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L'article se propose de réfléchir sur l'existence des collections dans les écomusées. En faisant tout d'abord une introduction sur l'évolution des concepts de la muséologie et sur ce qu'il faut entendre par écomusée, on verra que le rapport à l'objet a toujours été pris en compte. L'écomusée est une façon de concevoir le territoire et de faire face aux problèmes à travers la culture. L'écomusée travaille justement dans ce sens, du moment que la collection, ainsi que les autres activités proposées, témoignent de l'existence d'un patrimoine culturel local, qui est étroitement lié aux vocations économiques du territoire, au paysage et aux changements survenus dans le temps. This paper aims to reflect about the presence of collections in ecomuseums. We will start with a brief introduction on the evolution of museums studies and ecomuseology, which will show us that the relationship between objects and ecomuseums it has being considered since the beginning. The ecomuseum approach focuses on the recreation of territorial knowledge, which is based on the interconnection of know-hows and on the promotion of cultural heritage by individuals who reinterpret them as a collective resource. Using cultural heritage as an instrument of social and democratic action gives people the tools to understand their own cultural heritage, considered in its evolution, and helps to strengthen the local identity by increasing the population's awareness of the importance of taking action to safeguard its territory.

Extreme weather events (EWE) are the most direct and visible example of how climate change threatens human health. Notwithstanding the diversity of EWEs, they all have recurrent impacts on mortality, morbidity and mental health. These impacts largely depend on exposure conditions, on the response measures implemented, and on socio-economic determinants. Forest fires and heat waves are the EWEs in all likelihood presenting the highest risks for respiratory health, and they are likely to rapidly evolve over the coming years. Since 2004, more than 10,000 excess deaths have been recorded during heat waves in France, 76 % of them after 2015. Pronounced synergies between extreme heat and air pollution are now documented in the literature. In addition to appropriate behaviours and medical care during EWEs, adaptation must now focus on long-term interventions, the objectives being to reduce exposure, to improve the quality of our environment and to reinforce social ties.

While excessive ethanol consumption can result in higher rate of morbidity and mortality resulting from several diseases including cancer and cirrhosis, epidemiological studies suggest that moderate alcohol ingestion reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the precise mechanisms by which moderate alcohol consumption protects against coronary heart disease (CHD) is not fully understood. Epidemiological studies suggest that alcohol consumption influences several risk factors for CHD including blood pressure, plasma cholesterol levels, platelet function, and fibrinolytic parameters, preventing both vascular thrombosis and occlusion. Turning to molecular and cellular levels, ethanol has been shown to act on several signal transduction mechanisms involve in the inhibition of smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration and in the activation of the release of vasoactive factors from vascular cells such as nitric oxide (NO). The latter is of importance since NO has been shown to possess antioxidant, antiaggregant properties, to regulate vascular tone and to inhibit both proliferation of smooth muscle cells and adhesion of leukocytes. Altogether, the above mentioned beneficial properties of moderate concentration of ethanol might help to explain the cardio- and vascular protection induced by ethanol. This review compels several bibliographic data concerning the cardiovascular effect of moderate alcohol consumption.

The problem of ethanol interactions with psychotropic drugs involves various factors whose complex action is examined in this article. Great care should be taken with regard to the alcohol consumption among patients treated with sedatives; the depressive action of ethanol on the central nervous system could be potentiated especially at the beginning of the treatment, as it seems that a certain habituation to the interactions may exist. However, one should be aware that the personality of the patient is perhaps more important to take into account that the consumption of drugs, at least as regards to the factors of risk in traffic accidents. Parallel to the interactions involving the receptors of the central nervous system, metabolic interactions are possible, however more difficult to describe: they affect drugs absorption, their hepatic metabolism and seem to act especially in chronic alcoholism or during barbiturates consumption.

The management of the alcoholic withdrawal syndrome in the intensive care unit is difficult. Clearly, the patient must be sedated, in order to avoid the side-effects of agitation, like trauma. However, a too much enthusiastic sedation has to be avoided, first because it may unmask neurologic important information, and, second, because it can prolong or complicate the ICU stay. In this review, we discuss the actual management of the alcoholic withdrawal syndrome in the ICU.

The most common indication for endoscopic treatment of oesophageal cancers is palliative, owing to their late diagnosis and high rate of inoperability. The aim is to maintain oesophageal permeability. Technical progress in tumoral reduction (ethanol necrosing injections, plain or argon electrocoagulation, laser), which can be combined to radiochemotherapy, has limited the use of other methods: dilatations have short-lived efficacy; inoperable oesotracheal fistula is the main indication for endoscopically inserted prosthesis. Curative endoscopy is indicated for localised and superficial tumours in patients who are judged unfit for surgery. Mucosectomy, photodynamic therapy, intracavitary brachytherapy or local injections of anticancer drugs can then be employed either alone or, more commonly, combined with one another and with general radiochemotherapy.

Absolute ethanol is a new agent for use in embolization which has demonstrated excellent efficacy, is simple to manage, and above all is innocuous in case of reflux into the aorta. A part from provoking irreversible occlusion of the complete renal artery circle, embolization with ethanol provokes direct cellular toxic necrosis comparable with a true mummification. This is of fundamental importance during palliative embolization for renal cancer or in all cases of medical nephrectomy for non-neoplastic disease. Results of the use of liquid embolization of the renal artery with absolute ethanol are presented, the technique, described, and mechanisms of action analyzed based on histologic findings.

The high frequency of excessive drinking among populations of western countries justifies screening strategies by primary health care givers. The intervention following the identification of a problem drinker should be adjusted according to the nature and level of alcohol-related risk or harm. A non-judgmental and benevolent dialogue about alcohol consumption is to be carried out with every patient, for in most cases this is enough to identify anyone concerned by at-risk or harmful drinking and to assess any consequences and dependence levels. Standardized questionnaires have been conceived and validated to encourage practitioners to carry out this type of interview, taking into account two contradictory needs: a systematic approach of the screening and the need for rapidity. In the same objective, among all sorts of "brief interventions" the efficient ones have been adapted to target populations and to be acceptable to the clinicians' point of view. These tools have been conceived to help excessive drinkers reduce their alcohol consumptions, but they can be a model for a more general approach to secondary prevention, considering all risk factors, not only hazardous behaviour to health.

The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical composition of water intended for human consumption in several regions of Southern Algeria. Excess minerals in drinking water, including magnesium, calcium, sulfates and fluorides play a fundamental role in the prevention of urinary calculi, which are formed mainly from calcium oxalate. The ever-increasingly prevalence of this disorder and its recurrence make it a real public health problem in Algeria. The most elementary preventive treatment, recommended to all subjects with lithiasis, is to drink 2 to 3 L water distributed throughout the (24-hour) day. This study began by conducting a physicochemical analysis of the principal components of water from several sources. We will subsequently test it to examine the effects of its mineral salts on the crystallization kinetics of the principal component of calculi (calcium oxalate). The results indicate that 77.5 % of the samples had magnesium concentrations ([Mg 2+] > 50 mg/L), 95 % were sulfated, with sulfate ion concentrations exceeding the standard recommended by WHO ([SO4 2-] > 250 mg/L). Moreover, 57.5 % had excess fluoride levels, [F-] > 1.5 mg/L, and 65 % excessive calcium concentrations, with Ca 2+ > 150 mg/L.

Metadata only record This document presents an analysis of Fulani pastoral farming systems that focuses on how pastoralists use silvopastoral land. It aims to provide the missing knowledge needed to implement the resource management ('gestion des terroirs') approach at village level. In this region the influence of pastoral land use on the environment appears to be less pronounced than that of crop cultivation, even though levels of animal production are reasonable. The carrying capacity of the region has not yet been attained. Current constraints to pastoral land use in the region arise from the encroachment of cropland at the expense of pastoral land, and the increase in animal numbers. To develop sustainable natural resource management at village level that includes Fulani pastoral land use, the key factors appear to be the integration of livestock husbandry and cropland cultivation at household level, agreements between pastoralists and cropland farmers on land tenure and resource management, and support targeting of Fulani households (which have so far been neglected). Specific recommendations are given. (CAB Abstract)