• Energy Research
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The alternating dry and flooded bedding system (Surjan) optimizes land availability, by integrating food crop culture in the lower bed and annual crops in the upper bed position, of the rainfed rice field. Rainfed rice productivity is generally low, to increase its productivity rice culture should integrate the management of crop, water and nutrients. Rice field is regarded as greenhouse gas sources, especially methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Field experiment was conducted in the rainfed rice field in Pati, Central Java, to determine GHGs emission and grain yield from three rice varieties, applied with cattle manure, planted in the rainfed rice field, using alternating beds system. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates and six treatments of the combination of cattle manure application and rice varieties. The rates of cattle manure were 5 and 30 t/ha, while rice varieties were Inpari 1, Inpari 6, Ciherang. Data observed included grain yield, soil pH, fluxes of CO2 and CH4. Combination of Inpari 6 with 5 t/ha cattle manure emitted GHGs higher than combination of Inpari 6 with 30 t/ha cattle manure, while GHGs emission from combination of Ciherang with 5 t/ha cattle manure was lower than combination of Ciherang with 30 t/ha cattle manure. Variety Inpari 1 emitted the lowest GHGs, both from the combination of 5 t/ha and of 30 t/ha. The average grain yield of Inpari 1, Inpari 6, and Ciherang in the rainfed lowland rice each was 6.27, 6.01, and 5.70 t/ha, respectively. The GHGs releases from the rice variety roots depend on the availability of organic matter in the soil that is used as energy source for GHGs forming microbes.

The paper presents the research results of effects of fuel components, structural and operational parameters on the combustion in spark ignition engines using gasoline-ethanol blended fuel. The results have shown that while increasing ethanol content in fuel mixture from 10% to 20%, indicated engine cycle work slightly decreases about 1% if advanced ignition is kept constant. Compression ratio of the engine can be increased with increasing methanol component in fuel mixture. Indicated engine cycle work of Daewoo engines using E15 gasoline-ethanol blended fuel increases about 12% as compression ratio increases from 9.5 to 10.3. Optimal advanced ignition angle of Daewoo engines fueled with E15 with original compression ratio of 9.5 increases from 25 to 32 as engine speed increases from 1500rpm to 4000rpm. Optimal advanced ignition angle decreases with increasing compression ratio but slightly increases with ethanol content in fuel mixture. As ethanol content in fuel mixture increases from 10% to 20%, the optimal advanced ignition angle increases approximately 2-3 at the engine speed of 1500rpm.

: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: 1) menggambarkan strategi adaptasi petani tembakau karena Perubahan iklim, 2) menentukan variabel-variabel sosial, ekonomi, dan persepsi risiko, yang mengarah pada keputusan para petani tembakau melakukan mitigasi. Wilayah penelitian berlokasi di kecamatan Bulu, kabupaten Temanggung. Kemudian metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif dan regresi linear. Berdasarkan analisis deskriptif menunjukkan beberapa adaptasi strategi oleh petani tembakau di kecamatan Bulu, telah dilakukan oleh pendangiran, fertilizing penyemprotan anti-foul, menunda penanaman dan tumpangsari. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa variabel pendapatan petani memiliki efek signifikan secara statistik pada tingkat kepercayaan 5%, sementara variabel area tanah memiliki efek yang signifikan secara statistik pada tingkat kepercayaan 10%. Kenaikan pendapatan petani diperlukan untuk memperbesar tingkat kesediaan membayar dalam menurunkan kerugian akibat Perubahan iklim. Variabel-variabel pendidikan,usia, dan persepsi risiko tidak mempengaruhi keputusan melakukan strategi adaptasi di wilayah penelitian. : The purposes of this study are: 1) to describe the adaptation strategies by tobacco farmers caused by climate change, 2) to determine social, economic, and risk perceptions variables toward decision of tobacco farmers to do the mitigation. The area of research is in Kecamatan Bulu, Kabupaten Temanggung. Data analysis method used in this research are descriptive analysis and linear regression. Based on the descriptive analysis showed some adaptation strategies by tobacco farmers in Kecamatan Bulu, have been done by pendangiran, fertilizing, spraying anti-foul, delaying planting and tumpangsari. The results of the regression analysis showed that farmers' income variables have a statistically significant effect on the degree of confidence of 5%, while the land area variable has a statistically significant effect on the degree of confidence of 10%. Increasing of income is needed to increase willingness to pay to reduce losses due to climate change. The education, age, and risk perception variables did not influence the decision to undertake adaptation strategies in the study area.

State Polytechnic of Bengkalis, as a vocational education institution, is continuously developing and increasing both in quantity and quality. The increasing in number of students and facilities, in the other side, has caused the increasing in energy consumption. Electricity problem then occurred because the increasing in energy consumption caused the increasing in electricity bills. The purposes of this research are to calculate the electricity consumption intensity at the class rooms and the laboratories in order to know the electricity usage efficiency in State Polytechnic of Bengkalis; to know the electricity consumption profile in State Polytechnic of Bengkalis; to prevent the energy wasting without decreasing the comfort of the users and fulfill the required standard; to increase the electricity usage efficiency in campus without decreasing the productivity and comfort in teaching-learning and the administration process; also to give input towards State Polytechnic of Bengkalis related to energy saving possibility that can be applied by State Polytechnic of Bengkalis. The energy audit coverage was started from a simple data survey up to calculating the existing data specifically, and then, combined with the specific test towards the facilities (buildings), which was designed to result new data. The time needed to conduct an energy audit depended on the size and type of the facilities available in each building and also the purpose of the audit itself.

Future energy use prediction in buildings plays an important role in planning, managing, and saving energy. The complexity of building characteristics and occupants make the energy use prediction difficult. Because of its rapid learning characteristics, this study proposes machine learning (ML) models to predict the building energy consumption. The data set from non-residential buildings was collected to evaluate the predictive performance of the artificial neural network model (ANNs) and the support vector regression model (SVR). The evaluation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed machine learning model in predicting the energy usage during the next 24 hours of the building. The MAPE values obtained by the SVR model was 11.616%. The prediction results provide building managers with a use reference to saving energy consumption. This research contributes to highlight the advantages in the application of machine learning model in the field of construction.

Kiln is an equipment which has vital existence in the manufacture of cement. Kiln firing requires a hightemperature to produce a clinker. Higher combustion temperature allows heat transfer occurs on the surfacecoating on the walls of the kiln that is not evenly distributed, so most of the heat is absorbed. As a consequence,it requires large amounts of fuel. Heat efficiency in the kiln is important to know. Production of clinker in thekiln which occurs at high temperatures, will also release a variety of gases, such as CO2. Carbon dioxide isincluded as one of the greenhouse gas, this gas will negatively impact the earth's ozone. Therefore, need to knowthe range of greenhouse gas that is formed, in order to determine the appropriate mitigation and prevention.Evaluation result of heat efficiency in the kiln is 43,17% by generating greenhouse gas emissions amounted to6,173 tonnes CO2 equivalent / tonne of coal.

The purpose of this study is to observe the ability of verbal communication in solving the problem of climate change with the traditional architecture of Sasak Ende. The method used in this research is description with purposive sampling technic. This study viewed from the gender differences. The research subjects consist of 2 villagers of Sasak Ende village. Technique of data analysis through two stages; (1) data presentation, and (2) data conclusion. The results of this research are The results showed that the ability of male verbal communication in solving environmental problems better than women.

Perubahan lingkungan strategis yang sangat serius adalah adanya kenaikan harga dan permintaan pangan dan energy yang semakin cepat. Oleh karena itu, terjadinya kelangkaan bahan bakar minyak (BBM) menjadi kendala serius dalam pengembangan mekanisasi pertanian ke depan. Pemanfaatan bahan bakar nabati (BBN) menjadi salah satu alternatif penyelesaiannya. Ditinjau dari bentuknya, bahan bakar nabati bisa berbentuk padat, gas atau cair. Seperti halnya BBM, bentuk cair dari BBN adalah yang paling luas dan paling luwes penggunaannya. Lahan yang sesuai dan tersedia untuk tanaman penghasil BBN juga cukup luas, yaitu sekitar 22,4 juta ha, yang terdiri atas 7,1 juta ha untuk tanaman semusim dan 15,3 juta ha untuk tanaman tahunan. Potensi energi biomasa dari pertanian di Indonesia sekitar 360,99 juta GJ yang berasal dari hasil pokoknya (biji,buah dll) dan sekitar 441,1 juta GJ dari residu biomasanya. Teknologi mutakhir pemanfaatan biomasa adalah dengan cara mengubah biomasa menjadi cairan atau bahan bakar cair. Teknologi proses semacam ini disebut juga ”second generation biofuel”, atau proses ”biomass to liquid”. Oleh karena hasilnya dalam bentuk cair, maka penggunaannya akan lebih luwes dan dapat lebih mudah dimanfaatkan untuk alat-alat dan mesin-mesin pertanian. Biomasa juga dapat diubah menjadi biogas menggunakan reaktor digestasi anaerob, di mana bakteri akan mendigestasi biomasa dan menghasilkan biogas. Biogas dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengoperasian mesin-mesin pengering di pedesaan. Oleh karena mekanisasi pertanian ke depan akan menghadapi kelangkaan energi fosil, maka penelitian dan pengembangan mekanisasi yang dapat memanfaatkan bahan bakar nabati dan biomasa lainnya hendaknya mampu mensinergikan antar keduanya sehingga mampu dioperasionalisasikan di lapangan.Kata kunci : Mekanisasi pertanian, bahan bakar minyak, bahan bakar nabati, energi biomasa, energi fosil Perspective Agriculture Mechanization in Relation to Bio fuel Development in IndonesiaThe price and demand of energy and food has been increase faster. Potential shortage of fossil fuel became a serious problem in developing agriculture mechanization. Therefore, bio fuel is an alternative way to solve the problem. Bio energy can be produced in solid, gas or liquid form. However, the liquid form is the most easy to be used. Indonesia has around 22.4 million ha of land to grow up bio fuel crops. 7.1 million ha for seasonal crops and 15.3 million ha for annual crops. Potential of energy of biomass from agriculture is around 360.99 million GJ. Biomass can be converted to be liquid bio fuel. This namely technology for second generation bio fuel or biomass to liquid process. Biomass can also be bended to be biogas by using anaerob digestation reactor. Biogas can be used to operate drier machine in villages. To overcome fossil fuel scarcity problem in the future, agriculture mechanization development should be consider bio fuel as an alternative energy source. Research of agriculture mechanization, then should be directed to the machines that can be operated using bio fuel and other biomas energy.

Kuripan is a village in Karangawen District, Demak Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Based on the source of statistical data for Kuripan Village, Karangawen District, Demak Regency in 2019, people who are in the lower economy are quite high, at about 40%. Basically Kuripan Village has good potential in the livestock sector. The majority of Kuripan Village residents raise beef cattle which fill the Central Java market, around 214,830 Kg per year. Even so, they have not been able to optimize their potential to improve the welfare of their citizens. Through a program of dissemination of appropriate technology products, artificial insemination based on sexing-sperm frozen semen and a digester that produces biogas and organic fertilizers were applied in Kuripan Village. The community development method used in this work makes the community both as the subject and as the object. The result of this activity is an increase in the knowledge and motivation of the residents which ultimately increases their income

Adopsi Kapas transgenik yang diinlroduksi secara terbatas sejak tahun 2000 di tujuh kabupaten di Sulawesi Selatan perlu dicvaluasi kebcrlanjutannya Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor - faktor yang mempengaruhi peluang keberlanjutan petani dalam mengadopsi kapas transgenik di daerah introduksi yaitu tujuh kabupaten di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Kerangka penelitian yang digunakan adalah peluang keberlanjutan adopsi dipengaruhi oleh karaktcr subyek, karaktcr inovasi, dan lingkungan fisik dan sosial. Dengan kriteria sebaran dan luas kapas transgenik, pola sebaran curah hujan, dan waktu panen maka daerah yang terpilih adalah Kabupaten Bantaeng, Takalar, Gowa, dan Bulukumba, dan penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus-September 2002. Metode pengambilan contoh petani digunakan metode acak sederhana, karena homogenitas Icarakter yang diinginkan relatif tinggi. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda yang pendugaannya dengan metode maximum likelihood. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa lebih dai 50% petani berpeluang untuk bcrhenti mengadopsi. Hal ini antara lain disebabkan ketidakmampuan petani untuk menanggung resiko USAhatani kapas transgenik yang tinggi, sedang pendapatan yang diharapkan kurang stabil. Selain itu adopsi berpeluang besar akan berlanjut di daerah yang iklimnya sesuai dan kompatible dengan musim dan pola tanam yang ada. Analysis of sustainability of transgenic cotton adoption in South SulawesiThe adoption of transgenic conon that has been introduced since 2000 in seven regencies of South Sulawesi need to be evaluated further. The objective of the study was to analyze factors which influenced the adoption of transgenic cotton by the farmers in the introduction area. The research frame used is sustainability of adoption depend on characteistics of subjects and innovation and physical and social environment. Citeia used to determine research area were distribution and coverage of transgenic conon farms, distibution pattern of rainfall, and time of harvest. The area chosen were Regency of Bantaeng, Takalar, Gowa, and Bulukumba. The sampling method used was simple random sampling, since the population was relatively homogen. The results of the analysis indicated that more than SO % of the farmers had a chance to stop adopting the transgenic conon. Il happened because the farmers were uncapablc to take the isk of transgenic coton farming which was very high, while the income rom this farming was not stable. However, the adoption of transgenic cotton is potential in the area where the climate is suitable and compatible with the seasons and existing farming system.