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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    External research report . 2013
    License: CC BY SA
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
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      External research report . 2013
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
      Data sources: Datacite
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    Authors: Stolyarova, Elena;

    Little research has been done to date on French households’ preferences for energy retrofits in the dwelling. However, the economic role of these choices is crucial for implementing an effective and realistic energy policy in the residential sector, both in terms of proposed aid and targets. Are households interested in retrofits with high energy-savings potential? How much are they willing to pay and is it sufficient to cover the up-front costs? How many households have no choice of heating system, and what is their profile?This work sets out to answer these questions empirically using discrete choice models. It starts by analyzing the technical, socio-demographic and spatial constraints that face households and create barriers to domestic energy choices. A method to detect household constraint is devised and applied to the choice of space heating system in 2006 and 2013. The second stage analyzes household preferences for heating equipment and retrofits. This second part is based on a discrete choice experiment specially carried out for this research among 2,000 households. This work sheds light on households’ preferences and heterogeneity, as well as their willingness to pay, the implicit discount rate and other economic impacts. Les préférences des ménages français pour les travaux de rénovation énergétique dans le logement ont été peu étudiées jusqu’à présent. Or, elles sont la clé d’une politique énergétique efficace et réaliste pour le secteur résidentiel, tant au niveau des aides proposées, qu’au niveau des objectifs à réaliser. Les ménages sont-ils intéressés par des travaux à fort potentiel d’économie d’énergie ? Combien sont-ils prêt à payer et est-ce que c’est suffisant pour couvrir les coûts réels ? Combien de ménages n’ont pas le choix de leur mode de chauffage et quel est leur profil ?La thèse s'attache à répondre à ces questions de façon empirique à l’aide de modèles de choix discrets. Il s’agit, dans un premier temps, d’analyser les contraintes techniques, sociodémographiques et spatiales que rencontrent les ménages et qui entravent les choix énergétiques dans le logement. Une méthodologie de détection des ménages contraints a été proposée, puis appliquée au choix du chauffage en 2006 et 2013. Dans un deuxième temps, les préférences des ménages pour les équipements de chauffage et les travaux de rénovation ont été analysées. Cette deuxième partie utilise une enquête expérimentale qui a été réalisée spécialement pour ce travail de recherche auprès de 2000 ménages. Ce travail a permis de comprendre les préférences des ménages, leur hétérogénéité, et d’en déduire les consentements à payer, les taux d’actualisation implicites et les différents effets économiques.

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    Authors: Martz, François;

    During this PhD thesis we developped two new molecular modeling methods applied to enzymes containing flavin-type prosthetic groups.The first method, PredFace, predicts the stereochemistry of products from a reaction catalyzed by enzymes containing prosthetic groups, by automatically identifying the solvent-exposed face of the prosthetic group. The protocol involves the use of eigth complexes as "probes", obtained by symmetry operations starting from the transition state of a hydrogen atom transfer reaction between nicotinamide and lumiflavin. These complexes are positioned in the binding site with the prosthetic group as reference and the energy of the protein-ligand interaction is evaluated by the scoring function implemented in the docking software (AutoDock). The most favorable interaction energy allows the identification of the prosthetic group face that is available for the enzymatic reaction in the binding site. The PredFace method has been validated by analyzing all the structures in the Protein Data Bank containing flavin-derived prosthetic groups (2170). This method is very fast (less than a minute), which allowed us to develop a web site open to the scientific community.The second method, ProsthDock, is a new mechanism-based molecular docking method guided by prosthetic groups present in the active sites of enzymes. The development of this method was motivated by the incapacity of the currently available docking methods to provide, in the presence of prosthetic groups, ligand conformations that are compatible with the enzymatic reactions. In this regard, we have added a new term to the classical scoring function, to take into account the interaction between ligand and prosthetic group. We have built a simplified model of the NADH/FMN complex and calculated the transition state of the hydrogen transfer reaction between the two partners. Potential energy surfaces have been calculated for this reaction by variating the angle, diedral angle and distance between the two reaction partners. A subsequent docking with constraints provides binding site conformations of the ligand for which the new term of the scoring function is calculated using the potential energy surfaces. This results in a new ranking of the docking poses, favoring those in agreement with the enzymatic reaction. Les travaux de cette thèse ont porté sur le développement de deux méthodes de modélisation des enzymes contenant des groupes prosthétiques de la famille des flavines.La première méthode, PredFace, permet de prédire la stéréochimie des produits d'une réaction catalysée par des enzymes contenant des groupes prosthétiques, en identifiant la face libre d'interaction avec les substrats. Le protocole mis en place pour cette méthode implique l'utilisation de huit complexes "sondes", obtenus par des opérations de symétrie à partir de l'état de transition de la réaction de transfert d'un atome d'hydrogène entre le nicotinamide et la lumiflavine. Ces complexes sont positionnés dans le site actif avec le groupe prosthétique comme référence et dans chaque cas l'énergie d'interaction protéine-ligand est évaluée par la fonction de score implémentée dans le logiciel de docking utilisé (AutoDock). L'énergie d'interaction la plus favorable permet d'identifier la face du groupe prosthétique accessible pour la réaction enzymatique dans le site actif. La méthode PredFace a été validée par l'analyse de l'ensemble des structures de la Protein Data Bank contenant des groupes prosthétiques de la famille des flavines (2170). Le protocole mis au point est très rapide (moins d'une minute), ce qui nous a permis de développer un site web afin de mettre cette méthode à la disposition de la communauté.La seconde méthode, ProsthDock, est une nouvelle méthode de docking basée sur le mécanisme d'une réaction enzymatique catalysée par un groupe prosthétique et guidée par la présence de ce groupe prosthétique dans le site actif de l'enzyme. Le développement de cette méthode a été motivé par le fait que les méthodes actuelles de docking, en présence de groupes prosthétiques, se révèlent incapables de produire des poses correctes pour des substrats, en accord avec les réactions enzymatiques. Afin de remédier à ce problème nous avons ajouté à la fonction de score classique un terme supplémentaire, qui rendra compte de l'interaction du ligand avec le groupe prosthétique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons construit un modèle simplifié du complexe NADH/FMN et calculé l'état de transition de la réaction de transfert d'hydrogène entre les deux partenaires. Des surfaces d'énergie potentielle pour cette réaction ont été calculées en variant la distance, l'angle et l'angle dièdre entre les deux réactifs. Un docking sous contrainte est ensuite réalisé et en fonction du positionnement de chaque pose de docking dans le site actif le terme supplémentaire de la fonction de score est calculé à partir des surfaces d'énergie potentielle, ce qui nous permet de modifier le classement des résultats de docking en favorisant les poses qui sont en accord avec la réaction enzymatique.

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    Authors: Félix-Faure, Jim; Chanudet, Vincent; Walter, Christian; Dorioz, Jean Marcel; +5 Authors

    Les réservoirs résultant de la construction de barrages noient de la végétation et des sols. Leur évolution suit trois phases.[br/] - Dynamique initiale : les nouvelles niches écologiques ouvertes ainsi que les stocks de carbone et de nutriments contenus dans la végétation vivante et morte contribuent à une hausse brutale du niveau trophique et de la productivité des réservoirs. Ce phénomène, appelé « trophic upsurge », est d’importance et de durée variables. Il s’accompagne d’une désoxygénation et d’émissions de CO2 et de CH4, d’autant plus fortes que la température est élevée.[br/] - Dynamique à moyen terme : le marnage induit par l’exploitant exonde temporairement les sols noyés, qui sont alors soumis à l’érosion par le batillage des vagues. Dès que la pente dépasse 5 %, les matériaux érodés sont redistribués dans la zone toujours en eau, contribuant au « trophic upsurge » et à la sédimentation. Ces phénomènes ont été très peu quantifiés. Des résultats récents obtenus sur la retenue de Sarrans (Aveyron) suggèrent que ce phénomène est à l’origine d’une proportion importante de l’accumulation sédimentaire. L’influence écologique de l’apport de nutriments associé à la redistribution des sols pourrait être significative dans les environnements oligotrophes. On connaît très mal l’évolution des sols ennoyés au fond des retenues. Des observations préliminaires effectuées sur la retenue de Sarrans montrent que les sols conservent leur structure d’origine. Elles suggèrent aussi que des sols bruns de prairie, ennoyés en permanence depuis 80 ans, ou exondés occasionnellement, ont perdu 30 % de leur carbone, par minéralisation.[br/] - Dynamique à long terme : A long terme, ce sont les sols du bassin versant et de la zone de marnage en pente faible qui influencent l’écologie des retenues. Les sols du bassin versant dans la mesure où le contexte écologique influence l’érosion et l’apport de nutriments. Les sols de la zone littorale dans la mesure où ils soutiennent une production végétale, qui peut contribuer à filtrer l’eau, mais aussi à l’alimenter en carbone organique minéralisable. Il semble que l’émission de gaz à effet de serre par les réservoirs est, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, plus importante que celle des lacs naturels, probablement en raison de la forte sédimentation, et des variations de pression qui favorisent l’émission de CH4, en particulier lors du passage en turbine. Reservoir establishment results in the submersion of soils and vegetation. Their ecological evolution follows 3 main phases.[br/] - Initial: carbon and nutrients stored in living and dead vegetation biomass supply for a rise of the trophic level and productivity of the lake. During this phase, named « trophic upsurge », which duration and intensity are variable, water anoxia, CO2 and CH4 emissions also rise especially when temperature is high.[br/] - Mean Term: Water level fluctuates according to seasonal energy needs. Waves erode submerged soils along the shoreline. If the slope is steeper than 5%, soils are redistributed downslope and this flux contributes to the trophic upsurge and to sediment accumulation. These phenomena have been poorly studied and quantified. Our measurements at Sarrans reservoir suggest that soil redistribution is a major contributor to sediment accumulation. The ecological influence of carbon and nutrient inputs to the lake may be significant in oligotrophic environments. The evolution of permanently submerged soils is poorly known. Preliminary measurements at Sarrans reservoirs show that grassland cambisols (almost) permanently submerged have lost 30% of their original carbon store since impoundment.[br/] - On the long term, both catchment soils, through erosion and nutrient supply, and soils of the littoral zone, which support vegetation communities, influence reservoir ecology. The accumulation of sedimentary carbon in reservoirs appears much higher than in natural lakes, even eutrophic, and reasons for this are many. Greenhouse gas emission is also higher, because of higher sedimentation rate and increased water level fluctuations that favour methane bubbling and water degassing at the turbine outlet.

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      Article . 2017
      License: CC BY SA
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ragazzi, Graziella;

    To face the climate change, energy transition is required. Energy transition is a societal transition, which is really challenging because of its singularities. The multi-level governance is necessary in order to act now for the energy transition. Indeed States take action by negotiating international agreements for the climate on the one hand, and on the other hand by legislating their national regulatory framework. Local authorities intervene too owing to their competencies which give them a high influence power on decentralized production system and on energy consumption. The local scale plays a major role because they benefit from closed and trustful relationships which foster collective action and act as a real leverage. It is at the territories level that energy transition projects emerge and that fight against global warming become true. That's why it is necessary to understand what types of local projects for the energy transition arise, and what is their economic, social and environmental performance. This can allow public authorities to identify what are the performant projects and to encourage to replicate them on the one hand, and on the other hand to remove barriers in order to make arise innovant projects. In the long run, we must understand what kinds of projects will unfold and generalize as part of the energy transition depending on the value they will generate. To answer this, the business models perspective is highly appropriate: it constitutes an analytical framework which allows to describe the project features (its value proposition, its value configuration) and to determine its viability and sustainability according to the (economic, financial, social, environmental) values creation it builds. The thesis puts forward a typology of energy transition business models at the local scale, an analytical framework for projects adapted to the energy transition societal stake. Finally the thesis suggests some public policy recommandation in terms of assessment of the economic, social and environmental performance of the local projects for the energy transition.; Face à l'urgence dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique, la transition énergétique bas carbone est une transition sociétale constituant un véritable défi du fait de ses singularités. Les conditions de sa réalisation résident dans un pilotage politique multi-niveaux afin d'agir dès à présent sur les différents leviers d'action possibles. En effet les Etats interviennent d'une part lors des négociations internationales afin de parvenir à un accord universel sur le climat, et d'autre part dans la législation de leur cadre réglementaire national. Les collectivités locales interviennent également du fait de leurs compétences leur conférant un pouvoir d'influence conséquent sur les modes de production décentralisés et sur la consommation d'énergie. L'échelle locale joue un rôle de premier ordre car elle bénéficie des liens de proximités et de confiance qui favorisent l'action collective et constitue un véritable effet de levier. C'est au niveau des territoires que les projets de la transition énergétique émergent et que la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique se concrétise. C'est pourquoi il est nécessaire de comprendre quels types de projets locaux pour la transition énergétique émergent, et quelle est leur performance tant d'un point de vue économique, que social et environnemental. Cela permettra d'une part aux pouvoirs publics d'identifier les types de projets performants pour impulser leur développement, et d'autre part quels sont les freins à lever le cas échéant pour faire émerger des projets innovants. Sur le long-terme, il s'agit de comprendre quels types de projets se déploieront et se généraliseront dans le cadre de la transition énergétique en fonction du type de valeur qu'ils parviendront à générer. Pour répondre à cela, l'approche des business models est pertinente : elle constitue en effet une grille d'analyse permettant de déterminer les caractéristiques de chaque projet, en décrivant sa proposition de valeur et la configuration de cette valeur, et de déterminer sa viabilité et sa durabilité en fonction de la création (ou destruction) de valeurs (économique, financière, sociale, environnementale) qu'il génère. La thèse propose ainsi une typologie des business models de la transition énergétique à l'échelle locale, une grille d'analyse de projet adaptée à l'enjeu sociétal que représente la transition énergétique et propose enfin des recommandations pour la politique publique en matière d'évaluation de la performance économique, sociale et environnementale de projets locaux de transition énergétique.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    External research report . 2013
    License: CC BY SA
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
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      External research report . 2013
      License: CC BY SA
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Stolyarova, Elena;

    Little research has been done to date on French households’ preferences for energy retrofits in the dwelling. However, the economic role of these choices is crucial for implementing an effective and realistic energy policy in the residential sector, both in terms of proposed aid and targets. Are households interested in retrofits with high energy-savings potential? How much are they willing to pay and is it sufficient to cover the up-front costs? How many households have no choice of heating system, and what is their profile?This work sets out to answer these questions empirically using discrete choice models. It starts by analyzing the technical, socio-demographic and spatial constraints that face households and create barriers to domestic energy choices. A method to detect household constraint is devised and applied to the choice of space heating system in 2006 and 2013. The second stage analyzes household preferences for heating equipment and retrofits. This second part is based on a discrete choice experiment specially carried out for this research among 2,000 households. This work sheds light on households’ preferences and heterogeneity, as well as their willingness to pay, the implicit discount rate and other economic impacts. Les préférences des ménages français pour les travaux de rénovation énergétique dans le logement ont été peu étudiées jusqu’à présent. Or, elles sont la clé d’une politique énergétique efficace et réaliste pour le secteur résidentiel, tant au niveau des aides proposées, qu’au niveau des objectifs à réaliser. Les ménages sont-ils intéressés par des travaux à fort potentiel d’économie d’énergie ? Combien sont-ils prêt à payer et est-ce que c’est suffisant pour couvrir les coûts réels ? Combien de ménages n’ont pas le choix de leur mode de chauffage et quel est leur profil ?La thèse s'attache à répondre à ces questions de façon empirique à l’aide de modèles de choix discrets. Il s’agit, dans un premier temps, d’analyser les contraintes techniques, sociodémographiques et spatiales que rencontrent les ménages et qui entravent les choix énergétiques dans le logement. Une méthodologie de détection des ménages contraints a été proposée, puis appliquée au choix du chauffage en 2006 et 2013. Dans un deuxième temps, les préférences des ménages pour les équipements de chauffage et les travaux de rénovation ont été analysées. Cette deuxième partie utilise une enquête expérimentale qui a été réalisée spécialement pour ce travail de recherche auprès de 2000 ménages. Ce travail a permis de comprendre les préférences des ménages, leur hétérogénéité, et d’en déduire les consentements à payer, les taux d’actualisation implicites et les différents effets économiques.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Martz, François;

    During this PhD thesis we developped two new molecular modeling methods applied to enzymes containing flavin-type prosthetic groups.The first method, PredFace, predicts the stereochemistry of products from a reaction catalyzed by enzymes containing prosthetic groups, by automatically identifying the solvent-exposed face of the prosthetic group. The protocol involves the use of eigth complexes as "probes", obtained by symmetry operations starting from the transition state of a hydrogen atom transfer reaction between nicotinamide and lumiflavin. These complexes are positioned in the binding site with the prosthetic group as reference and the energy of the protein-ligand interaction is evaluated by the scoring function implemented in the docking software (AutoDock). The most favorable interaction energy allows the identification of the prosthetic group face that is available for the enzymatic reaction in the binding site. The PredFace method has been validated by analyzing all the structures in the Protein Data Bank containing flavin-derived prosthetic groups (2170). This method is very fast (less than a minute), which allowed us to develop a web site open to the scientific community.The second method, ProsthDock, is a new mechanism-based molecular docking method guided by prosthetic groups present in the active sites of enzymes. The development of this method was motivated by the incapacity of the currently available docking methods to provide, in the presence of prosthetic groups, ligand conformations that are compatible with the enzymatic reactions. In this regard, we have added a new term to the classical scoring function, to take into account the interaction between ligand and prosthetic group. We have built a simplified model of the NADH/FMN complex and calculated the transition state of the hydrogen transfer reaction between the two partners. Potential energy surfaces have been calculated for this reaction by variating the angle, diedral angle and distance between the two reaction partners. A subsequent docking with constraints provides binding site conformations of the ligand for which the new term of the scoring function is calculated using the potential energy surfaces. This results in a new ranking of the docking poses, favoring those in agreement with the enzymatic reaction. Les travaux de cette thèse ont porté sur le développement de deux méthodes de modélisation des enzymes contenant des groupes prosthétiques de la famille des flavines.La première méthode, PredFace, permet de prédire la stéréochimie des produits d'une réaction catalysée par des enzymes contenant des groupes prosthétiques, en identifiant la face libre d'interaction avec les substrats. Le protocole mis en place pour cette méthode implique l'utilisation de huit complexes "sondes", obtenus par des opérations de symétrie à partir de l'état de transition de la réaction de transfert d'un atome d'hydrogène entre le nicotinamide et la lumiflavine. Ces complexes sont positionnés dans le site actif avec le groupe prosthétique comme référence et dans chaque cas l'énergie d'interaction protéine-ligand est évaluée par la fonction de score implémentée dans le logiciel de docking utilisé (AutoDock). L'énergie d'interaction la plus favorable permet d'identifier la face du groupe prosthétique accessible pour la réaction enzymatique dans le site actif. La méthode PredFace a été validée par l'analyse de l'ensemble des structures de la Protein Data Bank contenant des groupes prosthétiques de la famille des flavines (2170). Le protocole mis au point est très rapide (moins d'une minute), ce qui nous a permis de développer un site web afin de mettre cette méthode à la disposition de la communauté.La seconde méthode, ProsthDock, est une nouvelle méthode de docking basée sur le mécanisme d'une réaction enzymatique catalysée par un groupe prosthétique et guidée par la présence de ce groupe prosthétique dans le site actif de l'enzyme. Le développement de cette méthode a été motivé par le fait que les méthodes actuelles de docking, en présence de groupes prosthétiques, se révèlent incapables de produire des poses correctes pour des substrats, en accord avec les réactions enzymatiques. Afin de remédier à ce problème nous avons ajouté à la fonction de score classique un terme supplémentaire, qui rendra compte de l'interaction du ligand avec le groupe prosthétique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons construit un modèle simplifié du complexe NADH/FMN et calculé l'état de transition de la réaction de transfert d'hydrogène entre les deux partenaires. Des surfaces d'énergie potentielle pour cette réaction ont été calculées en variant la distance, l'angle et l'angle dièdre entre les deux réactifs. Un docking sous contrainte est ensuite réalisé et en fonction du positionnement de chaque pose de docking dans le site actif le terme supplémentaire de la fonction de score est calculé à partir des surfaces d'énergie potentielle, ce qui nous permet de modifier le classement des résultats de docking en favorisant les poses qui sont en accord avec la réaction enzymatique.

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    Authors: Félix-Faure, Jim; Chanudet, Vincent; Walter, Christian; Dorioz, Jean Marcel; +5 Authors

    Les réservoirs résultant de la construction de barrages noient de la végétation et des sols. Leur évolution suit trois phases.[br/] - Dynamique initiale : les nouvelles niches écologiques ouvertes ainsi que les stocks de carbone et de nutriments contenus dans la végétation vivante et morte contribuent à une hausse brutale du niveau trophique et de la productivité des réservoirs. Ce phénomène, appelé « trophic upsurge », est d’importance et de durée variables. Il s’accompagne d’une désoxygénation et d’émissions de CO2 et de CH4, d’autant plus fortes que la température est élevée.[br/] - Dynamique à moyen terme : le marnage induit par l’exploitant exonde temporairement les sols noyés, qui sont alors soumis à l’érosion par le batillage des vagues. Dès que la pente dépasse 5 %, les matériaux érodés sont redistribués dans la zone toujours en eau, contribuant au « trophic upsurge » et à la sédimentation. Ces phénomènes ont été très peu quantifiés. Des résultats récents obtenus sur la retenue de Sarrans (Aveyron) suggèrent que ce phénomène est à l’origine d’une proportion importante de l’accumulation sédimentaire. L’influence écologique de l’apport de nutriments associé à la redistribution des sols pourrait être significative dans les environnements oligotrophes. On connaît très mal l’évolution des sols ennoyés au fond des retenues. Des observations préliminaires effectuées sur la retenue de Sarrans montrent que les sols conservent leur structure d’origine. Elles suggèrent aussi que des sols bruns de prairie, ennoyés en permanence depuis 80 ans, ou exondés occasionnellement, ont perdu 30 % de leur carbone, par minéralisation.[br/] - Dynamique à long terme : A long terme, ce sont les sols du bassin versant et de la zone de marnage en pente faible qui influencent l’écologie des retenues. Les sols du bassin versant dans la mesure où le contexte écologique influence l’érosion et l’apport de nutriments. Les sols de la zone littorale dans la mesure où ils soutiennent une production végétale, qui peut contribuer à filtrer l’eau, mais aussi à l’alimenter en carbone organique minéralisable. Il semble que l’émission de gaz à effet de serre par les réservoirs est, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, plus importante que celle des lacs naturels, probablement en raison de la forte sédimentation, et des variations de pression qui favorisent l’émission de CH4, en particulier lors du passage en turbine. Reservoir establishment results in the submersion of soils and vegetation. Their ecological evolution follows 3 main phases.[br/] - Initial: carbon and nutrients stored in living and dead vegetation biomass supply for a rise of the trophic level and productivity of the lake. During this phase, named « trophic upsurge », which duration and intensity are variable, water anoxia, CO2 and CH4 emissions also rise especially when temperature is high.[br/] - Mean Term: Water level fluctuates according to seasonal energy needs. Waves erode submerged soils along the shoreline. If the slope is steeper than 5%, soils are redistributed downslope and this flux contributes to the trophic upsurge and to sediment accumulation. These phenomena have been poorly studied and quantified. Our measurements at Sarrans reservoir suggest that soil redistribution is a major contributor to sediment accumulation. The ecological influence of carbon and nutrient inputs to the lake may be significant in oligotrophic environments. The evolution of permanently submerged soils is poorly known. Preliminary measurements at Sarrans reservoirs show that grassland cambisols (almost) permanently submerged have lost 30% of their original carbon store since impoundment.[br/] - On the long term, both catchment soils, through erosion and nutrient supply, and soils of the littoral zone, which support vegetation communities, influence reservoir ecology. The accumulation of sedimentary carbon in reservoirs appears much higher than in natural lakes, even eutrophic, and reasons for this are many. Greenhouse gas emission is also higher, because of higher sedimentation rate and increased water level fluctuations that favour methane bubbling and water degassing at the turbine outlet.

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    ProdInra
    Article . 2017
    License: CC BY SA
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      ProdInra
      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Ragazzi, Graziella;

    To face the climate change, energy transition is required. Energy transition is a societal transition, which is really challenging because of its singularities. The multi-level governance is necessary in order to act now for the energy transition. Indeed States take action by negotiating international agreements for the climate on the one hand, and on the other hand by legislating their national regulatory framework. Local authorities intervene too owing to their competencies which give them a high influence power on decentralized production system and on energy consumption. The local scale plays a major role because they benefit from closed and trustful relationships which foster collective action and act as a real leverage. It is at the territories level that energy transition projects emerge and that fight against global warming become true. That's why it is necessary to understand what types of local projects for the energy transition arise, and what is their economic, social and environmental performance. This can allow public authorities to identify what are the performant projects and to encourage to replicate them on the one hand, and on the other hand to remove barriers in order to make arise innovant projects. In the long run, we must understand what kinds of projects will unfold and generalize as part of the energy transition depending on the value they will generate. To answer this, the business models perspective is highly appropriate: it constitutes an analytical framework which allows to describe the project features (its value proposition, its value configuration) and to determine its viability and sustainability according to the (economic, financial, social, environmental) values creation it builds. The thesis puts forward a typology of energy transition business models at the local scale, an analytical framework for projects adapted to the energy transition societal stake. Finally the thesis suggests some public policy recommandation in terms of assessment of the economic, social and environmental performance of the local projects for the energy transition.; Face à l'urgence dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique, la transition énergétique bas carbone est une transition sociétale constituant un véritable défi du fait de ses singularités. Les conditions de sa réalisation résident dans un pilotage politique multi-niveaux afin d'agir dès à présent sur les différents leviers d'action possibles. En effet les Etats interviennent d'une part lors des négociations internationales afin de parvenir à un accord universel sur le climat, et d'autre part dans la législation de leur cadre réglementaire national. Les collectivités locales interviennent également du fait de leurs compétences leur conférant un pouvoir d'influence conséquent sur les modes de production décentralisés et sur la consommation d'énergie. L'échelle locale joue un rôle de premier ordre car elle bénéficie des liens de proximités et de confiance qui favorisent l'action collective et constitue un véritable effet de levier. C'est au niveau des territoires que les projets de la transition énergétique émergent et que la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique se concrétise. C'est pourquoi il est nécessaire de comprendre quels types de projets locaux pour la transition énergétique émergent, et quelle est leur performance tant d'un point de vue économique, que social et environnemental. Cela permettra d'une part aux pouvoirs publics d'identifier les types de projets performants pour impulser leur développement, et d'autre part quels sont les freins à lever le cas échéant pour faire émerger des projets innovants. Sur le long-terme, il s'agit de comprendre quels types de projets se déploieront et se généraliseront dans le cadre de la transition énergétique en fonction du type de valeur qu'ils parviendront à générer. Pour répondre à cela, l'approche des business models est pertinente : elle constitue en effet une grille d'analyse permettant de déterminer les caractéristiques de chaque projet, en décrivant sa proposition de valeur et la configuration de cette valeur, et de déterminer sa viabilité et sa durabilité en fonction de la création (ou destruction) de valeurs (économique, financière, sociale, environnementale) qu'il génère. La thèse propose ainsi une typologie des business models de la transition énergétique à l'échelle locale, une grille d'analyse de projet adaptée à l'enjeu sociétal que représente la transition énergétique et propose enfin des recommandations pour la politique publique en matière d'évaluation de la performance économique, sociale et environnementale de projets locaux de transition énergétique.

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