry are 1.4 times the global average. This is due to low efficiency in operation, high energy consumption, as well as the use of energy goods and services. The use of renewable energy in the agricultural sector, while increasing the security of energy supply, will reduce global warming, stimulate economic growth, create jobs, and increase per capita income and social justice and environmental protection in all areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate farmers' preferences for using solar energy in Sari.Materials and Methods: The Choice Experiment methods allow researchers to focus on valuing final changes as multidimensional features rather than discrete changes. Choosing between options encourages respondents to examine their preferences in detail related to different management programs. The Choice Experiment test approach consists of several steps, which include designing the Choice Experiment test, determining the sample size and method of data collection, estimation process, and modeling the Choice Experiment test. Designing a Choice Experiment test consists of five important steps which are defining attributes, determining the relevant levels, conducting an experimental design, constructing Choice sets, and measuring preferences. After determining the criteria affecting the prioritization of renewable energy, liketechnical, environmental, economic, social, and political criteria, in order to investigate the willingness to Pay of Sari farmers, a test questionnaire was designed. The criteria obtained from the review of prioritization of renewable energy were considered as the attributes of the Choice Experiment and the price attribute was added to the above criteria. A total of six technical, economic, social, political, environmental, and price attributes were considered to investigate farmers' willingness to pay. In the review of the studies and the current situation, the levels of each of the attributes were determined. To determine the levels of price attribute, these points were considered; the price of agricultural electricity per kilowatt-hour is 383 Rials, which was approximately 400 Rials for the current situation.Results and Discussion: To investigate the farmers' preferences for using solar energy, 98 questionnaires of farmers in Sari were completed in September 2019. Each questionnaire included 8 choice set cards and each card included three options, based on which, the number of observations in Sari is equal to 2352 observations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the preferences of farmers in Sari for the use of solar energy. For this purpose, the Multinomial logit, the Random parameter logit, the latent class, and the Random parameter logit latent class are used. Based on the results of the Multinomial logit method, environmental and price attributes at the level of one percent and economic attribute at the level of five percent are statistically significant, but political, social, and technical attributes are not statistically significant. The Alternative-specific Constants (ASC) in the first and second options are not statistically significant. Based on the results of the Random Parameter Logit estimation method, environmental, economic and price attributes are statistically significant at the level of one percent. Technical, political, and social attributes are not statistically significant, which shows that farmers do not make a significant difference between these two attributes. The Alternative-specific Constants (ASC) are significant in the first option at the level of five percent and the second option at the level of one percent. The results of latent class estimation show that in the first class, environmental, economic, political, social, and price attributes are statistically significant at the level of one percent and technical attribute at the level of ten percent. The Alternative-specific Constants (ASC) are statistically significant at the level of one percent in the first class. In the second class, technical attribute at the level of five percent and environmental attribute at the level of ten percent are significant, besides other attributes in the second class are not statistically significant. The most sensitive class is the first class and farmers of the second class are considered the base class. The results obtained from the Bayesian and Akaike criteria of different classes showed that the two classes have the lowest values of BIC and AIC criteria and the class is appropriate. After determining the appropriate class, the model was estimated. The results of model estimation were calculated by the Latent Class Random Parameter logit method. In the first class, environmental attributes and price are significant at the level of one percent and economical attributes at the level of five percent. Also, the Alternative-specific Constants (ASC) is significant at the level of one percent, but, in the second class, the attributes are not statistically significant. Technical, environmental, economic, political, social, and price attributes, as well as the option of status quo or the Alternative-specific Constants (ASC) in the second class, do not affect farmers' utility due to the lack of statistical significance.Conclusion: A comparison of the results obtained from the four methods shows that the highest value of the estimated coefficient for environmental attributes was in the latent class method and the lowest value was in the multinomial logit method; Comparison of fitted methods shows that the highest Log-likelihood is related to the latent class random parameter logit method and the lowest value is related to the multinomial logit method. Accordingly, the highest value of Akaike and Bayesian criteria is related to the multinomial logit method and the lowest value is related to the latent class random parameter logit method which is better than other methods according to the good fit criterion.