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  • Energy Research
  • French National Research Agency (AN...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dellali, Emna;

    The present work presents a thermofluidic study of a Stirling engine regenerator both at the micro and millimeter scales within the framework of the MISTIC (Micro Stirling Clusters) project financed by the ANR. The studied thermal regenerator allows to limit external energy supply to the system by recycling the heat rejected during the thermodynamic cycle. It is composed of a staggered-pillars matrix crossed by an oscillatory gas flow. The design of the miniature structures of the regenerator was conditioned by the chosen manufacturing process. The micro-regenerator design was conditioned by the chosen manufacturing process. The investigated porosities vary between ε = 0.8 and 0.9 for a shape factor equal to F.F = 0.3. The numerical simulations and experimental results for both prototype scales highlight the effects of the porosity, the piston stroke, the gas flow frequencies and the thermal gradient on the regenerator thermofluidic performances. Besides, correlations of the pressure loss coefficient were established and confronted with those available in the literature. We also calculated the pumping power required during a thermal cycle which depends on the porosity, the piston stroke as well as the gas flow frequency. The calculation of thermal efficiencies of the regenerator was led on both phases of heat store and heat refund. We established a decrease of the thermal efficiency according to the number of Reynolds, no concluding results were obtained for the effect of the porosity. A rough estimation of the figure of merit showed an increase of the pressure drop to thermal heat loss ratio according to an increasing Reynolds number of the gas flow.; Le présent travail concerne l’étude thermique et fluidique d’un régénérateur thermique de moteur Stirling aux échelles millimétrique et micrométrique. Il s’intègre dans le cadre du projet MISTIC (Micro Stirling Clusters) financé par l’ANR. Le régénérateur thermique étudié permet de limiter les apports en énergie externe au système en recyclant la quantité de chaleur rejetée pendant le cycle thermodynamique. La conception des structures miniatures du régénérateur a été conditionnée par le procédé de fabrication choisi.Les porosités étudiées varient entre ε = 0, 8 et 0, 9 pour un facteur de forme égal à F.F = 0, 3. A l’issue des simulations numériques et des essais expérimentaux réalisés sur les prototypes micrométrique et millimétrique du régénérateur, nous avons pu mettre en évidence respectivement l’effet de la porosité, de la course du piston, des fréquences d’écoulement et du gradient thermique imposé sur les performances thermofluidiques du régénérateur. Par ailleurs, des corrélations du coefficient de perte de charge ont été établies et confrontées à celles présentes dans la littérature. Nous avons également quantifié la puissance de pompage requise pour la circulation alternative du fluide pendant un cycle thermique qui s’est avérée tributaire de la porosité, de la course du piston ainsi que de la fréquence de l’écoulement. Le calcul des efficacités thermiques du régénérateur a été menée sur les deux phases d’accumulation et de restitution de l’énergie thermique au cours du cycle thermodynamique. Nous avons établi une diminution de l’efficacité thermique en fonction du nombre de Reynolds de l’écoulement sans pour autant obtenir de résultats concluants quant à l’effet de la porosité. Une estimation de la figure de mérite a montré une tendance globale croissante du rapport pertes de charges/transferts thermiques en fonction du nombre de Reynolds de l’écoulement.

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    Authors: Dhote, Jean-Francois; Cornu, Sophie; Deleuze, Christine; Dreyfus, Patrick; +2 Authors

    Ce numéro d’Innovations Agronomiques rassemble les présentations du colloque « Adaptation des forêts méditerranéennes aux changements climatiques » qui s'est tenu en Avignon le 20 novembre 2015.; National audience; Climate change is a major driver of sustainable forest management change. In this paper, R&D engineers of the French National Forest Service reviewed several aspects of sustainable forest management in the light of climate change, in order to identify research and innovation priorities. Climate change may be addressed with various points of view: (i) impacts, risk prevention and crisis management; (ii) adaptation of forest management; (iii) contribution to mitigation through wood production and use; (iv) continuity and quality of ecosystem services. The state of the art and ongoing questions were outlined, according to the specific challenges of a public service managing 25% of the mainland forest area, supplying 40% of exchanged timber, and particularly concerned by different national and European policies (forestry-wood chain, climate change, biodiversity conservation, energy transition, natural risk mitigation and prevention, water). The horizon scan did not suggest obvious contradictions between the different points of view. It showed (i) the potential opportunities brought by innovations linked to bioeconomy (bio-based production chains and markets); (ii) the need for a more explicit and integrated statement of management objectives, especially those regarding timber use and conservation of biodiversity; (iii) the impact of concentrating R&D investments and innovations to support an active, diversified forest management, condition for continuously providing high-quality ecosystem services, mitigating risks and securing a sufficient supply to the forest industries.; Le changement climatique structure la réflexion prospective sur la gestion durable des forêts, ses évolutions et les besoins d’innovation associés. L’Office National des Forêts présente ici une lecture de l’état des connaissances et des questions posées, à partir de laquelle il a défini ses priorités R&D: le travail a porté sur les principaux aspects de la gestion durable dans la définition de la Conférence d’Helsinki ; le contexte d’application est celui des forêts publiques françaises de métropole. Vis-à-vis du changement climatique, différents points de vue peuvent être adoptés : (i) impacts, prévention des risques et gestion des crises ; (ii) adaptation de la gestion ; (iii) contribution à l’atténuation via la production de bois ; (iv) continuité/qualité des services écosystémiques. L’analyse ne fait pas apparaître de contradictions entre ces différents points de vue, en revanche elle montre (i) les opportunités offertes par les innovations liées à la bioéconomie ; (ii) la nécessité de mieux expliciter les objectifs poursuivis (notamment dans la gestion de la biodiversité) ; (iii) l’intérêt de concentrer l’effort de R&D et innovation sur une série de leviers permettant une gestion active et diversifiée des forêts, gage de continuité des services écosystémiques, atténuation des risques et sécurisation des approvisionnements à la filière bois.

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    Authors: MAAROUFI, SEIFEDDINE;

    International audience Cet article présente un bâti et une méthode de caractérisation statique de structures piézoélectriques initialement vouées à la réalisation de récupérateurs d'énergie dédiés aux implants médicaux actifs autonomes (stimulateurs cardiaques - pacemakers). La partie active de ces systèmes se présente sous la forme d'une poutre encastrée-libre bimorphe et nous nous proposons ici d'investiguer dans la détermination de ses paramètres électromécaniques via la mesure de la force de blocage pour un stimulus électrique donné et par la mesure de la force de rappel induite au bout de celle-ci pour un déplacement imposé de la base.

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    Authors: Doaré, Olivier;

    Ce mémoire traite dans sa première partie des phénomènes d'instabilité en interaction fluide-structure. La première partie y est entièrement consacrée. Les problèmes spécifiques qui sont abordés sont le plus souvent fondamentaux~: les plaques en flottement en présence d'un écoulement axial (instabilité du drapeau), le flottement du tuyau d'arrosage, la dynamique d'oscillateurs masse-ressort sous écoulement. Ces systèmes sont représentatifs de nombreux phénomènes vibratoires rencontrés dans la vie courante ou l'industrie~: les vibrations de structures sous écoulement dans l'industrie nucléaire, le flottement de panneaux souples en aéronautique, les vibrations de structures soumises au vent dans le génie civil, les oscillations du papier défilant à grande vitesse entre les tambours d'imprimerie, la vibration de la glotte à l'origine du ronflement ou la vibration des cordes vocales.D'autres problématiques sont ensuite abordées en deuxième partie, qui concernent le cas des structures actives en interaction avec un fluide au repos. Il s'agit notamment des vibrations de plaques piézoélectriques pour la reproduction sonore ou les oscillations structures en alliage à mémoire de forme forcées, dont il est envisagé l'utilisation pour amortir les vibrations en génie civil. L'extension naturelle de l'ensemble de ces travaux consiste finalement à s'atteler à des problèmes d'interaction entre écoulements et structures actives. Un premier projet sur ce thème est présenté dans ce manuscrit~: la récupération d'énergie du flottement de plaques piézoélectriques.

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    Authors: Schweitzer, Benjamin;

    This thesis focuses on multi scale simulations heterogeneous catalysis reactions of polyols on platinum (111) in aqueous phase. This work is about lignocellulosic biomass valorisation. The reaction networks raising from these materials are extremely large and complex. Also, the properties of the molecules forming this biomass make aqueous conditions mandatory. Ab initio methods as we know them forbids us to treat entire networks at the finest calculation level, the computational cost would be way beyond feasibility. Changing the simulation scale can tackle this problem. Thus, we developed a group additivity model assessing for thermochemical properties of polyols at a platinum (111) surface under aqueous conditions, with a topology as the only input. This model was built upon a density functional theory set. Kinetics of reactions was also covered, and the difference in terms of impact was investigated between implicit and explicit micro solvation models, in order to predict reaction barriers. The two models might be used together in order to feed a micro kinetic simulation, allowing a drastic decrease of reaction networks complexity. Finally, the influence on reactivity and selectivity, of hydroxyl groups on butanediol isomers was investigated.; Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation multi-échelle des réactions en catalyse hétérogène de polyols sur une surface de platine 111, en phase aqueuse. Ce travail s’inscrit dans l’utilisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique. Les réseaux réactionnels issus du traitement de cette matière première sont très grands en taille, et en complexité. D’autre part, la nature même des molécules la composant impose une chimie en phase aqueuse. Il n’est donc pas possible de cartographier l’ensemble des ces chemins réactionnels avec des méthodes de calcul ab initio, tant les conditions aqueuses et le grand nombre de simulations que cela impliquerai demanderaient d’effort computationnel. Le changement d’échelle de simulation peut répondre à ce problème. Nous avons ainsi développé un modèle d’additivité par groupes permettant la prédiction des propriétés thermodynamiques de réactions de polyols sur platine 111 en phase aqueuse, à partir de la seule structure topologique des réactifs. Ce modèle a été construit sur un jeu de données issus de calculs en théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité. Nous avons également étudié la cinétique de réactions de mêmes types, afin d’en prédire l’énergie d’activation à partir de leur thermodynamique. En parallèle, nous avons décrit l’influence de la micro-solvatation par rapport à un modèle de solvant implicite sur la réactivité d’alcools sur platine 111, ce qui couplé avec le modèle d’additivité par groupe permettra des simulations micro cinétiques complètes. Enfin, la réactivité des isomères du butanediol a été traitée afin de comprendre l’influence de l’espacement des fonctions alcools sur la réactivité d’un polyol.

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    Authors: Taguelmimt, Noureddine;

    Since the pioneering work of Brown and Roshko on the effects of density variations within the mixed layer flow, several other theoretical, experimental and numerical studies harnessed to finely investigate this flow. The motivations are of practical order (chemical industry, aerodynamics, combustion. . .) or purely theoretical (the role of coherent structures,secondary instabilities). These studies have focused on, among others, the effects of compressibility and/or variable density. To our knowledge, the effects of viscosity variations in the mixing layer configuration are not discussed in the literature. The objective of this researchis the theoretical and numerical exploration of the variable viscosity temporal mixedlayer flow, especially during its initial phase of development. From a numerical viewpoint, the Navier-Stokes equations are solved in weakly compressible formulation, using the solver CHOC-WAVES, based on WENO scheme. The DNS approach is justified by the absence in the literature of subgrid models that account for the effects of variable viscosity. The transport equations of different mean and fluctuating quantities at a point and each scale (scale-by-scale energy budget) are rewritten in incompressible and variable-viscosity formulation. Additional terms, generated by the spatial and temporal variations of viscosity occur in these equations. These are used as a tool to explore the mixed layer flow and study the development of turbulence in a heterogeneous environment. The simulated viscosity ratios are Rv = [1 − 18]. The numerical results show that the mixing layer thickness δθ growsfaster when the viscosity ratio Rv is high. The vertical gradients of the longitudinal mean velocity are amplified by the viscosity gradients, a gain of almost 60 %, compared to initial values was observed. The production of turbulent kinetic energy is also amplified. The temporal evolution of the velocity fluctuations is accelerated, they are increased to nearly 120 % with respect to the constant viscosity flow. The self-similar regime of the Reynolds tensor is reached more quickly by the variable viscosity flow and the isotropy of the velocity fluctuations is improved. Depuis les travaux pionniers de Brown et Roshko portant sur les effets des variations de masse volumique au sein de l’écoulement de couche de mélange, plusieurs autres études tant théoriques, expérimentales ou numériques se sont attelées à étudier finement cet écoulement. Les motivations sont d’ordre pratiques (industrie de la chimie, l’aérodynamique, la combustion . . .) ou alors purement théoriques (rôle des structures cohérentes, instabilités secondaires. . .). Ces études se sont intéressées, entre autres, aux effets de compressibilité et/ou de masse volumique variable. A notre connaissance, les effets des variations de viscosité dans la configuration de couche de mélange sont peu abordés dans la littérature. L’objectif de ces travaux de recherche est l’exploration théorique et numérique de l’écoulement de couche de mélange temporelle à viscosité variable, plus particulièrement durant sa phase initiale de développement. D’un point de vu numérique, les équations de Navier-Stokes sont résolues,en formulation faiblement compressible, au moyen du solveur CHOC-WAVES, basé sur le schéma WENO. L’approche DNS est justifiée par l’absence, dans la littérature, de modèles de sous-maille capables de prendre en compte les effets de la viscosité variable. Les équations de transport des différentes grandeurs moyennes et fluctuantes en un point et en chaque échelle (bilan d’énergie cinétique) sont réécrites en formulations incompressible et à viscosité variable. Des termes supplémentaires, engendrés par les variations spatio-temporelles de la viscosité, apparaissent dans ces équations. Celles-ci sont utilisées comme outil, afin d’explorer l’écoulement de couche de mélange et d’étudier le développement de la turbulence dans un milieu hétérogène. Les rapports de viscosité simulés sont Rv = [1−18]. Les résultats numériques montrent que l’épaisseur de la zone de mélange δθ évolue plus rapidement lorsque le rapport de viscosité Rv est élevé. De même, les gradients verticaux de la vitesse longitudinale sont amplifiés par les gradients de viscosité, un gain de près de 60%, par rapport aux valeurs initiales, est observé. La production de l’énergie cinétique turbulente est également amplifiée.L’évolution temporelle des fluctuations des vitesse est accélérée, celles-ci sont augmentées de près de 120% par rapport à l’écoulement à viscosité constante. Le régime autosimilaire du tenseur de Reynolds est atteint plus rapidement par l’écoulement à viscosité variable et l’isotropie des fluctuations de vitesse est améliorée.

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    Authors: TEULLE, Alexandre;

    The main objective of this thesis is to interpret experimental measurements of the plasmonic properties of goldcolloidal particles.First, we study the optical near-field distribution around nano-platelets thanks to the photomigration technique. Thisindirect photo-chemical mapping uncovers a size effect by shining at 457 nm and 514 nm particles of different sizes, suggesting a quasi-modal response from the surface plasmons supported by these structures. This peculiar response is evidenced in the case of colloidal triangles of 500 nm side length.Then, we show that Two Photon Luminescence (TPL) offers another original way to probe the electromagnetic fielddistribution inside Au particles. We focus the TPL study on gold nano-rods and platelets. TPL maps show a strong confinement of the electromagnetic field inside these objects. Signal localization can be controlled by adjusting incident polarization.Simultaneously, we have developed a new tool based on the Green Dyadic Method (GDM) to reproduce and analyze TPL maps. They confirm specific near-field localization in the metal and provide a new insight into wavelength and particle shape influence. Our model suggests that TPL gives also access to the local density of plasmonic states in the particle and consequently that the coupling between two gold platelets could lead to a new design of a plasmonic modal logic gate. Finally, we have investigated the optical properties of gold nanoparticle chains. These nanoparticles fuse under theelectron beam of the TEM. The fusion shifts plasmons resonances of the chains towards the infrared region. These plasmonic modes have been studied spatially and spectrally using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS). We have developed a theoretical model showing the link between the energy loss of a swift electron and the local density of states. Using the GDM, we have computed EELS maps of these nanoparticle chains.; Cette thèse a pour objectif principal d’interpréter des mesures expérimentales des propriétés plasmoniques denanoparticules d’or cristallines de différentes morphologies.Nous étudions tout d’abord, grâce à un film photosensible, la distribution du champ local autour de nano-prismes d’or.Cette cartographie indirecte révèle un effet de taille en irradiant à 457 nm et 514nm des objets de formes identiques mais de dimensions différentes, suggérant une réponse quasi-modale des plasmons supportés par ces structures. Cette réponse quasimodale est mise en évidence dans le cas de prismes triangulaires de 500 nm de côté.Dans une seconde étape, nous montrons que la luminescence à deux photons (TPL) offre un autre moyen original desonder la distribution du champ électromagnétique à l’intérieur de ces particules. En particulier, nous considérons le cas des nano-bâtonnets et des prismes d’or. Les cartes TPL montrent un fort confinement du champ à l’intérieur de ces objets. La localisation du signal peut être contrôlée en ajustant la polarisation incidente. Parallèlement, nous avons développé un nouvel outil de simulation pour reproduire et interpréter les cartes TPL. Elles confirment la spatialisation spécifique du champ proche et nous renseignent sur l’influence de la longueur d’onde et de la forme des prismes. Notre modèle suggère que la TPL donne aussi accès à la densité locale d’états plasmoniques dans la particule, et que le couplage entre deux nano-prismes peut constituer une nouvelle façon de concevoir des portes logiques modales plasmoniques.Enfin, nous avons étudié les propriétés optiques de chaines de sphères d’or d’une dizaine de nanomètres de diamètre. Les particules constituant ces chaines fusionnent sous l’effet du faisceau du microscope électronique en transmission ce qui conduit à un décalage dans l’infrarouge des modes de résonance plasmon. Nous avons caractérisé spatialement et spectralement ces modes plasmons par spectroscopie de pertes d’énergie (EELS). Grâce à la polyvalence du formalisme des fonctions de Green, et en nous appuyant sur une modélisation théorique montrant le lien entre signal de perte et densité locale d’états, nous avons simulé des cartes EELS de ces objets.

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    Authors: Kinkelin , Christophe;

    The purpose of the studied thermal damper is to smooth the temperature peaks of transient electronic components via a composite structure consisting of an array of carbon nanotubes (CNT) filled with solid-liquid phase change material (PCM), the whole being embedded in a silicon (Si) casing. This passive system is intended to increase the thermal inertia per unit of volume of the electronic component thanks to the latent heat of the PCM while maintaining a high thermal conductance thanks to the CNT. A versatile test bench was specifically developed in order to characterize the different generations of samples fabricated by the partners of the THERMA3D project. The thermal excitation of the front side of the sample is generated by a laser and the thermal response is measured simultaneously on the front and back sides by an infrared camera. A selected paint can be deposited on the sample in order to access its temperature by means of a dedicated calibration. Parameter estimation methods were developed in order to quantify both main characteristics of the thermal damper: its heat storage capacity and its thermal resistance. The sensitivities of the thermal resistance to the features of the Si/CNT connection and to the length of the CNT were studied and it was found out that the interfacial thermal resistances Si/CNT are dominant in the system. Thermal cycling tests enabled to assess the reliability of the thermal damper in an accelerated manner. The behavior of the PCM and the quality of the sealing material were optically analyzed. Besides, the infrared visualization of the CNT array through the semi-transparent silicon enabled to identify the highest of both Si/CNT interfacial thermal resistances. Finally, a non-destructive testing method for the evaluation of the quality of Si/CNT interfaces was developed for the latest generation of thermal dampers. L’amortisseur thermique étudié dans le cadre de cette thèse a pour objectif de limiter les pics de température des composants électroniques fonctionnant en régime transitoire au moyen d’une structure composite consistant en un réseau de nanotubes de carbone (NTC) rempli de matériau à changement de phase (MCP) solide-liquide, le tout étant contenu dans un boîtier en silicium (Si). Ce système passif vise à augmenter l’inertie thermique volumique du composant grâce à la chaleur latente du MCP tout en maintenant une bonne conductance thermique grâce aux NTC. Un dispositif expérimental polyvalent a été développé spécifiquement pour caractériser les différentes générations d’échantillons fabriqués par les partenaires du projet THERMA3D. L’excitation thermique de l’échantillon est réalisée au moyen d’un laser en face amont et la réponse thermique est mesurée par caméra infrarouge simultanément sur les faces amont et aval. L’application d’une peinture sélectionnée sur l’échantillon permet d’accéder à sa température après un étalonnage dédié. Des méthodes d’estimation de paramètres ont été développées pour quantifier les deux caractéristiques essentielles de l’amortisseur thermique que sont sa capacité de stockage thermique et sa résistance thermique. Les sensibilités de la résistance thermique aux caractéristiques de la connexion Si/NTC et à la longueur des NTC ont été étudiées et les résistances thermiques d’interface Si/NTC ont été identifiées comme dominantes au sein du système. Des essais de cyclage thermique ont permis d’évaluer la fiabilité de l’ensemble de manière accélérée. Le comportement du MCP et la qualité du matériau de scellement ont été analysés par voie optique. Par ailleurs, la plus élevée des deux résistances thermiques d’interface Si/NTC a été localisée grâce à la visualisation infrarouge du réseau de NTC à travers le silicium semi-transparent. Enfin, une méthode de contrôle non destructif de la qualité de l’interface Si/NTC a été développée pour les amortisseurs thermiques de dernière génération.

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    Authors: Aigrain, Patrick; Bois, Benjamin; BRUGIÈRE, Françoise; Duchene, Eric; +6 Authors

    The document is a scientific contribution to the construction of the climate strategy of the French wine industry. It presents a selection of actions to address the issue of climate change, based on a consultation conducted in 2019 in the main French wine regions, and following a foresight exercise carried out since 2015 by the authors of this document. The selection method for the 800 actions is detailed, crossing codification and evaluation by the group of experts. The 38 selected actions are then presented according to eight areas, defined before the consultation: knowledge on wine-growing areas, viticultural practices, plant material, winemaking, market knowledge, R&D, mitigation, communication. Each completed, ongoing or planned action is briefly described and then associated with research projects identified by the group of experts. The analysis shows the diversity of possible options, often already tested, and the importance of sharing this knowledge between the wine regions. Le document est une contribution scientifique à la construction de la stratégie climat de la filière vigne et vin en France. Il présente une sélection d’actions visant à répondre à l’enjeu du changement climatique, en partant d’une consultation réalisée en 2019 dans les principales régions viticoles françaises, et faisant suite à une démarche de prospective animée depuis 2015 par les auteurs de ce document. La méthode de sélection des 800 actions est détaillée, croisant codification et évaluation par le groupe d’experts. Les 38 actions proposées sont ensuite présentées selon huit domaines, définis avant la consultation : connaissance des zones viticoles, pratiques viticoles, matériel végétal, vinification, connaissance des marchés, R&D, atténuation, communication. Chaque action, qu’elle soit réalisée, en cours ou envisagée, est décrite brièvement puis associée à des projets de recherches recensés par ailleurs par le groupe d’experts. L’analyse montre la diversité des options possibles, souvent déjà testées, et l’importance de partager ces connaissances entre les régions viticoles.

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    Authors: Villemin, Thomas; Farges, Olivier; Parent, Gilles; CLAVERIE, Rémy; +1 Authors

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    Authors: Dellali, Emna;

    The present work presents a thermofluidic study of a Stirling engine regenerator both at the micro and millimeter scales within the framework of the MISTIC (Micro Stirling Clusters) project financed by the ANR. The studied thermal regenerator allows to limit external energy supply to the system by recycling the heat rejected during the thermodynamic cycle. It is composed of a staggered-pillars matrix crossed by an oscillatory gas flow. The design of the miniature structures of the regenerator was conditioned by the chosen manufacturing process. The micro-regenerator design was conditioned by the chosen manufacturing process. The investigated porosities vary between ε = 0.8 and 0.9 for a shape factor equal to F.F = 0.3. The numerical simulations and experimental results for both prototype scales highlight the effects of the porosity, the piston stroke, the gas flow frequencies and the thermal gradient on the regenerator thermofluidic performances. Besides, correlations of the pressure loss coefficient were established and confronted with those available in the literature. We also calculated the pumping power required during a thermal cycle which depends on the porosity, the piston stroke as well as the gas flow frequency. The calculation of thermal efficiencies of the regenerator was led on both phases of heat store and heat refund. We established a decrease of the thermal efficiency according to the number of Reynolds, no concluding results were obtained for the effect of the porosity. A rough estimation of the figure of merit showed an increase of the pressure drop to thermal heat loss ratio according to an increasing Reynolds number of the gas flow.; Le présent travail concerne l’étude thermique et fluidique d’un régénérateur thermique de moteur Stirling aux échelles millimétrique et micrométrique. Il s’intègre dans le cadre du projet MISTIC (Micro Stirling Clusters) financé par l’ANR. Le régénérateur thermique étudié permet de limiter les apports en énergie externe au système en recyclant la quantité de chaleur rejetée pendant le cycle thermodynamique. La conception des structures miniatures du régénérateur a été conditionnée par le procédé de fabrication choisi.Les porosités étudiées varient entre ε = 0, 8 et 0, 9 pour un facteur de forme égal à F.F = 0, 3. A l’issue des simulations numériques et des essais expérimentaux réalisés sur les prototypes micrométrique et millimétrique du régénérateur, nous avons pu mettre en évidence respectivement l’effet de la porosité, de la course du piston, des fréquences d’écoulement et du gradient thermique imposé sur les performances thermofluidiques du régénérateur. Par ailleurs, des corrélations du coefficient de perte de charge ont été établies et confrontées à celles présentes dans la littérature. Nous avons également quantifié la puissance de pompage requise pour la circulation alternative du fluide pendant un cycle thermique qui s’est avérée tributaire de la porosité, de la course du piston ainsi que de la fréquence de l’écoulement. Le calcul des efficacités thermiques du régénérateur a été menée sur les deux phases d’accumulation et de restitution de l’énergie thermique au cours du cycle thermodynamique. Nous avons établi une diminution de l’efficacité thermique en fonction du nombre de Reynolds de l’écoulement sans pour autant obtenir de résultats concluants quant à l’effet de la porosité. Une estimation de la figure de mérite a montré une tendance globale croissante du rapport pertes de charges/transferts thermiques en fonction du nombre de Reynolds de l’écoulement.

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    Authors: Dhote, Jean-Francois; Cornu, Sophie; Deleuze, Christine; Dreyfus, Patrick; +2 Authors

    Ce numéro d’Innovations Agronomiques rassemble les présentations du colloque « Adaptation des forêts méditerranéennes aux changements climatiques » qui s'est tenu en Avignon le 20 novembre 2015.; National audience; Climate change is a major driver of sustainable forest management change. In this paper, R&D engineers of the French National Forest Service reviewed several aspects of sustainable forest management in the light of climate change, in order to identify research and innovation priorities. Climate change may be addressed with various points of view: (i) impacts, risk prevention and crisis management; (ii) adaptation of forest management; (iii) contribution to mitigation through wood production and use; (iv) continuity and quality of ecosystem services. The state of the art and ongoing questions were outlined, according to the specific challenges of a public service managing 25% of the mainland forest area, supplying 40% of exchanged timber, and particularly concerned by different national and European policies (forestry-wood chain, climate change, biodiversity conservation, energy transition, natural risk mitigation and prevention, water). The horizon scan did not suggest obvious contradictions between the different points of view. It showed (i) the potential opportunities brought by innovations linked to bioeconomy (bio-based production chains and markets); (ii) the need for a more explicit and integrated statement of management objectives, especially those regarding timber use and conservation of biodiversity; (iii) the impact of concentrating R&D investments and innovations to support an active, diversified forest management, condition for continuously providing high-quality ecosystem services, mitigating risks and securing a sufficient supply to the forest industries.; Le changement climatique structure la réflexion prospective sur la gestion durable des forêts, ses évolutions et les besoins d’innovation associés. L’Office National des Forêts présente ici une lecture de l’état des connaissances et des questions posées, à partir de laquelle il a défini ses priorités R&D: le travail a porté sur les principaux aspects de la gestion durable dans la définition de la Conférence d’Helsinki ; le contexte d’application est celui des forêts publiques françaises de métropole. Vis-à-vis du changement climatique, différents points de vue peuvent être adoptés : (i) impacts, prévention des risques et gestion des crises ; (ii) adaptation de la gestion ; (iii) contribution à l’atténuation via la production de bois ; (iv) continuité/qualité des services écosystémiques. L’analyse ne fait pas apparaître de contradictions entre ces différents points de vue, en revanche elle montre (i) les opportunités offertes par les innovations liées à la bioéconomie ; (ii) la nécessité de mieux expliciter les objectifs poursuivis (notamment dans la gestion de la biodiversité) ; (iii) l’intérêt de concentrer l’effort de R&D et innovation sur une série de leviers permettant une gestion active et diversifiée des forêts, gage de continuité des services écosystémiques, atténuation des risques et sécurisation des approvisionnements à la filière bois.

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    Authors: MAAROUFI, SEIFEDDINE;

    International audience Cet article présente un bâti et une méthode de caractérisation statique de structures piézoélectriques initialement vouées à la réalisation de récupérateurs d'énergie dédiés aux implants médicaux actifs autonomes (stimulateurs cardiaques - pacemakers). La partie active de ces systèmes se présente sous la forme d'une poutre encastrée-libre bimorphe et nous nous proposons ici d'investiguer dans la détermination de ses paramètres électromécaniques via la mesure de la force de blocage pour un stimulus électrique donné et par la mesure de la force de rappel induite au bout de celle-ci pour un déplacement imposé de la base.

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    Authors: Doaré, Olivier;

    Ce mémoire traite dans sa première partie des phénomènes d'instabilité en interaction fluide-structure. La première partie y est entièrement consacrée. Les problèmes spécifiques qui sont abordés sont le plus souvent fondamentaux~: les plaques en flottement en présence d'un écoulement axial (instabilité du drapeau), le flottement du tuyau d'arrosage, la dynamique d'oscillateurs masse-ressort sous écoulement. Ces systèmes sont représentatifs de nombreux phénomènes vibratoires rencontrés dans la vie courante ou l'industrie~: les vibrations de structures sous écoulement dans l'industrie nucléaire, le flottement de panneaux souples en aéronautique, les vibrations de structures soumises au vent dans le génie civil, les oscillations du papier défilant à grande vitesse entre les tambours d'imprimerie, la vibration de la glotte à l'origine du ronflement ou la vibration des cordes vocales.D'autres problématiques sont ensuite abordées en deuxième partie, qui concernent le cas des structures actives en interaction avec un fluide au repos. Il s'agit notamment des vibrations de plaques piézoélectriques pour la reproduction sonore ou les oscillations structures en alliage à mémoire de forme forcées, dont il est envisagé l'utilisation pour amortir les vibrations en génie civil. L'extension naturelle de l'ensemble de ces travaux consiste finalement à s'atteler à des problèmes d'interaction entre écoulements et structures actives. Un premier projet sur ce thème est présenté dans ce manuscrit~: la récupération d'énergie du flottement de plaques piézoélectriques.

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    Authors: Schweitzer, Benjamin;

    This thesis focuses on multi scale simulations heterogeneous catalysis reactions of polyols on platinum (111) in aqueous phase. This work is about lignocellulosic biomass valorisation. The reaction networks raising from these materials are extremely large and complex. Also, the properties of the molecules forming this biomass make aqueous conditions mandatory. Ab initio methods as we know them forbids us to treat entire networks at the finest calculation level, the computational cost would be way beyond feasibility. Changing the simulation scale can tackle this problem. Thus, we developed a group additivity model assessing for thermochemical properties of polyols at a platinum (111) surface under aqueous conditions, with a topology as the only input. This model was built upon a density functional theory set. Kinetics of reactions was also covered, and the difference in terms of impact was investigated between implicit and explicit micro solvation models, in order to predict reaction barriers. The two models might be used together in order to feed a micro kinetic simulation, allowing a drastic decrease of reaction networks complexity. Finally, the influence on reactivity and selectivity, of hydroxyl groups on butanediol isomers was investigated.; Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation multi-échelle des réactions en catalyse hétérogène de polyols sur une surface de platine 111, en phase aqueuse. Ce travail s’inscrit dans l’utilisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique. Les réseaux réactionnels issus du traitement de cette matière première sont très grands en taille, et en complexité. D’autre part, la nature même des molécules la composant impose une chimie en phase aqueuse. Il n’est donc pas possible de cartographier l’ensemble des ces chemins réactionnels avec des méthodes de calcul ab initio, tant les conditions aqueuses et le grand nombre de simulations que cela impliquerai demanderaient d’effort computationnel. Le changement d’échelle de simulation peut répondre à ce problème. Nous avons ainsi développé un modèle d’additivité par groupes permettant la prédiction des propriétés thermodynamiques de réactions de polyols sur platine 111 en phase aqueuse, à partir de la seule structure topologique des réactifs. Ce modèle a été construit sur un jeu de données issus de calculs en théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité. Nous avons également étudié la cinétique de réactions de mêmes types, afin d’en prédire l’énergie d’activation à partir de leur thermodynamique. En parallèle, nous avons décrit l’influence de la micro-solvatation par rapport à un modèle de solvant implicite sur la réactivité d’alcools sur platine 111, ce qui couplé avec le modèle d’additivité par groupe permettra des simulations micro cinétiques complètes. Enfin, la réactivité des isomères du butanediol a été traitée afin de comprendre l’influence de l’espacement des fonctions alcools sur la réactivité d’un polyol.

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    Authors: Taguelmimt, Noureddine;

    Since the pioneering work of Brown and Roshko on the effects of density variations within the mixed layer flow, several other theoretical, experimental and numerical studies harnessed to finely investigate this flow. The motivations are of practical order (chemical industry, aerodynamics, combustion. . .) or purely theoretical (the role of coherent structures,secondary instabilities). These studies have focused on, among others, the effects of compressibility and/or variable density. To our knowledge, the effects of viscosity variations in the mixing layer configuration are not discussed in the literature. The objective of this researchis the theoretical and numerical exploration of the variable viscosity temporal mixedlayer flow, especially during its initial phase of development. From a numerical viewpoint, the Navier-Stokes equations are solved in weakly compressible formulation, using the solver CHOC-WAVES, based on WENO scheme. The DNS approach is justified by the absence in the literature of subgrid models that account for the effects of variable viscosity. The transport equations of different mean and fluctuating quantities at a point and each scale (scale-by-scale energy budget) are rewritten in incompressible and variable-viscosity formulation. Additional terms, generated by the spatial and temporal variations of viscosity occur in these equations. These are used as a tool to explore the mixed layer flow and study the development of turbulence in a heterogeneous environment. The simulated viscosity ratios are Rv = [1 − 18]. The numerical results show that the mixing layer thickness δθ growsfaster when the viscosity ratio Rv is high. The vertical gradients of the longitudinal mean velocity are amplified by the viscosity gradients, a gain of almost 60 %, compared to initial values was observed. The production of turbulent kinetic energy is also amplified. The temporal evolution of the velocity fluctuations is accelerated, they are increased to nearly 120 % with respect to the constant viscosity flow. The self-similar regime of the Reynolds tensor is reached more quickly by the variable viscosity flow and the isotropy of the velocity fluctuations is improved. Depuis les travaux pionniers de Brown et Roshko portant sur les effets des variations de masse volumique au sein de l’écoulement de couche de mélange, plusieurs autres études tant théoriques, expérimentales ou numériques se sont attelées à étudier finement cet écoulement. Les motivations sont d’ordre pratiques (industrie de la chimie, l’aérodynamique, la combustion . . .) ou alors purement théoriques (rôle des structures cohérentes, instabilités secondaires. . .). Ces études se sont intéressées, entre autres, aux effets de compressibilité et/ou de masse volumique variable. A notre connaissance, les effets des variations de viscosité dans la configuration de couche de mélange sont peu abordés dans la littérature. L’objectif de ces travaux de recherche est l’exploration théorique et numérique de l’écoulement de couche de mélange temporelle à viscosité variable, plus particulièrement durant sa phase initiale de développement. D’un point de vu numérique, les équations de Navier-Stokes sont résolues,en formulation faiblement compressible, au moyen du solveur CHOC-WAVES, basé sur le schéma WENO. L’approche DNS est justifiée par l’absence, dans la littérature, de modèles de sous-maille capables de prendre en compte les effets de la viscosité variable. Les équations de transport des différentes grandeurs moyennes et fluctuantes en un point et en chaque échelle (bilan d’énergie cinétique) sont réécrites en formulations incompressible et à viscosité variable. Des termes supplémentaires, engendrés par les variations spatio-temporelles de la viscosité, apparaissent dans ces équations. Celles-ci sont utilisées comme outil, afin d’explorer l’écoulement de couche de mélange et d’étudier le développement de la turbulence dans un milieu hétérogène. Les rapports de viscosité simulés sont Rv = [1−18]. Les résultats numériques montrent que l’épaisseur de la zone de mélange δθ évolue plus rapidement lorsque le rapport de viscosité Rv est élevé. De même, les gradients verticaux de la vitesse longitudinale sont amplifiés par les gradients de viscosité, un gain de près de 60%, par rapport aux valeurs initiales, est observé. La production de l’énergie cinétique turbulente est également amplifiée.L’évolution temporelle des fluctuations des vitesse est accélérée, celles-ci sont augmentées de près de 120% par rapport à l’écoulement à viscosité constante. Le régime autosimilaire du tenseur de Reynolds est atteint plus rapidement par l’écoulement à viscosité variable et l’isotropie des fluctuations de vitesse est améliorée.

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    Authors: TEULLE, Alexandre;

    The main objective of this thesis is to interpret experimental measurements of the plasmonic properties of goldcolloidal particles.First, we study the optical near-field distribution around nano-platelets thanks to the photomigration technique. Thisindirect photo-chemical mapping uncovers a size effect by shining at 457 nm and 514 nm particles of different sizes, suggesting a quasi-modal response from the surface plasmons supported by these structures. This peculiar response is evidenced in the case of colloidal triangles of 500 nm side length.Then, we show that Two Photon Luminescence (TPL) offers another original way to probe the electromagnetic fielddistribution inside Au particles. We focus the TPL study on gold nano-rods and platelets. TPL maps show a strong confinement of the electromagnetic field inside these objects. Signal localization can be controlled by adjusting incident polarization.Simultaneously, we have developed a new tool based on the Green Dyadic Method (GDM) to reproduce and analyze TPL maps. They confirm specific near-field localization in the metal and provide a new insight into wavelength and particle shape influence. Our model suggests that TPL gives also access to the local density of plasmonic states in the particle and consequently that the coupling between two gold platelets could lead to a new design of a plasmonic modal logic gate. Finally, we have investigated the optical properties of gold nanoparticle chains. These nanoparticles fuse under theelectron beam of the TEM. The fusion shifts plasmons resonances of the chains towards the infrared region. These plasmonic modes have been studied spatially and spectrally using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS). We have developed a theoretical model showing the link between the energy loss of a swift electron and the local density of states. Using the GDM, we have computed EELS maps of these nanoparticle chains.; Cette thèse a pour objectif principal d’interpréter des mesures expérimentales des propriétés plasmoniques denanoparticules d’or cristallines de différentes morphologies.Nous étudions tout d’abord, grâce à un film photosensible, la distribution du champ local autour de nano-prismes d’or.Cette cartographie indirecte révèle un effet de taille en irradiant à 457 nm et 514nm des objets de formes identiques mais de dimensions différentes, suggérant une réponse quasi-modale des plasmons supportés par ces structures. Cette réponse quasimodale est mise en évidence dans le cas de prismes triangulaires de 500 nm de côté.Dans une seconde étape, nous montrons que la luminescence à deux photons (TPL) offre un autre moyen original desonder la distribution du champ électromagnétique à l’intérieur de ces particules. En particulier, nous considérons le cas des nano-bâtonnets et des prismes d’or. Les cartes TPL montrent un fort confinement du champ à l’intérieur de ces objets. La localisation du signal peut être contrôlée en ajustant la polarisation incidente. Parallèlement, nous avons développé un nouvel outil de simulation pour reproduire et interpréter les cartes TPL. Elles confirment la spatialisation spécifique du champ proche et nous renseignent sur l’influence de la longueur d’onde et de la forme des prismes. Notre modèle suggère que la TPL donne aussi accès à la densité locale d’états plasmoniques dans la particule, et que le couplage entre deux nano-prismes peut constituer une nouvelle façon de concevoir des portes logiques modales plasmoniques.Enfin, nous avons étudié les propriétés optiques de chaines de sphères d’or d’une dizaine de nanomètres de diamètre. Les particules constituant ces chaines fusionnent sous l’effet du faisceau du microscope électronique en transmission ce qui conduit à un décalage dans l’infrarouge des modes de résonance plasmon. Nous avons caractérisé spatialement et spectralement ces modes plasmons par spectroscopie de pertes d’énergie (EELS). Grâce à la polyvalence du formalisme des fonctions de Green, et en nous appuyant sur une modélisation théorique montrant le lien entre signal de perte et densité locale d’états, nous avons simulé des cartes EELS de ces objets.

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    Authors: Kinkelin , Christophe;

    The purpose of the studied thermal damper is to smooth the temperature peaks of transient electronic components via a composite structure consisting of an array of carbon nanotubes (CNT) filled with solid-liquid phase change material (PCM), the whole being embedded in a silicon (Si) casing. This passive system is intended to increase the thermal inertia per unit of volume of the electronic component thanks to the latent heat of the PCM while maintaining a high thermal conductance thanks to the CNT. A versatile test bench was specifically developed in order to characterize the different generations of samples fabricated by the partners of the THERMA3D project. The thermal excitation of the front side of the sample is generated by a laser and the thermal response is measured simultaneously on the front and back sides by an infrared camera. A selected paint can be deposited on the sample in order to access its temperature by means of a dedicated calibration. Parameter estimation methods were developed in order to quantify both main characteristics of the thermal damper: its heat storage capacity and its thermal resistance. The sensitivities of the thermal resistance to the features of the Si/CNT connection and to the length of the CNT were studied and it was found out that the interfacial thermal resistances Si/CNT are dominant in the system. Thermal cycling tests enabled to assess the reliability of the thermal damper in an accelerated manner. The behavior of the PCM and the quality of the sealing material were optically analyzed. Besides, the infrared visualization of the CNT array through the semi-transparent silicon enabled to identify the highest of both Si/CNT interfacial thermal resistances. Finally, a non-destructive testing method for the evaluation of the quality of Si/CNT interfaces was developed for the latest generation of thermal dampers. L’amortisseur thermique étudié dans le cadre de cette thèse a pour objectif de limiter les pics de température des composants électroniques fonctionnant en régime transitoire au moyen d’une structure composite consistant en un réseau de nanotubes de carbone (NTC) rempli de matériau à changement de phase (MCP) solide-liquide, le tout étant contenu dans un boîtier en silicium (Si). Ce système passif vise à augmenter l’inertie thermique volumique du composant grâce à la chaleur latente du MCP tout en maintenant une bonne conductance thermique grâce aux NTC. Un dispositif expérimental polyvalent a été développé spécifiquement pour caractériser les différentes générations d’échantillons fabriqués par les partenaires du projet THERMA3D. L’excitation thermique de l’échantillon est réalisée au moyen d’un laser en face amont et la réponse thermique est mesurée par caméra infrarouge simultanément sur les faces amont et aval. L’application d’une peinture sélectionnée sur l’échantillon permet d’accéder à sa température après un étalonnage dédié. Des méthodes d’estimation de paramètres ont été développées pour quantifier les deux caractéristiques essentielles de l’amortisseur thermique que sont sa capacité de stockage thermique et sa résistance thermique. Les sensibilités de la résistance thermique aux caractéristiques de la connexion Si/NTC et à la longueur des NTC ont été étudiées et les résistances thermiques d’interface Si/NTC ont été identifiées comme dominantes au sein du système. Des essais de cyclage thermique ont permis d’évaluer la fiabilité de l’ensemble de manière accélérée. Le comportement du MCP et la qualité du matériau de scellement ont été analysés par voie optique. Par ailleurs, la plus élevée des deux résistances thermiques d’interface Si/NTC a été localisée grâce à la visualisation infrarouge du réseau de NTC à travers le silicium semi-transparent. Enfin, une méthode de contrôle non destructif de la qualité de l’interface Si/NTC a été développée pour les amortisseurs thermiques de dernière génération.

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    Authors: Aigrain, Patrick; Bois, Benjamin; BRUGIÈRE, Françoise; Duchene, Eric; +6 Authors

    The document is a scientific contribution to the construction of the climate strategy of the French wine industry. It presents a selection of actions to address the issue of climate change, based on a consultation conducted in 2019 in the main French wine regions, and following a foresight exercise carried out since 2015 by the authors of this document. The selection method for the 800 actions is detailed, crossing codification and evaluation by the group of experts. The 38 selected actions are then presented according to eight areas, defined before the consultation: knowledge on wine-growing areas, viticultural practices, plant material, winemaking, market knowledge, R&D, mitigation, communication. Each completed, ongoing or planned action is briefly described and then associated with research projects identified by the group of experts. The analysis shows the diversity of possible options, often already tested, and the importance of sharing this knowledge between the wine regions. Le document est une contribution scientifique à la construction de la stratégie climat de la filière vigne et vin en France. Il présente une sélection d’actions visant à répondre à l’enjeu du changement climatique, en partant d’une consultation réalisée en 2019 dans les principales régions viticoles françaises, et faisant suite à une démarche de prospective animée depuis 2015 par les auteurs de ce document. La méthode de sélection des 800 actions est détaillée, croisant codification et évaluation par le groupe d’experts. Les 38 actions proposées sont ensuite présentées selon huit domaines, définis avant la consultation : connaissance des zones viticoles, pratiques viticoles, matériel végétal, vinification, connaissance des marchés, R&D, atténuation, communication. Chaque action, qu’elle soit réalisée, en cours ou envisagée, est décrite brièvement puis associée à des projets de recherches recensés par ailleurs par le groupe d’experts. L’analyse montre la diversité des options possibles, souvent déjà testées, et l’importance de partager ces connaissances entre les régions viticoles.

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    Authors: Villemin, Thomas; Farges, Olivier; Parent, Gilles; CLAVERIE, Rémy; +1 Authors

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