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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: David, Guillaume;

    The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, native to the USA, is responsible of the pine wilt disease, causing large economic losses in the pine forests of all countries where it has been introduced. It uses as vector an insect of the genus Monochamus, e.g. M.galloprovincialis in Europe The objective of this thesis is to provide information about the dispersalabilities of, this beetle in order to better predict the spread rate of the PWN. Using flight mill experiments, we showed that immature adult beetles were able to fly since their emergence. The meanflight performance was ca. 500m per day, increasing with weight gain during the maturation period.There was no trade-offs in energy allocation between reproduction and dispersion. We therefore suggest that M. galloprovincialis is both "income breeder" and "capital disperser". Mature beetles were able to fly a total of 16km on average during their lifetime, with individual flights of ca. 1km. Flight performances increased with age and body weight, being equal for males and females. Because flight capacity remained constant across time, we suggested that the total distance potentially covered by beetles was mainly driven by their longevity. In a rearing experiment under controlled conditions we estimated the adult lifespan at 4 months. It was reduced under temperature regime with higheryearly thermal fluctuations. These results have important implications for the management of the PWN since they demonstrate that precautionary clear-cuts of 500m radius are likely to be ineffective in eradicating the disease. Le nématode du pin Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, originaire des Etats-Unis, est responsable de dépérissements massifs dans les forêts de pin des pays où il a été introduit. Il utilise comme vecteur un insecte du genre Monochamus, notamment M. galloprovincialis en Europe. L’objectif de cette thèse est de fournir des informations concernant les capacités de dispersion de ce coléoptère afin de mieux prédire le risque d'invasion. A l'aide d'expériences en manège de vol, nous avons montré que les adultes émergents, encore immatures, sont déjà en mesure de maintenir des vols soutenus. Ils peuvent parcourir une distance d'environ 500m par jour et les capacités de vol augmentent avec la prise de poids pendant la phase de maturation sexuelle. Il n'existe pas de compromis d'allocation de l'énergie entre fonctions de dispersion et de reproduction pendant cette période et nous proposons de qualifier ces insectes de "income breeder" et "capital disperser". A l'état mature M. galloprovincialis est capable de voler un total de 16 km, avec des vols individuels d'environ1 km; ces performances augmentent avec l'âge et le poids des insectes. Le maintien des capacités de vol tout au long de la vie adulte de M. galloprovincialis conduit à proposer que les distances potentiellement parcourues dépendent surtout de la longévité de l'insecte. Dans une expérience d'élevage en conditions contrôlées nous avons montré que la vie adulte dure au moins 4 mois, augmentant quand les fluctuations thermiques sont atténuées. Ces résultats ont des implications pour la gestion de B. xylophilus en Europe puisqu'ils démontrent que la méthode d'éradication par coupe rase sur un rayon de 500m est probablement inopérante.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Qu, Zhipeng;

    Several methods have been developed to assess operationally the surface solar irradiance from satellite images. During his PhD thesis presented in 2009 at MINES ParisTech, Oumbe has designed a new method using numerical radiative transfer model and fast approximations. The present PhD thesis aimed at consolidating these results and validating Heliosat-4. This work is the international scientific collaboration framework of the European-funded projects MACC (Monitoring Atmosphere Composition and Climate) and MACC-II.As a foundation of Heliosat-4, Oumbe has proposed an approximation of the radiative transfer equation by a product of clear-sky irradiance and a term describing the cloud extinction. We have established that estimation errors due to this approximation are very small in usual conditions and that this approximation may be adopted. It allows a convenient modular development of Heliosat-4 and eases its future operational use.The Heliosat-4 method is then composed of two abacus-based models: McClear for the irradiance under clear-sky and McCloud for the irradiance extinction due to clouds. With in-situ reference measurements of direct and diffuse irradiance, we have carried out deep performance analysis of Heliosat-4, under different conditions. The quality of this first preoperational version of Heliosat-4 is judged satisfactory as it enables estimations of global irradiance with the same level of quality of other existing methods in literature but also estimations of direct and diffuse irradiances with a noticeable better quality.; Plusieurs méthodes existent pour évaluer de manière opérationnelle l'éclairement solaire au sol à partir d'images acquises par satellite. Durant sa thèse soutenue en 2009 à MINES ParisTech, Oumbe a conçu une nouvelle méthode, Heliosat-4, faisant appel à des modèles numériques du transfert radiatif et à des approximations d'exécution rapide. La présente thèse vise à consolider ces résultats et à effectuer la validation complète de la méthode Heliosat-4. Elle s'inscrit dans une collaboration scientifique internationale dans les projets européens MACC (Monitoring Atmosphere Composition and Climate) et MACC-II.Oumbe a proposé une approximation de l'équation de transfert radiatif s'écrivant alors comme un produit de l'éclairement par ciel clair par un terme d'extinction dû aux nuages. Nous avons établi que les erreurs liées à cette approximation sont très faibles dans les conditions usuelles et qu'elle peut donc être utilisée dans Heliosat-4, ce qui en facilitera l'implémentation informatique ainsi que son fonctionnement opérationnelle.La méthode Heliosat-4 est donc ainsi composé de deux modèles composés d'abaques : McClear pour l'éclairement par ciel clair et McCloud pour l'extinction cet éclairement due aux nuages. A l'aide de mesures in-situ d'éclairements direct et diffus de référence, nous avons analysé finement les performances de Heliosat-4 selon différentes conditions. La qualité de la première version pré-opérationnelle de Heliosat-4 est jugée satisfaisante car elle permet des estimations d'éclairement global avec une précision de l'ordre de celles des méthodes existantes mais des estimations des composantes directe et diffuse sensiblement de meilleure qualité.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Chérif, Sadia;

    The dependence agriculture / rain submits agricultural productivity to climatic constraints in Man and Korhogo and limits strongly search for food safety. Farmers adopt traditional techniques of minimization of the risks for the improvement of the productivity of grounds and cultures. From analyzing for former and present practices and their justifications, this study makes a plea for incorporating traditional knowledge into scientific ones which perfect translation remains real increase of adaptive capacity of Dan and Senoufo farmers. La dépendance agriculture/pluie soumet la productivité agricole aux contraintes climatiques à Man et à Korhogo et limite fortement la recherche de la sécurité alimentaire. Les producteurs adoptent des techniques traditionnelles de minimisation des risques capitales pour l'amélioration de la productivité des sols et des cultures. Partant d'une analyse des pratiques de production anciennes et « nouvelles » présentes dans ces zones et leurs justifications, cette étude fait un plaidoyer en vue d'une incorporation des connaissances traditionnelles aux connaissances scientifiques dont la traduction parfaite reste une augmentation certaine de la capacité adaptative des agriculteurs Dan et Senoufo.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Oliveira, Grégory de;

    This PhD focuses on the global energy management based on energetical flux models ofbuildings. The objective of the energy management system is to help the inhabitants to manage theirbuilding, by scheduling the consumption/production of the different appliances, taking into accountenergy costs, availability et inhabitants' preferences. The PhD objective is to propose a resolution approach with several solvers inspired by the multi agent systems.A multi-phasis service representing several phasis has been developped. Each phasis is defined by its own consumption level. This type of service presents a better precision than singlephasis approaches to model some appliances. A new optimization approach has been developped. Itcombines different solvers embedded into software agents. The results is an hybrid approach forthe optimization based on the multi-agent system, using MILP algorithms and meta-heuristics.; Cette thèse concerne à la gestion globale à base de modèle des flux énergétiques dans le bâtiment. L'objectif des systèmes de gestion de l'énergie proposés est d'aider les occupants à gérer leur système bâtiment en planifiant la consommation/production des différents équipements présents en fonction des tarifs, de la disponibilité de l'énergie et des usages de l'occupant. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une approche de résolution multi-solveurs s'appuyant sur le paradigme multi-agent.Pour y parvenir, nous avons développé, dans un premier temps, un service multi-phase, qui représente plusieurs phases flexibles avec des niveaux de consommation différents, offrant un niveau de précision supérieure pour des équipements comme une machine à laver. Dans un second temps, notre travail a consisté à proposer une nouvelle approche d'optimisation combinant différents solveurs embarqués dans des agents logiciels. Le résultat est une approche d'optimisation hybride à base d'agents, s'appuyant sur des algorithmes PLNE et des méta-heuristiques.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Ouni , Anis;

    Wireless mesh networks (WMN) are a promising solution to support high data rate and increase the capacity provided to users, e.g. for meeting the requirements of mobile multimedia applications. However, the rapid growth of traffic load generated by the terminals is accompanied by an unsustainable increase of energy consumption, which becomes a hot societal and economical challenges. This thesis relates to the problem of the optimization of network capacity and energy consumption of wireless mesh networks. The network capacity is defined as the maximum achievable total traffic in the network per unit time. This thesis is divided into four main parts. First, we address the problem of improvement of the capacity of 802.11 wireless mesh networks. We highlight some insensible properties and deterministic factors of the capacity, while it is directly related to a bottleneck problem. Then, we propose a joint TDMA/CSMA scheduling strategy for solving the bottleneck issue in the network. Second, we focus on broadband wireless mesh networks based on time-frequency resource management. In order to get theoretical bounds on the network performances, we formulate optimization models based on linear programming and column generation algorithm. These models lead to compute an optimal offline configuration which maximizes the network capacity with low energy consumption. A realistic SINR model of the physical layer allows the nodes to perform continuous power control and use a discrete set of data rates. Third, we use the optimization models to provide practical engineering insights on WMN. We briefly study the tradeoff between network capacity and energy consumption using a realistic physical layer and SINR interference model. Finally, we focus on capacity and energy optimization for heterogeneous cellular networks. We develop, first, optimization tools to calculate an optimal configuration of the network that maximizes the network capacity with low energy consumption. We second propose a heuristic algorithm that calculates a scheduling and partial sleeping of base stations in two different strategies, called LAFS and MAFS.; Les réseaux maillés sans fil sont une solution efficace, de plus en plus mise en œuvre en tant qu'infrastructure, pour interconnecter les stations d'accès des réseaux radio. Ces réseaux doivent absorber une croissance très forte du trafic généré par les terminaux de nouvelle génération. Cependant, l'augmentation du prix de l'énergie, ainsi que les préoccupations écologiques et sanitaires, poussent à s'intéresser à la minimisation de la consommation énergétique de ces réseaux. Ces travaux de thèse s'inscrivent dans les problématiques d'optimisation de la capacité et de la minimisation de la consommation énergétique globale des réseaux radio maillés. Nous définissons la capacité d'un réseau comme la quantité de trafic que le réseau peut supporter par unité de temps. Ces travaux s'articulent autour de quatre axes. Tout d'abord, nous abordons le problème d'amélioration de la capacité des réseaux radio maillés de type WIFI où l'accès au médium radio se base sur le protocole d'accès CSMA/CA. Nous mettons en lumière, les facteurs déterminants qui impactent la capacité du réseau, et l'existence d'un goulot d'étranglement qui limite cette capacité du réseau. Ensuite, nous proposons une architecture de communication basée sur l'utilisation conjointe de CSMA/CA et de TDMA afin de résoudre ce problème de goulot d'étranglement. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux réseaux maillés sans fil basés sur un partage des ressources temps-fréquence. Afin de calculer des bornes théoriques sur les performances du réseau, nous développons des modèles d'optimisation basés sur la programmation linéaire et la technique de génération de colonnes. Ces modèles d'optimisation intègrent un modèle d'interférence SINR avec contrôle de puissance continue et variation de taux de transmission. Ils permettent, en particulier, de calculer une configuration optimale du réseau qui maximise la capacité ou minimise la consommation d'énergie. Ensuite, dans le troisième axe de recherche, nous étudions en détail le compromis entre la capacité du réseau et la consommation énergétique. Nous mettons en évidence plusieurs résultats d'ingénierie nécessaires pour un fonctionnement optimal d'un réseau maillé sans fil. Enfin, nous nous focalisons sur les réseaux cellulaires hétérogènes. Nous proposons des outils d'optimisation calculant une configuration optimale des stations de base qui maximise la capacité du réseau avec une consommation efficace d'énergie. Ensuite, afin d'économiser l'énergie, nous proposons une heuristique calculant un ordonnancement des stations et leur mise en mode d'endormissement partiel selon deux stratégies différentes, nommées LAFS et MAFS.

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    Authors: Coquand, Mathieu;

    Concentrated solar power is a promising way for renewable energy production. Optical efficiency of the mirrors is one of the key factors influencing a power plant performance. Methods which allow the operator to adjust all the heliostat of a plant quickly, in addition of calibration and tracking, are essential for the rise of the technology. The work presented in this thesis is the study of a “backward-gazing” method consisting in placing four cameras near the receiver simultaneously recording brightness images of the sun reflected by the heliostat. The optical errors of the mirrors are retrieved from these four images and the knowledge of the one dimension sun radiance profile.The first step of the study consists in the theoretical description of the method. Then numerical simulations are performed to estimate the general accuracy and the limits of the backward-gazing method. In a third phase, experimental tests have been fulfilled at Themis solar power plant. Finally, ideas of improvement are proposed based on the experiments performed. La filière solaire thermodynamique concentrée est une des voies les plus prometteuses pour la production des énergies renouvelables du futur. L’efficacité des surfaces optiques est un des facteurs clés influant sur les performances d’une centrale. Un des défis technologiques restant à résoudre concerne le temps et les efforts nécessaires à l’ajustement et l’orientation de tous ces miroirs, ainsi que la calibration des héliostats pour assurer un suivi précis de la course du soleil et une concentration contrôlée. Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit propose une réponse à ce problème par le développement d’une méthode de caractérisation des héliostats dite de « rétrovisée », consistant à placer quatre caméras au voisinage du récepteur pour enregistrer les répartitions de luminance occasionnées par la réflexion du soleil sur l’héliostat. La connaissance du profil de luminance solaire, combiné à ces quatre images, permet de reconstruire les pentes des erreurs optiques de l’héliostat.La première étape de l’étude de la méthode a consisté à établir les différentes équations permettant de reconstruire les pentes des surfaces optiques à partir des différents paramètres du système. Ces différents développements théoriques ont ensuite permis la réalisation de simulations numériques pour valider la méthode et définir ses possibilités et ses limites. Enfin, des tests expérimentaux ont été réalisés sur le site de la centrale Thémis. À la suite de ces expériences, des pistes d’améliorations ont été identifiées pour améliorer la précision expérimentale et envisager son déploiement industriel.

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    Authors: TEULLE, Alexandre;

    The main objective of this thesis is to interpret experimental measurements of the plasmonic properties of goldcolloidal particles.First, we study the optical near-field distribution around nano-platelets thanks to the photomigration technique. Thisindirect photo-chemical mapping uncovers a size effect by shining at 457 nm and 514 nm particles of different sizes, suggesting a quasi-modal response from the surface plasmons supported by these structures. This peculiar response is evidenced in the case of colloidal triangles of 500 nm side length.Then, we show that Two Photon Luminescence (TPL) offers another original way to probe the electromagnetic fielddistribution inside Au particles. We focus the TPL study on gold nano-rods and platelets. TPL maps show a strong confinement of the electromagnetic field inside these objects. Signal localization can be controlled by adjusting incident polarization.Simultaneously, we have developed a new tool based on the Green Dyadic Method (GDM) to reproduce and analyze TPL maps. They confirm specific near-field localization in the metal and provide a new insight into wavelength and particle shape influence. Our model suggests that TPL gives also access to the local density of plasmonic states in the particle and consequently that the coupling between two gold platelets could lead to a new design of a plasmonic modal logic gate. Finally, we have investigated the optical properties of gold nanoparticle chains. These nanoparticles fuse under theelectron beam of the TEM. The fusion shifts plasmons resonances of the chains towards the infrared region. These plasmonic modes have been studied spatially and spectrally using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS). We have developed a theoretical model showing the link between the energy loss of a swift electron and the local density of states. Using the GDM, we have computed EELS maps of these nanoparticle chains.; Cette thèse a pour objectif principal d’interpréter des mesures expérimentales des propriétés plasmoniques denanoparticules d’or cristallines de différentes morphologies.Nous étudions tout d’abord, grâce à un film photosensible, la distribution du champ local autour de nano-prismes d’or.Cette cartographie indirecte révèle un effet de taille en irradiant à 457 nm et 514nm des objets de formes identiques mais de dimensions différentes, suggérant une réponse quasi-modale des plasmons supportés par ces structures. Cette réponse quasimodale est mise en évidence dans le cas de prismes triangulaires de 500 nm de côté.Dans une seconde étape, nous montrons que la luminescence à deux photons (TPL) offre un autre moyen original desonder la distribution du champ électromagnétique à l’intérieur de ces particules. En particulier, nous considérons le cas des nano-bâtonnets et des prismes d’or. Les cartes TPL montrent un fort confinement du champ à l’intérieur de ces objets. La localisation du signal peut être contrôlée en ajustant la polarisation incidente. Parallèlement, nous avons développé un nouvel outil de simulation pour reproduire et interpréter les cartes TPL. Elles confirment la spatialisation spécifique du champ proche et nous renseignent sur l’influence de la longueur d’onde et de la forme des prismes. Notre modèle suggère que la TPL donne aussi accès à la densité locale d’états plasmoniques dans la particule, et que le couplage entre deux nano-prismes peut constituer une nouvelle façon de concevoir des portes logiques modales plasmoniques.Enfin, nous avons étudié les propriétés optiques de chaines de sphères d’or d’une dizaine de nanomètres de diamètre. Les particules constituant ces chaines fusionnent sous l’effet du faisceau du microscope électronique en transmission ce qui conduit à un décalage dans l’infrarouge des modes de résonance plasmon. Nous avons caractérisé spatialement et spectralement ces modes plasmons par spectroscopie de pertes d’énergie (EELS). Grâce à la polyvalence du formalisme des fonctions de Green, et en nous appuyant sur une modélisation théorique montrant le lien entre signal de perte et densité locale d’états, nous avons simulé des cartes EELS de ces objets.

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    Authors: Blanc, Philippe;

    L’objet de ce document est de proposer une synthèse ainsi que les perspectives de mes activités de recherche depuis 2007 à MINES ParisTech. Cette recherche est bien sûr le fruit d’un travail collectif mené par l’équipe dont j’ai actuellement la responsabilité. Mon apport scientifique dans ce groupe réside essentiellement dans l’aide à la formalisation mathématique des problèmes et à leurs résolutions au moyen d’algorithmes mettant en oeuvre le traitement d’image, du signal, l’analyse statistique ou, de manière générale, les mathématiques appliquées. J’y apporte également mes connaissances dans la mesure du rayonnement par des instruments de mesures in-situ acquises ces dernières années.

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    Authors: Meunier, Margot; Daures, Fabienne; Girard, Sophie;

    A partir de différentes sources de données dont le SIH de l'Ifremer, ce document propose un état des lieux de la production (pêche et aquaculture), des échanges commerciaux, de la consommation et de certains secteurs avals (halles à marée, mareyage et industrie de la transformation) à l'échelle nationale et régionale en 2010.

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    Authors: Travers, Morgane;

    La surexploitation et le changement climatique affectent le fonctionnement des écosystèmes marins, mais des incertitudes existent quant aux effets de leur action combinée. Par une approche de modélisation, ce travail de thèse vise à étudier comment les effets top-down de la pêche et les effets bottom-up du climat se combinent au sein du réseau trophique. Une synthèse bibliographique préliminaire a révélé l'absence d'un modèle end-to-end applicable en l'état à notre écosystème d'étude - le sud-Benguela - qui permettrait l'étude des effets conjoints de la pêche et du climat. Le couplage des modèles de plancton ROMS-N2P2Z2D2 et de poissons OSMOSE s'est alors imposé comme une méthode innovante permettant de développer un outil approprié à nos objectifs. L'importance d'un couplage à double sens via la prédation est illustrée par l'étude des variabilités spatiale et temporelle du terme de rétroaction, puis par la comparaison des dynamiques planctoniques et écosystémiques lorsqu'il y a rétroaction ou non. La simulation de scénarios climatique et halieutique montre que les effets combinés de la pêche et du climat sont généralement plus faibles que la somme de leurs effets individuels. Ce résultat reflète la forte résistance du système aux perturbations extérieures, induite par les relations trophiques nombreuses et variables entre les organismes. En accord avec les hypothèses de fonctionnement trophique basées sur l'intensité de la production primaire et la diversité des prédateurs, l'étude de la pyramide trophique montre que le contrôle bottom-up domine dans le sud-Benguela, i.e. que le climat affecte le fonctionnement trophique de cet écosystème plus fortement que de la pêche. Overfishing and climate change are now recognized to have important effects on marine ecosystem functioning but uncertainties remains about their combined effects. Using a modelling approach this thesis aims at assessing how the top-down effects of fishing and the bottom-up effects of climate combine themselves within the food web. A preliminary review highlighted the lack of end-to-end model applicable as it stands to our study case - the southern Benguela - and suitable to study the combined effects of fishing and climate. Coupling the plankton model ROMS-N2P2Z2D2 and the fish model OSMOSE appeared as an innovative method allowing to develop an appropriate tool meeting our objectives. The importance of two-way coupling via the predation process is first illustrated by the study of spatial and temporal variabilities of the feedback term, and then by the comparison of plankton and ecosystem dynamics when there is feedback or not. Simulating climate and fishing scenarios show that the combined effects of these factors are generally smaller than the sum of their individual effects. This result reflects the strong resilience of the ecosystem to external perturbations, induced by the numerous and weak trophic interactions between organisms. In agreement with hypotheses of trophic functioning based on the intensity of primary production and predators diversity, the study of the trophic pyramid show that bottom-up control dominates in the southern Benguela, i.e. that climate has stronger effects on the trophic functioning of this ecosystem than fishing.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: David, Guillaume;

    The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, native to the USA, is responsible of the pine wilt disease, causing large economic losses in the pine forests of all countries where it has been introduced. It uses as vector an insect of the genus Monochamus, e.g. M.galloprovincialis in Europe The objective of this thesis is to provide information about the dispersalabilities of, this beetle in order to better predict the spread rate of the PWN. Using flight mill experiments, we showed that immature adult beetles were able to fly since their emergence. The meanflight performance was ca. 500m per day, increasing with weight gain during the maturation period.There was no trade-offs in energy allocation between reproduction and dispersion. We therefore suggest that M. galloprovincialis is both "income breeder" and "capital disperser". Mature beetles were able to fly a total of 16km on average during their lifetime, with individual flights of ca. 1km. Flight performances increased with age and body weight, being equal for males and females. Because flight capacity remained constant across time, we suggested that the total distance potentially covered by beetles was mainly driven by their longevity. In a rearing experiment under controlled conditions we estimated the adult lifespan at 4 months. It was reduced under temperature regime with higheryearly thermal fluctuations. These results have important implications for the management of the PWN since they demonstrate that precautionary clear-cuts of 500m radius are likely to be ineffective in eradicating the disease. Le nématode du pin Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, originaire des Etats-Unis, est responsable de dépérissements massifs dans les forêts de pin des pays où il a été introduit. Il utilise comme vecteur un insecte du genre Monochamus, notamment M. galloprovincialis en Europe. L’objectif de cette thèse est de fournir des informations concernant les capacités de dispersion de ce coléoptère afin de mieux prédire le risque d'invasion. A l'aide d'expériences en manège de vol, nous avons montré que les adultes émergents, encore immatures, sont déjà en mesure de maintenir des vols soutenus. Ils peuvent parcourir une distance d'environ 500m par jour et les capacités de vol augmentent avec la prise de poids pendant la phase de maturation sexuelle. Il n'existe pas de compromis d'allocation de l'énergie entre fonctions de dispersion et de reproduction pendant cette période et nous proposons de qualifier ces insectes de "income breeder" et "capital disperser". A l'état mature M. galloprovincialis est capable de voler un total de 16 km, avec des vols individuels d'environ1 km; ces performances augmentent avec l'âge et le poids des insectes. Le maintien des capacités de vol tout au long de la vie adulte de M. galloprovincialis conduit à proposer que les distances potentiellement parcourues dépendent surtout de la longévité de l'insecte. Dans une expérience d'élevage en conditions contrôlées nous avons montré que la vie adulte dure au moins 4 mois, augmentant quand les fluctuations thermiques sont atténuées. Ces résultats ont des implications pour la gestion de B. xylophilus en Europe puisqu'ils démontrent que la méthode d'éradication par coupe rase sur un rayon de 500m est probablement inopérante.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Qu, Zhipeng;

    Several methods have been developed to assess operationally the surface solar irradiance from satellite images. During his PhD thesis presented in 2009 at MINES ParisTech, Oumbe has designed a new method using numerical radiative transfer model and fast approximations. The present PhD thesis aimed at consolidating these results and validating Heliosat-4. This work is the international scientific collaboration framework of the European-funded projects MACC (Monitoring Atmosphere Composition and Climate) and MACC-II.As a foundation of Heliosat-4, Oumbe has proposed an approximation of the radiative transfer equation by a product of clear-sky irradiance and a term describing the cloud extinction. We have established that estimation errors due to this approximation are very small in usual conditions and that this approximation may be adopted. It allows a convenient modular development of Heliosat-4 and eases its future operational use.The Heliosat-4 method is then composed of two abacus-based models: McClear for the irradiance under clear-sky and McCloud for the irradiance extinction due to clouds. With in-situ reference measurements of direct and diffuse irradiance, we have carried out deep performance analysis of Heliosat-4, under different conditions. The quality of this first preoperational version of Heliosat-4 is judged satisfactory as it enables estimations of global irradiance with the same level of quality of other existing methods in literature but also estimations of direct and diffuse irradiances with a noticeable better quality.; Plusieurs méthodes existent pour évaluer de manière opérationnelle l'éclairement solaire au sol à partir d'images acquises par satellite. Durant sa thèse soutenue en 2009 à MINES ParisTech, Oumbe a conçu une nouvelle méthode, Heliosat-4, faisant appel à des modèles numériques du transfert radiatif et à des approximations d'exécution rapide. La présente thèse vise à consolider ces résultats et à effectuer la validation complète de la méthode Heliosat-4. Elle s'inscrit dans une collaboration scientifique internationale dans les projets européens MACC (Monitoring Atmosphere Composition and Climate) et MACC-II.Oumbe a proposé une approximation de l'équation de transfert radiatif s'écrivant alors comme un produit de l'éclairement par ciel clair par un terme d'extinction dû aux nuages. Nous avons établi que les erreurs liées à cette approximation sont très faibles dans les conditions usuelles et qu'elle peut donc être utilisée dans Heliosat-4, ce qui en facilitera l'implémentation informatique ainsi que son fonctionnement opérationnelle.La méthode Heliosat-4 est donc ainsi composé de deux modèles composés d'abaques : McClear pour l'éclairement par ciel clair et McCloud pour l'extinction cet éclairement due aux nuages. A l'aide de mesures in-situ d'éclairements direct et diffus de référence, nous avons analysé finement les performances de Heliosat-4 selon différentes conditions. La qualité de la première version pré-opérationnelle de Heliosat-4 est jugée satisfaisante car elle permet des estimations d'éclairement global avec une précision de l'ordre de celles des méthodes existantes mais des estimations des composantes directe et diffuse sensiblement de meilleure qualité.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Chérif, Sadia;

    The dependence agriculture / rain submits agricultural productivity to climatic constraints in Man and Korhogo and limits strongly search for food safety. Farmers adopt traditional techniques of minimization of the risks for the improvement of the productivity of grounds and cultures. From analyzing for former and present practices and their justifications, this study makes a plea for incorporating traditional knowledge into scientific ones which perfect translation remains real increase of adaptive capacity of Dan and Senoufo farmers. La dépendance agriculture/pluie soumet la productivité agricole aux contraintes climatiques à Man et à Korhogo et limite fortement la recherche de la sécurité alimentaire. Les producteurs adoptent des techniques traditionnelles de minimisation des risques capitales pour l'amélioration de la productivité des sols et des cultures. Partant d'une analyse des pratiques de production anciennes et « nouvelles » présentes dans ces zones et leurs justifications, cette étude fait un plaidoyer en vue d'une incorporation des connaissances traditionnelles aux connaissances scientifiques dont la traduction parfaite reste une augmentation certaine de la capacité adaptative des agriculteurs Dan et Senoufo.

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    Authors: Oliveira, Grégory de;

    This PhD focuses on the global energy management based on energetical flux models ofbuildings. The objective of the energy management system is to help the inhabitants to manage theirbuilding, by scheduling the consumption/production of the different appliances, taking into accountenergy costs, availability et inhabitants' preferences. The PhD objective is to propose a resolution approach with several solvers inspired by the multi agent systems.A multi-phasis service representing several phasis has been developped. Each phasis is defined by its own consumption level. This type of service presents a better precision than singlephasis approaches to model some appliances. A new optimization approach has been developped. Itcombines different solvers embedded into software agents. The results is an hybrid approach forthe optimization based on the multi-agent system, using MILP algorithms and meta-heuristics.; Cette thèse concerne à la gestion globale à base de modèle des flux énergétiques dans le bâtiment. L'objectif des systèmes de gestion de l'énergie proposés est d'aider les occupants à gérer leur système bâtiment en planifiant la consommation/production des différents équipements présents en fonction des tarifs, de la disponibilité de l'énergie et des usages de l'occupant. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une approche de résolution multi-solveurs s'appuyant sur le paradigme multi-agent.Pour y parvenir, nous avons développé, dans un premier temps, un service multi-phase, qui représente plusieurs phases flexibles avec des niveaux de consommation différents, offrant un niveau de précision supérieure pour des équipements comme une machine à laver. Dans un second temps, notre travail a consisté à proposer une nouvelle approche d'optimisation combinant différents solveurs embarqués dans des agents logiciels. Le résultat est une approche d'optimisation hybride à base d'agents, s'appuyant sur des algorithmes PLNE et des méta-heuristiques.

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    Authors: Ouni , Anis;

    Wireless mesh networks (WMN) are a promising solution to support high data rate and increase the capacity provided to users, e.g. for meeting the requirements of mobile multimedia applications. However, the rapid growth of traffic load generated by the terminals is accompanied by an unsustainable increase of energy consumption, which becomes a hot societal and economical challenges. This thesis relates to the problem of the optimization of network capacity and energy consumption of wireless mesh networks. The network capacity is defined as the maximum achievable total traffic in the network per unit time. This thesis is divided into four main parts. First, we address the problem of improvement of the capacity of 802.11 wireless mesh networks. We highlight some insensible properties and deterministic factors of the capacity, while it is directly related to a bottleneck problem. Then, we propose a joint TDMA/CSMA scheduling strategy for solving the bottleneck issue in the network. Second, we focus on broadband wireless mesh networks based on time-frequency resource management. In order to get theoretical bounds on the network performances, we formulate optimization models based on linear programming and column generation algorithm. These models lead to compute an optimal offline configuration which maximizes the network capacity with low energy consumption. A realistic SINR model of the physical layer allows the nodes to perform continuous power control and use a discrete set of data rates. Third, we use the optimization models to provide practical engineering insights on WMN. We briefly study the tradeoff between network capacity and energy consumption using a realistic physical layer and SINR interference model. Finally, we focus on capacity and energy optimization for heterogeneous cellular networks. We develop, first, optimization tools to calculate an optimal configuration of the network that maximizes the network capacity with low energy consumption. We second propose a heuristic algorithm that calculates a scheduling and partial sleeping of base stations in two different strategies, called LAFS and MAFS.; Les réseaux maillés sans fil sont une solution efficace, de plus en plus mise en œuvre en tant qu'infrastructure, pour interconnecter les stations d'accès des réseaux radio. Ces réseaux doivent absorber une croissance très forte du trafic généré par les terminaux de nouvelle génération. Cependant, l'augmentation du prix de l'énergie, ainsi que les préoccupations écologiques et sanitaires, poussent à s'intéresser à la minimisation de la consommation énergétique de ces réseaux. Ces travaux de thèse s'inscrivent dans les problématiques d'optimisation de la capacité et de la minimisation de la consommation énergétique globale des réseaux radio maillés. Nous définissons la capacité d'un réseau comme la quantité de trafic que le réseau peut supporter par unité de temps. Ces travaux s'articulent autour de quatre axes. Tout d'abord, nous abordons le problème d'amélioration de la capacité des réseaux radio maillés de type WIFI où l'accès au médium radio se base sur le protocole d'accès CSMA/CA. Nous mettons en lumière, les facteurs déterminants qui impactent la capacité du réseau, et l'existence d'un goulot d'étranglement qui limite cette capacité du réseau. Ensuite, nous proposons une architecture de communication basée sur l'utilisation conjointe de CSMA/CA et de TDMA afin de résoudre ce problème de goulot d'étranglement. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux réseaux maillés sans fil basés sur un partage des ressources temps-fréquence. Afin de calculer des bornes théoriques sur les performances du réseau, nous développons des modèles d'optimisation basés sur la programmation linéaire et la technique de génération de colonnes. Ces modèles d'optimisation intègrent un modèle d'interférence SINR avec contrôle de puissance continue et variation de taux de transmission. Ils permettent, en particulier, de calculer une configuration optimale du réseau qui maximise la capacité ou minimise la consommation d'énergie. Ensuite, dans le troisième axe de recherche, nous étudions en détail le compromis entre la capacité du réseau et la consommation énergétique. Nous mettons en évidence plusieurs résultats d'ingénierie nécessaires pour un fonctionnement optimal d'un réseau maillé sans fil. Enfin, nous nous focalisons sur les réseaux cellulaires hétérogènes. Nous proposons des outils d'optimisation calculant une configuration optimale des stations de base qui maximise la capacité du réseau avec une consommation efficace d'énergie. Ensuite, afin d'économiser l'énergie, nous proposons une heuristique calculant un ordonnancement des stations et leur mise en mode d'endormissement partiel selon deux stratégies différentes, nommées LAFS et MAFS.

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    Authors: Coquand, Mathieu;

    Concentrated solar power is a promising way for renewable energy production. Optical efficiency of the mirrors is one of the key factors influencing a power plant performance. Methods which allow the operator to adjust all the heliostat of a plant quickly, in addition of calibration and tracking, are essential for the rise of the technology. The work presented in this thesis is the study of a “backward-gazing” method consisting in placing four cameras near the receiver simultaneously recording brightness images of the sun reflected by the heliostat. The optical errors of the mirrors are retrieved from these four images and the knowledge of the one dimension sun radiance profile.The first step of the study consists in the theoretical description of the method. Then numerical simulations are performed to estimate the general accuracy and the limits of the backward-gazing method. In a third phase, experimental tests have been fulfilled at Themis solar power plant. Finally, ideas of improvement are proposed based on the experiments performed. La filière solaire thermodynamique concentrée est une des voies les plus prometteuses pour la production des énergies renouvelables du futur. L’efficacité des surfaces optiques est un des facteurs clés influant sur les performances d’une centrale. Un des défis technologiques restant à résoudre concerne le temps et les efforts nécessaires à l’ajustement et l’orientation de tous ces miroirs, ainsi que la calibration des héliostats pour assurer un suivi précis de la course du soleil et une concentration contrôlée. Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit propose une réponse à ce problème par le développement d’une méthode de caractérisation des héliostats dite de « rétrovisée », consistant à placer quatre caméras au voisinage du récepteur pour enregistrer les répartitions de luminance occasionnées par la réflexion du soleil sur l’héliostat. La connaissance du profil de luminance solaire, combiné à ces quatre images, permet de reconstruire les pentes des erreurs optiques de l’héliostat.La première étape de l’étude de la méthode a consisté à établir les différentes équations permettant de reconstruire les pentes des surfaces optiques à partir des différents paramètres du système. Ces différents développements théoriques ont ensuite permis la réalisation de simulations numériques pour valider la méthode et définir ses possibilités et ses limites. Enfin, des tests expérimentaux ont été réalisés sur le site de la centrale Thémis. À la suite de ces expériences, des pistes d’améliorations ont été identifiées pour améliorer la précision expérimentale et envisager son déploiement industriel.

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    Authors: TEULLE, Alexandre;

    The main objective of this thesis is to interpret experimental measurements of the plasmonic properties of goldcolloidal particles.First, we study the optical near-field distribution around nano-platelets thanks to the photomigration technique. Thisindirect photo-chemical mapping uncovers a size effect by shining at 457 nm and 514 nm particles of different sizes, suggesting a quasi-modal response from the surface plasmons supported by these structures. This peculiar response is evidenced in the case of colloidal triangles of 500 nm side length.Then, we show that Two Photon Luminescence (TPL) offers another original way to probe the electromagnetic fielddistribution inside Au particles. We focus the TPL study on gold nano-rods and platelets. TPL maps show a strong confinement of the electromagnetic field inside these objects. Signal localization can be controlled by adjusting incident polarization.Simultaneously, we have developed a new tool based on the Green Dyadic Method (GDM) to reproduce and analyze TPL maps. They confirm specific near-field localization in the metal and provide a new insight into wavelength and particle shape influence. Our model suggests that TPL gives also access to the local density of plasmonic states in the particle and consequently that the coupling between two gold platelets could lead to a new design of a plasmonic modal logic gate. Finally, we have investigated the optical properties of gold nanoparticle chains. These nanoparticles fuse under theelectron beam of the TEM. The fusion shifts plasmons resonances of the chains towards the infrared region. These plasmonic modes have been studied spatially and spectrally using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS). We have developed a theoretical model showing the link between the energy loss of a swift electron and the local density of states. Using the GDM, we have computed EELS maps of these nanoparticle chains.; Cette thèse a pour objectif principal d’interpréter des mesures expérimentales des propriétés plasmoniques denanoparticules d’or cristallines de différentes morphologies.Nous étudions tout d’abord, grâce à un film photosensible, la distribution du champ local autour de nano-prismes d’or.Cette cartographie indirecte révèle un effet de taille en irradiant à 457 nm et 514nm des objets de formes identiques mais de dimensions différentes, suggérant une réponse quasi-modale des plasmons supportés par ces structures. Cette réponse quasimodale est mise en évidence dans le cas de prismes triangulaires de 500 nm de côté.Dans une seconde étape, nous montrons que la luminescence à deux photons (TPL) offre un autre moyen original desonder la distribution du champ électromagnétique à l’intérieur de ces particules. En particulier, nous considérons le cas des nano-bâtonnets et des prismes d’or. Les cartes TPL montrent un fort confinement du champ à l’intérieur de ces objets. La localisation du signal peut être contrôlée en ajustant la polarisation incidente. Parallèlement, nous avons développé un nouvel outil de simulation pour reproduire et interpréter les cartes TPL. Elles confirment la spatialisation spécifique du champ proche et nous renseignent sur l’influence de la longueur d’onde et de la forme des prismes. Notre modèle suggère que la TPL donne aussi accès à la densité locale d’états plasmoniques dans la particule, et que le couplage entre deux nano-prismes peut constituer une nouvelle façon de concevoir des portes logiques modales plasmoniques.Enfin, nous avons étudié les propriétés optiques de chaines de sphères d’or d’une dizaine de nanomètres de diamètre. Les particules constituant ces chaines fusionnent sous l’effet du faisceau du microscope électronique en transmission ce qui conduit à un décalage dans l’infrarouge des modes de résonance plasmon. Nous avons caractérisé spatialement et spectralement ces modes plasmons par spectroscopie de pertes d’énergie (EELS). Grâce à la polyvalence du formalisme des fonctions de Green, et en nous appuyant sur une modélisation théorique montrant le lien entre signal de perte et densité locale d’états, nous avons simulé des cartes EELS de ces objets.

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    Authors: Blanc, Philippe;

    L’objet de ce document est de proposer une synthèse ainsi que les perspectives de mes activités de recherche depuis 2007 à MINES ParisTech. Cette recherche est bien sûr le fruit d’un travail collectif mené par l’équipe dont j’ai actuellement la responsabilité. Mon apport scientifique dans ce groupe réside essentiellement dans l’aide à la formalisation mathématique des problèmes et à leurs résolutions au moyen d’algorithmes mettant en oeuvre le traitement d’image, du signal, l’analyse statistique ou, de manière générale, les mathématiques appliquées. J’y apporte également mes connaissances dans la mesure du rayonnement par des instruments de mesures in-situ acquises ces dernières années.

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    Authors: Meunier, Margot; Daures, Fabienne; Girard, Sophie;

    A partir de différentes sources de données dont le SIH de l'Ifremer, ce document propose un état des lieux de la production (pêche et aquaculture), des échanges commerciaux, de la consommation et de certains secteurs avals (halles à marée, mareyage et industrie de la transformation) à l'échelle nationale et régionale en 2010.

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    Authors: Travers, Morgane;

    La surexploitation et le changement climatique affectent le fonctionnement des écosystèmes marins, mais des incertitudes existent quant aux effets de leur action combinée. Par une approche de modélisation, ce travail de thèse vise à étudier comment les effets top-down de la pêche et les effets bottom-up du climat se combinent au sein du réseau trophique. Une synthèse bibliographique préliminaire a révélé l'absence d'un modèle end-to-end applicable en l'état à notre écosystème d'étude - le sud-Benguela - qui permettrait l'étude des effets conjoints de la pêche et du climat. Le couplage des modèles de plancton ROMS-N2P2Z2D2 et de poissons OSMOSE s'est alors imposé comme une méthode innovante permettant de développer un outil approprié à nos objectifs. L'importance d'un couplage à double sens via la prédation est illustrée par l'étude des variabilités spatiale et temporelle du terme de rétroaction, puis par la comparaison des dynamiques planctoniques et écosystémiques lorsqu'il y a rétroaction ou non. La simulation de scénarios climatique et halieutique montre que les effets combinés de la pêche et du climat sont généralement plus faibles que la somme de leurs effets individuels. Ce résultat reflète la forte résistance du système aux perturbations extérieures, induite par les relations trophiques nombreuses et variables entre les organismes. En accord avec les hypothèses de fonctionnement trophique basées sur l'intensité de la production primaire et la diversité des prédateurs, l'étude de la pyramide trophique montre que le contrôle bottom-up domine dans le sud-Benguela, i.e. que le climat affecte le fonctionnement trophique de cet écosystème plus fortement que de la pêche. Overfishing and climate change are now recognized to have important effects on marine ecosystem functioning but uncertainties remains about their combined effects. Using a modelling approach this thesis aims at assessing how the top-down effects of fishing and the bottom-up effects of climate combine themselves within the food web. A preliminary review highlighted the lack of end-to-end model applicable as it stands to our study case - the southern Benguela - and suitable to study the combined effects of fishing and climate. Coupling the plankton model ROMS-N2P2Z2D2 and the fish model OSMOSE appeared as an innovative method allowing to develop an appropriate tool meeting our objectives. The importance of two-way coupling via the predation process is first illustrated by the study of spatial and temporal variabilities of the feedback term, and then by the comparison of plankton and ecosystem dynamics when there is feedback or not. Simulating climate and fishing scenarios show that the combined effects of these factors are generally smaller than the sum of their individual effects. This result reflects the strong resilience of the ecosystem to external perturbations, induced by the numerous and weak trophic interactions between organisms. In agreement with hypotheses of trophic functioning based on the intensity of primary production and predators diversity, the study of the trophic pyramid show that bottom-up control dominates in the southern Benguela, i.e. that climate has stronger effects on the trophic functioning of this ecosystem than fishing.

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