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  • Energy Research
  • 2021-2025
  • 15. Life on land
  • 11. Sustainability
  • University of North Texas

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    Authors: Claudio S. Quilodrán; Erik M. Sandvig; Francisco Aguirre; Juan Rivero de Aguilar; +3 Authors

    AbstractA natural laboratory is a place supporting the conditions for hypothesis testing under non-anthropogenic settings. Located at the southern end of the Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion in southwestern South America, the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR) has one of the most extreme rainfall gradients in the world. Subject to oceanic climate conditions, it is also characterized by moderate thermal fluctuations throughout the year. This makes it a unique natural laboratory for studying the effects of extreme rainfall variations on forest bird communities. Here, we monitor the bird species richness in the different forest types present in the CHBR. We found that species richness decreased with increasing precipitation, in which an increase of 100 mm in average annual precipitation showed about 1% decrease in species richness. Similar patterns were found among different forest types within the CHBR. These results provide a baseline to investigate the interactions between physical and biotic factors in a subpolar region that climatically contrasts with boreal forests, which is subject to continental climatic conditions. This research highlights the importance of ecological and ornithological long-term studies in the CHBR, which can contribute both to a higher resolution of the heterogeneity of climate changes in different regions of the world, and to orient conservation policies in the Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion in the face of growing development pressures.

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    Biodiversity and Conservation
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Biodiversity and Conservation
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Universidad de Chile...arrow_drop_down
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      Biodiversity and Conservation
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biodiversity and Conservation
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    Authors: Huayun He; Qi Hu; Feifei Pan; Xuebiao Pan;

    Quantification of the trade-offs among greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yield, and farmers’ incomes is essential for proposing economic and environmental nitrogen (N) management strategies for optimizing agricultural production. A four-year (2017–2020) field experiment (including four treatments: basic N fertilizer treatment (BF), suitable utilization of fertilization (SU), emission reduction treatment (ER), and high fertilization (HF)) was conducted on maize (Zea mays L.) in the North China Plain. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was used in this study to quantify the GHG emissions and farmers’ incomes during the whole maize production process. The total GHG emissions of BF, SU, ER, and HF treatments in the process of maize production are 10,755.2, 12,908.7, 11,950.1, and 14,274.5 kg CO2-eq ha−1, respectively, of which the direct emissions account for 84.8%, 76.8%, 74.9%, and 71.0%, respectively. Adding inhibitors significantly reduced direct GHG emissions, and the N2O and CO2 emissions from the maize fields in the ER treatment decreased by 30.0% and 7.9% compared to those in the SU treatment. Insignificant differences in yield were found between the SU and ER treatments, indicating that adding fertilizer inhibitors did not affect farmers’ incomes while reducing GHG emissions. The yield for SU, ER, and HF treatments all significantly increased by 12.9–24.0%, 10.0–20.7%, and 2.1–17.4% compared to BF, respectively. In comparison with BF, both SU and ER significantly promoted agricultural net profit (ANP) by 16.6% and 12.2%, with mean ANP values of 3101.0 USD ha−1 and 2980.0 USD ha−1, respectively. Due to the high agricultural inputs, the ANP values in the HF treatment were 11.2%, 16.6%, and 12.4% lower than those in the SU treatment in 2018–2020. In conclusion, the combination of N fertilizer and inhibitors proved to be an environmentally friendly, high-profit, and low-emissions production technology while sustaining or even increasing maize yields in the North China Plain, which was conducive to achieving agricultural sustainability.

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    Plants
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Plants
    Article
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    Plants
    Article . 2023
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      Plants
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Plants
      Article
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      Plants
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Angélica Valencia Torres; Chetan Tiwari; Samuel F. Atkinson;

    The complex interaction between social, economic, and environmental processes coupled with transformations of the landscape primarily driven by urbanization have impacts on the access, availability, and distribution, of food. This has resulted in a global micronutrient deficiency and hunger. Given rapid urbanization and population growth, a more sustainable food system is necessary to feed more urban populations and provide adequate nutrition, especially in developing countries. Existing frameworks for modelling urban-environment interactions contain components related to food security, however, lack the specificity needed to evaluate the effects of land use decisions and agricultural production strategies on the health of local populations measured through metrics such as nutritional output. The research presented here proposes an urban nutrition (UN) extension to the previously published urban ecological economic system by developing a focused component that simulates scenarios of different degrees of urbanization and agricultural production techniques to improve the nutritional output of agricultural land, while considering the conservation of soil. This simulation approach was subsequently applied to the Toluca Metropolitan Zone, Mexico. Results showed that nutritional output would greatly increase when adding a variety of crops, even in scenarios where agricultural land is limited. The proposed extension can be used by decision makers worldwide to evaluate how landscape configurations and agricultural production systems affect the nutritional needs of the local population while fostering sustainable practices.

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2022
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      Sustainability
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Sustainability
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    Authors: László Nagy; Cleiton B. Eller; Lina M. Mercado; Francisco Cuesta; +16 Authors

    Contexte : La surveillance basée sur des placettes a fourni de nombreuses informations sur la diversité taxonomique et le stockage du carbone (C) dans les forêts tropicales de plaine du bassin amazonien. Cela a permis de mieux comprendre la relation entre la dynamique de la biomasse forestière des plaines et les facteurs du changement mondial, tels que le changement climatique et la concentration atmosphérique de CO 2. Beaucoup moins d'attention a été accordée aux écosystèmes montagneux d'Amérique du Sud qui comprennent les forêts montagnardes et la végétation alpine (páramo, puna, prairies des hautes Andes, zones humides et bruyère alpine).Ce complexe de végétation fournit une variété de services écosystémiques et forme un laboratoire naturel le long de divers gradients d'histoire/biogéographie physiographique, géologique et évolutive, et d'histoire de l'utilisation des terres.Images : Ici, nous passons en revue la compréhension empirique existante et les approches basées sur des modèles pour quantifier la contribution des écosystèmes de montagne à la fourniture de services écosystémiques dans le contexte socio-écologique en évolution rapide des montagnes sud-américaines.L' objectif de cet article est de définir une feuille de route générale pour la mise en œuvre de la végétation de montagne dans des modèles dynamiques de végétation mondiale (DGVM) à utiliser dans les modèles du système terrestre (ESM), sur la base de notre compréhension actuelle de leur structure et de leur fonction et de leur réactivité aux facteurs du changement global.Nous identifions également les processus de la limite des arbres, critiques dans les écosystèmes de montagne, comme des éléments manquants clés dans les DGVM/mes, et explorons ainsi en outre un modèle de limite des arbres.Méthodes : Un bilan de la disponibilité des données empiriques a été entrepris à partir de huit sites de recherche le long des Andes et dans le sud-est du Brésil.Parmi huit sites, deux (un au Venezuela et un au Brésil) avaient potentiellement des données climatiques, écologiques et écophysiologiques convenant au paramétrage d'une DGVM.Les données sur la biomasse des arbres étaient disponibles pour six sites.Une évaluation préliminaire de la DGVM du Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) a été réalisée pour identifier les lacunes dans les données disponibles et leurs impacts sur le paramétrage et l'étalonnage du modèle.En outre, l'élévation potentielle de la limite des arbres déterminée par le climat a été modélisée pour vérifier la DGVM quant à sa capacité à identifier la transition entre la forêt montagnarde et la végétation alpine.Résultats : Les résultats de l'évaluation du modèle de surface terrestre JULES ont identifié les processus clés suivants dans les forêts montagnardes : diminution liée à la température de la production primaire nette, respiration et allocation à la biomasse aérienne et augmentation des stocks de C dans le sol avec l'altitude.Il y avait un accord variable entre la biomasse simulée et celles dérivées des mesures sur le terrain via des équations allométriques.Conclusions : Nous avons identifié des écarts majeurs entre la disponibilité des données et les besoins de modélisation basée sur les processus de la végétation de montagne sud-américaine et de sa dynamique dans les DGVM.Pour combler cet écart, nous proposons un réseau transdisciplinaire, composé de membres des communautés théoriques/de modélisation et scientifiques empiriques, pour étudier la dynamique naturelle des écosystèmes de montagne et leurs réponses aux facteurs de changement mondiaux au niveau local, régional et continental, dans un cadre de système socio-écologique.Les travaux présentés ici constituent la base de la conception de la collecte de données à partir des mesures sur le terrain et des stations de surveillance instrumentales pour paramétrer et vérifier les DGVM.Le réseau est conçu pour collaborer et compléter les recherches à long terme existantes Antecedentes: El monitoreo basado en parcelas ha arrojado mucha información sobre la diversidad taxonómica y el almacenamiento de carbono (C) en los bosques tropicales de tierras bajas de la cuenca amazónica. Esto ha resultado en una mejor comprensión de la relación entre la dinámica de la biomasa forestal de las tierras bajas y los impulsores del cambio global, como el cambio climático y la concentración atmosférica de CO 2. Se ha prestado mucha menos atención a los ecosistemas de montaña de América del Sur que comprenden bosques montanos y vegetación alpina (páramo, puna, pastizales altoandinos, humedales y brezales alpinos).Este complejo de vegetación proporciona una variedad de servicios ecosistémicos y forma un laboratorio natural a lo largo de varios gradientes fisiográficos, geológicos y evolutivos de historia/biogeografía e historia del uso de la tierra. Objetivos: Aquí, revisamos la comprensión empírica existente y los enfoques basados en modelos para cuantificar la contribución de los ecosistemas de montaña a la prestación de servicios ecosistémicos en el entorno socioecológico rápidamente cambiante de las montañas sudamericanas. El objetivo de este documento es esbozar una amplia hoja de ruta para la implementación de la vegetación de montaña en modelos dinámicos de vegetación global (DGVM) para su uso en Modelos del Sistema Terrestre (ESM), basados en nuestra comprensión actual de su estructura y función y de su capacidad de respuesta a los impulsores del cambio global. También identificamos los procesos arbóreos, críticos en los ecosistemas de montaña, como elementos clave que faltan en las DGVM/ESM, y por lo tanto exploramos además un modelo arbóreo. Métodos: Se realizó un inventario de la disponibilidad de datos empíricos de ocho sitios de investigación a lo largo de los Andes y en el sureste de Brasil. De los ocho sitios, dos (uno en Venezuela y otro en Brasil) tenían algunos datos climáticos, ecológicos y ecofisiológicos potencialmente adecuado para parametrizar una DGVM. Se disponía de datos de biomasa de árboles para seis sitios. Se realizó una evaluación preliminar de la DGVM del Simulador Conjunto de Medio Ambiente Terrestre del Reino Unido (JULES) para identificar lagunas en los datos disponibles y sus impactos en la parametrización y calibración del modelo. Además, se modeló la posible elevación determinada por el clima de la línea de árboles para verificar la DGVM en cuanto a su capacidad para identificar la transición entre el bosque montano y la vegetación alpina. Resultados: Los resultados de la evaluación del modelo de superficie terrestre de JULES identificaron los siguientes procesos clave en los bosques montanos: disminución relacionada con la temperatura en la producción primaria neta, la respiración y la asignación a la biomasa sobre el suelo y aumento de las poblaciones de suelo C con elevación. Hubo un acuerdo variable entre la biomasa simulada y las derivadas de las mediciones de campo a través de ecuaciones alométricas. Conclusiones: Identificamos grandes brechas entre la disponibilidad de datos y las necesidades de modelado basado en procesos de la vegetación de montaña sudamericana y su dinámica en las DGVM. Para cerrar esta brecha, proponemos una red transdisciplinaria, compuesta por miembros de las comunidades científicas teóricas/de modelado y empíricas, para estudiar la dinámica natural de los ecosistemas de montaña y sus respuestas a los impulsores del cambio global a nivel local, regional y continental, dentro de un marco de sistema socioecológico. El trabajo presentado aquí forma la base para el diseño de la recopilación de datos a partir de mediciones de campo y estaciones de monitoreo instrumental para parametrizar y verificar las DGVM. La red está diseñada para colaborar y complementar la investigación existente a largo plazo. Background: Plot-based monitoring has yielded much information on the taxonomic diversity and carbon (C) storage in tropical lowland forests of the Amazon basin.This has resulted in an improved understanding of the relationship between lowland forest biomass dynamics and global change drivers, such as climate change and atmospheric CO 2 concentration.Much less attention has been paid to the mountain ecosystems of South America that comprise montane forests and alpine vegetation (páramo, puna, high Andean grasslands, wetlands, and alpine heath).This vegetation complex provides a variety of ecosystem services and forms a natural laboratory along various physiographic, geological and evolutionary history/biogeography, and land use history gradients.Aims: Here, we review existing empirical understanding and model-based approaches to quantify the contribution of mountain ecosystems to ecosystem service provision in the rapidly changing socioecological setting of the South American mountains.The objective of this paper is to outline a broad road map for the implementation of mountain vegetation into dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM) for use in Earth System Models (ESM), based on our current understanding of their structure and function and of their responsiveness to global change drivers.We also identify treeline processes, critical in mountain ecosystems, as key missing elements in DGVMs/ESMs, and thus explore in addition a treeline model.Methods: Stocktaking of the availability of empirical data was undertaken from eight research sites along the Andes and in south-eastern Brazil.Out of eight sites, two (one each in Venezuela and Brazil) had some climate, ecological and ecophysiological data potentially suitable to parametrise a DGVM.Tree biomass data were available for six sites.A preliminary assessment of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) DGVM was made to identify gaps in available data and their impacts on model parametrisation and calibration.Additionally, the potential climate-determined elevation of the treeline was modelled to check the DGVM for its ability to identify the transition between the montane forest and alpine vegetation.Results: Outcomes of the evaluation of the JULES land surface model identified the following key processes in montane forests: temperature-related decrease in net primary production, respiration, and allocation to above-ground biomass and increase in soil C stocks with elevation.There was a variable agreement between simulated biomass and those derived from field measurements via allometric equations.Conclusions: We identified major gaps between data availability and the needs for process-based modelling of South American mountain vegetation and its dynamics in DGVMs.To bridge this gap, we propose a transdisciplinary network, composed of members of the theoretical/modelling and empirical scientific communities, to study the natural dynamics of mountain ecosystems and their responses to global change drivers locally, regionally and at the continental scale, within a social-ecological system framework.The work presented here forms the basis for the design of data collection from field measurements and instrumental monitoring stations to parametrise and verify DGVMs.The network is designed to collaborate with and complement existing long-term research معلومات أساسية: أسفر الرصد القائم على قطعة الأرض عن الكثير من المعلومات حول التنوع التصنيفي وتخزين الكربون (C) في غابات الأراضي المنخفضة الاستوائية في حوض الأمازون. وقد أدى ذلك إلى فهم أفضل للعلاقة بين ديناميات الكتلة الحيوية للغابات المنخفضة ومحركات التغير العالمي، مثل تغير المناخ وتركيز ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي. وقد تم إيلاء اهتمام أقل بكثير للنظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية في أمريكا الجنوبية التي تشمل الغابات الجبلية والغطاء النباتي في جبال الألب (بارامو، بونا، الأراضي العشبية في أعالي الأنديز، الأراضي الرطبة، وصحة جبال الألب). يوفر مجمع الغطاء النباتي هذا مجموعة متنوعة من خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي ويشكل مختبرًا طبيعيًا على طول مختلف التاريخ الفيزيائي والجيولوجي والتطوري/الجغرافيا الحيوية، وتدرجات تاريخ استخدام الأراضي. الأهداف: نستعرض هنا الفهم التجريبي الحالي والنهج القائمة على النماذج لقياس مساهمة النظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية في توفير خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي في البيئة الاجتماعية والبيئية المتغيرة بسرعة لجبال أمريكا الجنوبية. الهدف من هذه الورقة هو تحديد خريطة طريق واسعة لتنفيذ الغطاء النباتي الجبلي في نماذج نباتية عالمية ديناميكية (DGVM) لاستخدامها في نماذج نظام الأرض (ESM)، بناءً على فهمنا الحالي من هيكلها ووظيفتها واستجابتها لمحركات التغير العالمي. كما نحدد عمليات خطوط الأشجار، الحرجة في النظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية، كعناصر رئيسية مفقودة في DGVMs/ESMs، وبالتالي نستكشف بالإضافة إلى ذلك نموذج خط الأشجار. الأساليب: تم إجراء جرد لتوافر البيانات التجريبية من ثمانية مواقع بحثية على طول جبال الأنديز وفي جنوب شرق البرازيل. من بين ثمانية مواقع، كان لدى موقعين (واحد في كل من فنزويلا والبرازيل) بعض البيانات المناخية والبيئية والفسيولوجية البيئية المحتملة مناسبة لتحديد معالم DGVM. كانت بيانات الكتلة الحيوية الثلاثية متاحة لستة مواقع. تم إجراء تقييم أولي لمحاكي بيئة الأراضي المشترك في المملكة المتحدة (JULES) DGVM لتحديد الثغرات في البيانات المتاحة وتأثيراتها على تحديد معالم النموذج ومعايرته. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم نمذجة الارتفاع المحتمل المحدد بالمناخ لخط الأشجار للتحقق من DGVM لقدرته على تحديد الانتقال بين الغابة الجبلية والغطاء النباتي في جبال الألب. النتائج: حددت نتائج تقييم نموذج سطح الأرض JULES العمليات الرئيسية التالية في الغابات الجبلية: الانخفاض المرتبط بدرجة الحرارة في صافي الإنتاج الأولي، والتنفس، والتخصيص للكتلة الحيوية فوق الأرض و زيادة مخزونات التربة C مع الارتفاع. كان هناك اتفاق متغير بين الكتلة الحيوية المحاكية وتلك المستمدة من القياسات الميدانية عبر المعادلات المتجانسة. الاستنتاجات: حددنا الفجوات الرئيسية بين توافر البيانات والاحتياجات إلى النمذجة القائمة على العمليات للغطاء النباتي الجبلي في أمريكا الجنوبية وديناميكياته في DGVM. لسد هذه الفجوة، نقترح شبكة متعددة التخصصات، تتألف من أعضاء المجتمعات العلمية النظرية/النمذجة والتجريبية، لدراسة الديناميكيات الطبيعية للنظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية واستجاباتها لمحركات التغيير العالمي محليًا وإقليميًا وعلى المستوى القاري، ضمن إطار النظام الاجتماعي الإيكولوجي. يشكل العمل المقدم هنا الأساس لتصميم جمع البيانات من القياسات الميدانية ومحطات المراقبة الآلية إلى بارامتير والتحقق من DGVM. تم تصميم الشبكة للتعاون مع البحوث القائمة طويلة الأجل واستكمالها

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    Plant Ecology & Diversity
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    Authors: Ubydul Haque; Ubydul Haque; Yaxin Bi; Jailos Lubinda; +2 Authors

    AbstractThe role of climate change on global malaria is often highlighted in World Health Organisation reports. We modelled a Zambian socio-environmental dataset from 2000 to 2016, against malaria trends and investigated the relationship of near-term environmental change with malaria incidence using Bayesian spatio-temporal, and negative binomial mixed regression models. We introduced the diurnal temperature range (DTR) as an alternative environmental measure to the widely used mean temperature. We found substantial sub-national near-term variations and significant associations with malaria incidence-trends. Significant spatio-temporal shifts in DTR/environmental predictors influenced malaria incidence-rates, even in areas with declining trends. We highlight the impact of seasonally sensitive DTR, especially in the first two quarters of the year and demonstrate how substantial investment in intervention programmes is negatively impacted by near-term climate change, most notably since 2010. We argue for targeted seasonally-sensitive malaria chemoprevention programmes.

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    Authors: Yuli Shan; Xueqin Cui; Dabo Guan; Liangliang Cheng; +85 Authors

    China, with its growing population and economic development, faces increasing risks to health from climate change, but also opportunities to address these risks and protect health for generations to come. Without a timely and adequate response, climate change will impact lives and livelihoods at an accelerated rate. In 2020, the Lancet Countdown Regional Centre in Asia, led by Tsinghua University, built on the work of the global Lancet Countdown and began its assessment of the health profile of climate change in China with the aim of triggering rapid and health-responsive actions. This 2021 report is the first annual update, presenting 25 indicators within five domains: climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerability; adaptation, planning, and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. The report represents the contributions of 88 experts from 25 leading institutions in, and outside of, China. From 2020 to 2021, five new indicators have been added and methods have been improved for many indicators. Where possible, the indicator results are presented at national and provincial levels to facilitate local understanding and policy making. In a year marked by COVID-19, this report also endeavours to reflect on China's pathway for a green recovery, ensuring it aligns with the carbon neutrality goal, for the health of the current and future generations.

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    The Lancet Public Health
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    Authors: Susan L. Prescott; Alan C. Logan; Jamie Bristow; Ricardo Rozzi; +7 Authors

    AbstractPlanetary health provides a perspective of ecological interdependence that connects the health and vitality of individuals, communities, and Earth's natural systems. It includes the social, political, and economic ecosystems that influence both individuals and whole societies. In an era of interconnected grand challenges threatening health of all systems at all scales, planetary health provides a framework for cross‐sectoral collaboration and unified systems approaches to solutions. The field of allergy is at the forefront of these efforts. Allergic conditions are a sentinel measure of environmental impact on human health in early life—illuminating how ecological changes affect immune development and predispose to a wider range of inflammatory noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This shows how adverse macroscale ecology in the Anthropocene penetrates to the molecular level of personal and microscale ecology, including the microbial systems at the foundations of all ecosystems. It provides the basis for more integrated efforts to address widespread environmental degradation and adverse effects of maladaptive urbanization, food systems, lifestyle behaviors, and socioeconomic disadvantage. Nature‐based solutions and efforts to improve nature‐relatedness are crucial for restoring symbiosis, balance, and mutualism in every sense, recognizing that both personal lifestyle choices and collective structural actions are needed in tandem. Ultimately, meaningful ecological approaches will depend on placing greater emphasis on psychological and cultural dimensions such as mindfulness, values, and moral wisdom to ensure a sustainable and resilient future.

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    Allergy
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Allergy
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Cintia Lucía Arias; Leidy Tatiana García Navarrete; Eric Mukundi; Tyler Swanson; +4 Authors

    SummaryPennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.), a member of the Brassicaceae family, produces seed oil high in erucic acid, suitable for biodiesel and aviation fuel. Although pennycress, a winter annual, could be grown as a dedicated bioenergy crop, an increase in its seed oil content is required to improve its economic competitiveness. The success of crop improvement relies upon finding the right combination of biomarkers and targets, and the best genetic engineering and/or breeding strategies. In this work, we combined biomass composition with metabolomic and transcriptomic studies of developing embryos from 22 pennycress natural variants to identify targets for oil improvement. The selected accession collection presented diverse levels of fatty acids at maturity ranging from 29% to 41%. Pearson correlation analyses, weighted gene co‐expression network analysis and biomarker identifications were used as complementary approaches to detect associations between metabolite level or gene expression and oil content at maturity. The results indicated that improving seed oil content can lead to a concomitant increase in the proportion of erucic acid without affecting the weight of embryos. Processes, such as carbon partitioning towards the chloroplast, lipid metabolism, photosynthesis, and a tight control of nitrogen availability, were found to be key for oil improvement in pennycress. Besides identifying specific targets, our results also provide guidance regarding the best timing for their modification, early or middle maturation. Thus, this work lays out promising strategies, specific for pennycress, to accelerate the successful development of lines with increased seed oil content for biofuel applications.

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    Plant Biotechnology Journal
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Plant Biotechnology Journal
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Milad Asadi; Amir Oshnooei-Nooshabadi; Samira-Sadat Saleh; Fattaneh Habibnezhad; +2 Authors

    Considering urbanization can lead to irreversible land transformations, it is crucial to provide city managers, environmental resources managers, and even people with accurate predicting land use/land cover (LULC) to accomplish sustainable development goals. Although many methods have been used to predict land use/land cover (LULC), few studies have compared them. Therefore, by analyzing the results of various prediction models and, consequently, recognizing the most accurate and reliable ones, we can assist city managers, environmental resources managers, and researchers.. In this regard, this research compares Cellular Automata–Markov Chain and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as frequently used models to overcome this gap and help those concerned about sustainable development to predict urban sprawl with the most reliable accuracy. In the first step, Landsat satellite images acquired in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were classified with Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC), and LULC maps were prepared for each year. In the second step, to investigate the LULC prediction, validation of the CA–Markov and ANN methods was performed. In this way, the LULC simulation map of 2020 was prepared based on the LULC map of 2000 and 2010; next, the predicted LULC map of 2020 and the actual LULC map for 2020 were compared using correctness, completeness, and quality indices. Finally, the LULC map for 2030 was generated using both algorithms, and the corresponding change map was extracted, showing a reduction in soil and vegetation areas (respectively, 39% and 12%) and an expansion (58%) in built-up regions. Moreover, the validation test of the methods showed that the two algorithms were closer to each other; however, ANN had the highest completeness (96.21%) and quality (93.8%), while CA–Markov had the most correctness (96.47%). This study showed that the CA–Markov algorithm is more accurate in predicting the future of larger areas with higher allocations (urban and vegetation cover) while the ANN algorithm is more accurate in predicting the future of small areas with fewer allocations (soil and rock).

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2022
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      Sustainability
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    Authors: Johnston, Christopher; García Navarrete, Tatiana; Ortiz, Emmanuel; Romsdahl, Trevor B.; +4 Authors

    Pennycress is a potentially lucrative biofuel crop due to its high content of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, and because it uses non-conventional pathways to achieve efficient oil production. However, metabolic engineering is required to improve pennycress oilseed content and make it an economically viable source of aviation fuel. Research is warranted to determine if further upregulation of these non-conventional pathways could improve oil production within the species even more, which would indicate these processes serve as promising metabolic engineering targets and could provide the improvement necessary for economic feasibility of this crop. To test this hypothesis, we performed a comparative biomass, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses between a high oil accession (HO) and low oil accession (LO) of pennycress to assess potential factors required to optimize oil content. An evident reduction in glycolysis intermediates, improved oxidative pentose phosphate pathway activity, malate accumulation in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and an anaplerotic pathway upregulation were noted in the HO genotype. Additionally, higher levels of threonine aldolase transcripts imply a pyruvate bypass mechanism for acetyl-CoA production. Nucleotide sugar and ascorbate accumulation also were evident in HO, suggesting differential fate of associated carbon between the two genotypes. An altered transcriptome related to lipid droplet (LD) biosynthesis and stability suggests a contribution to a more tightly-packed LD arrangement in HO cotyledons. In addition to the importance of central carbon metabolism augmentation, alternative routes of carbon entry into fatty acid synthesis and modification, as well as transcriptionally modified changes in LD regulation, are key aspects of metabolism and storage associated with economically favorable phenotypes of the species.

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    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Frontiers in Plant Science
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      Frontiers in Plant Science
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    Authors: Claudio S. Quilodrán; Erik M. Sandvig; Francisco Aguirre; Juan Rivero de Aguilar; +3 Authors

    AbstractA natural laboratory is a place supporting the conditions for hypothesis testing under non-anthropogenic settings. Located at the southern end of the Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion in southwestern South America, the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR) has one of the most extreme rainfall gradients in the world. Subject to oceanic climate conditions, it is also characterized by moderate thermal fluctuations throughout the year. This makes it a unique natural laboratory for studying the effects of extreme rainfall variations on forest bird communities. Here, we monitor the bird species richness in the different forest types present in the CHBR. We found that species richness decreased with increasing precipitation, in which an increase of 100 mm in average annual precipitation showed about 1% decrease in species richness. Similar patterns were found among different forest types within the CHBR. These results provide a baseline to investigate the interactions between physical and biotic factors in a subpolar region that climatically contrasts with boreal forests, which is subject to continental climatic conditions. This research highlights the importance of ecological and ornithological long-term studies in the CHBR, which can contribute both to a higher resolution of the heterogeneity of climate changes in different regions of the world, and to orient conservation policies in the Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion in the face of growing development pressures.

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    Biodiversity and Conservation
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biodiversity and Conservation
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    Authors: Huayun He; Qi Hu; Feifei Pan; Xuebiao Pan;

    Quantification of the trade-offs among greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yield, and farmers’ incomes is essential for proposing economic and environmental nitrogen (N) management strategies for optimizing agricultural production. A four-year (2017–2020) field experiment (including four treatments: basic N fertilizer treatment (BF), suitable utilization of fertilization (SU), emission reduction treatment (ER), and high fertilization (HF)) was conducted on maize (Zea mays L.) in the North China Plain. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was used in this study to quantify the GHG emissions and farmers’ incomes during the whole maize production process. The total GHG emissions of BF, SU, ER, and HF treatments in the process of maize production are 10,755.2, 12,908.7, 11,950.1, and 14,274.5 kg CO2-eq ha−1, respectively, of which the direct emissions account for 84.8%, 76.8%, 74.9%, and 71.0%, respectively. Adding inhibitors significantly reduced direct GHG emissions, and the N2O and CO2 emissions from the maize fields in the ER treatment decreased by 30.0% and 7.9% compared to those in the SU treatment. Insignificant differences in yield were found between the SU and ER treatments, indicating that adding fertilizer inhibitors did not affect farmers’ incomes while reducing GHG emissions. The yield for SU, ER, and HF treatments all significantly increased by 12.9–24.0%, 10.0–20.7%, and 2.1–17.4% compared to BF, respectively. In comparison with BF, both SU and ER significantly promoted agricultural net profit (ANP) by 16.6% and 12.2%, with mean ANP values of 3101.0 USD ha−1 and 2980.0 USD ha−1, respectively. Due to the high agricultural inputs, the ANP values in the HF treatment were 11.2%, 16.6%, and 12.4% lower than those in the SU treatment in 2018–2020. In conclusion, the combination of N fertilizer and inhibitors proved to be an environmentally friendly, high-profit, and low-emissions production technology while sustaining or even increasing maize yields in the North China Plain, which was conducive to achieving agricultural sustainability.

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    Plants
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      Plants
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    Authors: Angélica Valencia Torres; Chetan Tiwari; Samuel F. Atkinson;

    The complex interaction between social, economic, and environmental processes coupled with transformations of the landscape primarily driven by urbanization have impacts on the access, availability, and distribution, of food. This has resulted in a global micronutrient deficiency and hunger. Given rapid urbanization and population growth, a more sustainable food system is necessary to feed more urban populations and provide adequate nutrition, especially in developing countries. Existing frameworks for modelling urban-environment interactions contain components related to food security, however, lack the specificity needed to evaluate the effects of land use decisions and agricultural production strategies on the health of local populations measured through metrics such as nutritional output. The research presented here proposes an urban nutrition (UN) extension to the previously published urban ecological economic system by developing a focused component that simulates scenarios of different degrees of urbanization and agricultural production techniques to improve the nutritional output of agricultural land, while considering the conservation of soil. This simulation approach was subsequently applied to the Toluca Metropolitan Zone, Mexico. Results showed that nutritional output would greatly increase when adding a variety of crops, even in scenarios where agricultural land is limited. The proposed extension can be used by decision makers worldwide to evaluate how landscape configurations and agricultural production systems affect the nutritional needs of the local population while fostering sustainable practices.

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    Authors: László Nagy; Cleiton B. Eller; Lina M. Mercado; Francisco Cuesta; +16 Authors

    Contexte : La surveillance basée sur des placettes a fourni de nombreuses informations sur la diversité taxonomique et le stockage du carbone (C) dans les forêts tropicales de plaine du bassin amazonien. Cela a permis de mieux comprendre la relation entre la dynamique de la biomasse forestière des plaines et les facteurs du changement mondial, tels que le changement climatique et la concentration atmosphérique de CO 2. Beaucoup moins d'attention a été accordée aux écosystèmes montagneux d'Amérique du Sud qui comprennent les forêts montagnardes et la végétation alpine (páramo, puna, prairies des hautes Andes, zones humides et bruyère alpine).Ce complexe de végétation fournit une variété de services écosystémiques et forme un laboratoire naturel le long de divers gradients d'histoire/biogéographie physiographique, géologique et évolutive, et d'histoire de l'utilisation des terres.Images : Ici, nous passons en revue la compréhension empirique existante et les approches basées sur des modèles pour quantifier la contribution des écosystèmes de montagne à la fourniture de services écosystémiques dans le contexte socio-écologique en évolution rapide des montagnes sud-américaines.L' objectif de cet article est de définir une feuille de route générale pour la mise en œuvre de la végétation de montagne dans des modèles dynamiques de végétation mondiale (DGVM) à utiliser dans les modèles du système terrestre (ESM), sur la base de notre compréhension actuelle de leur structure et de leur fonction et de leur réactivité aux facteurs du changement global.Nous identifions également les processus de la limite des arbres, critiques dans les écosystèmes de montagne, comme des éléments manquants clés dans les DGVM/mes, et explorons ainsi en outre un modèle de limite des arbres.Méthodes : Un bilan de la disponibilité des données empiriques a été entrepris à partir de huit sites de recherche le long des Andes et dans le sud-est du Brésil.Parmi huit sites, deux (un au Venezuela et un au Brésil) avaient potentiellement des données climatiques, écologiques et écophysiologiques convenant au paramétrage d'une DGVM.Les données sur la biomasse des arbres étaient disponibles pour six sites.Une évaluation préliminaire de la DGVM du Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) a été réalisée pour identifier les lacunes dans les données disponibles et leurs impacts sur le paramétrage et l'étalonnage du modèle.En outre, l'élévation potentielle de la limite des arbres déterminée par le climat a été modélisée pour vérifier la DGVM quant à sa capacité à identifier la transition entre la forêt montagnarde et la végétation alpine.Résultats : Les résultats de l'évaluation du modèle de surface terrestre JULES ont identifié les processus clés suivants dans les forêts montagnardes : diminution liée à la température de la production primaire nette, respiration et allocation à la biomasse aérienne et augmentation des stocks de C dans le sol avec l'altitude.Il y avait un accord variable entre la biomasse simulée et celles dérivées des mesures sur le terrain via des équations allométriques.Conclusions : Nous avons identifié des écarts majeurs entre la disponibilité des données et les besoins de modélisation basée sur les processus de la végétation de montagne sud-américaine et de sa dynamique dans les DGVM.Pour combler cet écart, nous proposons un réseau transdisciplinaire, composé de membres des communautés théoriques/de modélisation et scientifiques empiriques, pour étudier la dynamique naturelle des écosystèmes de montagne et leurs réponses aux facteurs de changement mondiaux au niveau local, régional et continental, dans un cadre de système socio-écologique.Les travaux présentés ici constituent la base de la conception de la collecte de données à partir des mesures sur le terrain et des stations de surveillance instrumentales pour paramétrer et vérifier les DGVM.Le réseau est conçu pour collaborer et compléter les recherches à long terme existantes Antecedentes: El monitoreo basado en parcelas ha arrojado mucha información sobre la diversidad taxonómica y el almacenamiento de carbono (C) en los bosques tropicales de tierras bajas de la cuenca amazónica. Esto ha resultado en una mejor comprensión de la relación entre la dinámica de la biomasa forestal de las tierras bajas y los impulsores del cambio global, como el cambio climático y la concentración atmosférica de CO 2. Se ha prestado mucha menos atención a los ecosistemas de montaña de América del Sur que comprenden bosques montanos y vegetación alpina (páramo, puna, pastizales altoandinos, humedales y brezales alpinos).Este complejo de vegetación proporciona una variedad de servicios ecosistémicos y forma un laboratorio natural a lo largo de varios gradientes fisiográficos, geológicos y evolutivos de historia/biogeografía e historia del uso de la tierra. Objetivos: Aquí, revisamos la comprensión empírica existente y los enfoques basados en modelos para cuantificar la contribución de los ecosistemas de montaña a la prestación de servicios ecosistémicos en el entorno socioecológico rápidamente cambiante de las montañas sudamericanas. El objetivo de este documento es esbozar una amplia hoja de ruta para la implementación de la vegetación de montaña en modelos dinámicos de vegetación global (DGVM) para su uso en Modelos del Sistema Terrestre (ESM), basados en nuestra comprensión actual de su estructura y función y de su capacidad de respuesta a los impulsores del cambio global. También identificamos los procesos arbóreos, críticos en los ecosistemas de montaña, como elementos clave que faltan en las DGVM/ESM, y por lo tanto exploramos además un modelo arbóreo. Métodos: Se realizó un inventario de la disponibilidad de datos empíricos de ocho sitios de investigación a lo largo de los Andes y en el sureste de Brasil. De los ocho sitios, dos (uno en Venezuela y otro en Brasil) tenían algunos datos climáticos, ecológicos y ecofisiológicos potencialmente adecuado para parametrizar una DGVM. Se disponía de datos de biomasa de árboles para seis sitios. Se realizó una evaluación preliminar de la DGVM del Simulador Conjunto de Medio Ambiente Terrestre del Reino Unido (JULES) para identificar lagunas en los datos disponibles y sus impactos en la parametrización y calibración del modelo. Además, se modeló la posible elevación determinada por el clima de la línea de árboles para verificar la DGVM en cuanto a su capacidad para identificar la transición entre el bosque montano y la vegetación alpina. Resultados: Los resultados de la evaluación del modelo de superficie terrestre de JULES identificaron los siguientes procesos clave en los bosques montanos: disminución relacionada con la temperatura en la producción primaria neta, la respiración y la asignación a la biomasa sobre el suelo y aumento de las poblaciones de suelo C con elevación. Hubo un acuerdo variable entre la biomasa simulada y las derivadas de las mediciones de campo a través de ecuaciones alométricas. Conclusiones: Identificamos grandes brechas entre la disponibilidad de datos y las necesidades de modelado basado en procesos de la vegetación de montaña sudamericana y su dinámica en las DGVM. Para cerrar esta brecha, proponemos una red transdisciplinaria, compuesta por miembros de las comunidades científicas teóricas/de modelado y empíricas, para estudiar la dinámica natural de los ecosistemas de montaña y sus respuestas a los impulsores del cambio global a nivel local, regional y continental, dentro de un marco de sistema socioecológico. El trabajo presentado aquí forma la base para el diseño de la recopilación de datos a partir de mediciones de campo y estaciones de monitoreo instrumental para parametrizar y verificar las DGVM. La red está diseñada para colaborar y complementar la investigación existente a largo plazo. Background: Plot-based monitoring has yielded much information on the taxonomic diversity and carbon (C) storage in tropical lowland forests of the Amazon basin.This has resulted in an improved understanding of the relationship between lowland forest biomass dynamics and global change drivers, such as climate change and atmospheric CO 2 concentration.Much less attention has been paid to the mountain ecosystems of South America that comprise montane forests and alpine vegetation (páramo, puna, high Andean grasslands, wetlands, and alpine heath).This vegetation complex provides a variety of ecosystem services and forms a natural laboratory along various physiographic, geological and evolutionary history/biogeography, and land use history gradients.Aims: Here, we review existing empirical understanding and model-based approaches to quantify the contribution of mountain ecosystems to ecosystem service provision in the rapidly changing socioecological setting of the South American mountains.The objective of this paper is to outline a broad road map for the implementation of mountain vegetation into dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM) for use in Earth System Models (ESM), based on our current understanding of their structure and function and of their responsiveness to global change drivers.We also identify treeline processes, critical in mountain ecosystems, as key missing elements in DGVMs/ESMs, and thus explore in addition a treeline model.Methods: Stocktaking of the availability of empirical data was undertaken from eight research sites along the Andes and in south-eastern Brazil.Out of eight sites, two (one each in Venezuela and Brazil) had some climate, ecological and ecophysiological data potentially suitable to parametrise a DGVM.Tree biomass data were available for six sites.A preliminary assessment of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) DGVM was made to identify gaps in available data and their impacts on model parametrisation and calibration.Additionally, the potential climate-determined elevation of the treeline was modelled to check the DGVM for its ability to identify the transition between the montane forest and alpine vegetation.Results: Outcomes of the evaluation of the JULES land surface model identified the following key processes in montane forests: temperature-related decrease in net primary production, respiration, and allocation to above-ground biomass and increase in soil C stocks with elevation.There was a variable agreement between simulated biomass and those derived from field measurements via allometric equations.Conclusions: We identified major gaps between data availability and the needs for process-based modelling of South American mountain vegetation and its dynamics in DGVMs.To bridge this gap, we propose a transdisciplinary network, composed of members of the theoretical/modelling and empirical scientific communities, to study the natural dynamics of mountain ecosystems and their responses to global change drivers locally, regionally and at the continental scale, within a social-ecological system framework.The work presented here forms the basis for the design of data collection from field measurements and instrumental monitoring stations to parametrise and verify DGVMs.The network is designed to collaborate with and complement existing long-term research معلومات أساسية: أسفر الرصد القائم على قطعة الأرض عن الكثير من المعلومات حول التنوع التصنيفي وتخزين الكربون (C) في غابات الأراضي المنخفضة الاستوائية في حوض الأمازون. وقد أدى ذلك إلى فهم أفضل للعلاقة بين ديناميات الكتلة الحيوية للغابات المنخفضة ومحركات التغير العالمي، مثل تغير المناخ وتركيز ثاني أكسيد الكربون في الغلاف الجوي. وقد تم إيلاء اهتمام أقل بكثير للنظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية في أمريكا الجنوبية التي تشمل الغابات الجبلية والغطاء النباتي في جبال الألب (بارامو، بونا، الأراضي العشبية في أعالي الأنديز، الأراضي الرطبة، وصحة جبال الألب). يوفر مجمع الغطاء النباتي هذا مجموعة متنوعة من خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي ويشكل مختبرًا طبيعيًا على طول مختلف التاريخ الفيزيائي والجيولوجي والتطوري/الجغرافيا الحيوية، وتدرجات تاريخ استخدام الأراضي. الأهداف: نستعرض هنا الفهم التجريبي الحالي والنهج القائمة على النماذج لقياس مساهمة النظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية في توفير خدمات النظام الإيكولوجي في البيئة الاجتماعية والبيئية المتغيرة بسرعة لجبال أمريكا الجنوبية. الهدف من هذه الورقة هو تحديد خريطة طريق واسعة لتنفيذ الغطاء النباتي الجبلي في نماذج نباتية عالمية ديناميكية (DGVM) لاستخدامها في نماذج نظام الأرض (ESM)، بناءً على فهمنا الحالي من هيكلها ووظيفتها واستجابتها لمحركات التغير العالمي. كما نحدد عمليات خطوط الأشجار، الحرجة في النظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية، كعناصر رئيسية مفقودة في DGVMs/ESMs، وبالتالي نستكشف بالإضافة إلى ذلك نموذج خط الأشجار. الأساليب: تم إجراء جرد لتوافر البيانات التجريبية من ثمانية مواقع بحثية على طول جبال الأنديز وفي جنوب شرق البرازيل. من بين ثمانية مواقع، كان لدى موقعين (واحد في كل من فنزويلا والبرازيل) بعض البيانات المناخية والبيئية والفسيولوجية البيئية المحتملة مناسبة لتحديد معالم DGVM. كانت بيانات الكتلة الحيوية الثلاثية متاحة لستة مواقع. تم إجراء تقييم أولي لمحاكي بيئة الأراضي المشترك في المملكة المتحدة (JULES) DGVM لتحديد الثغرات في البيانات المتاحة وتأثيراتها على تحديد معالم النموذج ومعايرته. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم نمذجة الارتفاع المحتمل المحدد بالمناخ لخط الأشجار للتحقق من DGVM لقدرته على تحديد الانتقال بين الغابة الجبلية والغطاء النباتي في جبال الألب. النتائج: حددت نتائج تقييم نموذج سطح الأرض JULES العمليات الرئيسية التالية في الغابات الجبلية: الانخفاض المرتبط بدرجة الحرارة في صافي الإنتاج الأولي، والتنفس، والتخصيص للكتلة الحيوية فوق الأرض و زيادة مخزونات التربة C مع الارتفاع. كان هناك اتفاق متغير بين الكتلة الحيوية المحاكية وتلك المستمدة من القياسات الميدانية عبر المعادلات المتجانسة. الاستنتاجات: حددنا الفجوات الرئيسية بين توافر البيانات والاحتياجات إلى النمذجة القائمة على العمليات للغطاء النباتي الجبلي في أمريكا الجنوبية وديناميكياته في DGVM. لسد هذه الفجوة، نقترح شبكة متعددة التخصصات، تتألف من أعضاء المجتمعات العلمية النظرية/النمذجة والتجريبية، لدراسة الديناميكيات الطبيعية للنظم الإيكولوجية الجبلية واستجاباتها لمحركات التغيير العالمي محليًا وإقليميًا وعلى المستوى القاري، ضمن إطار النظام الاجتماعي الإيكولوجي. يشكل العمل المقدم هنا الأساس لتصميم جمع البيانات من القياسات الميدانية ومحطات المراقبة الآلية إلى بارامتير والتحقق من DGVM. تم تصميم الشبكة للتعاون مع البحوث القائمة طويلة الأجل واستكمالها

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    Plant Ecology & Diversity
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      Plant Ecology & Diversity
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    Authors: Ubydul Haque; Ubydul Haque; Yaxin Bi; Jailos Lubinda; +2 Authors

    AbstractThe role of climate change on global malaria is often highlighted in World Health Organisation reports. We modelled a Zambian socio-environmental dataset from 2000 to 2016, against malaria trends and investigated the relationship of near-term environmental change with malaria incidence using Bayesian spatio-temporal, and negative binomial mixed regression models. We introduced the diurnal temperature range (DTR) as an alternative environmental measure to the widely used mean temperature. We found substantial sub-national near-term variations and significant associations with malaria incidence-trends. Significant spatio-temporal shifts in DTR/environmental predictors influenced malaria incidence-rates, even in areas with declining trends. We highlight the impact of seasonally sensitive DTR, especially in the first two quarters of the year and demonstrate how substantial investment in intervention programmes is negatively impacted by near-term climate change, most notably since 2010. We argue for targeted seasonally-sensitive malaria chemoprevention programmes.

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    Scientific Reports
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      Scientific Reports
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    Authors: Yuli Shan; Xueqin Cui; Dabo Guan; Liangliang Cheng; +85 Authors

    China, with its growing population and economic development, faces increasing risks to health from climate change, but also opportunities to address these risks and protect health for generations to come. Without a timely and adequate response, climate change will impact lives and livelihoods at an accelerated rate. In 2020, the Lancet Countdown Regional Centre in Asia, led by Tsinghua University, built on the work of the global Lancet Countdown and began its assessment of the health profile of climate change in China with the aim of triggering rapid and health-responsive actions. This 2021 report is the first annual update, presenting 25 indicators within five domains: climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerability; adaptation, planning, and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. The report represents the contributions of 88 experts from 25 leading institutions in, and outside of, China. From 2020 to 2021, five new indicators have been added and methods have been improved for many indicators. Where possible, the indicator results are presented at national and provincial levels to facilitate local understanding and policy making. In a year marked by COVID-19, this report also endeavours to reflect on China's pathway for a green recovery, ensuring it aligns with the carbon neutrality goal, for the health of the current and future generations.

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    The Lancet Public Health
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    The Lancet Public Health
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      The Lancet Public Health
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      The Lancet Public Health
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    Authors: Susan L. Prescott; Alan C. Logan; Jamie Bristow; Ricardo Rozzi; +7 Authors

    AbstractPlanetary health provides a perspective of ecological interdependence that connects the health and vitality of individuals, communities, and Earth's natural systems. It includes the social, political, and economic ecosystems that influence both individuals and whole societies. In an era of interconnected grand challenges threatening health of all systems at all scales, planetary health provides a framework for cross‐sectoral collaboration and unified systems approaches to solutions. The field of allergy is at the forefront of these efforts. Allergic conditions are a sentinel measure of environmental impact on human health in early life—illuminating how ecological changes affect immune development and predispose to a wider range of inflammatory noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This shows how adverse macroscale ecology in the Anthropocene penetrates to the molecular level of personal and microscale ecology, including the microbial systems at the foundations of all ecosystems. It provides the basis for more integrated efforts to address widespread environmental degradation and adverse effects of maladaptive urbanization, food systems, lifestyle behaviors, and socioeconomic disadvantage. Nature‐based solutions and efforts to improve nature‐relatedness are crucial for restoring symbiosis, balance, and mutualism in every sense, recognizing that both personal lifestyle choices and collective structural actions are needed in tandem. Ultimately, meaningful ecological approaches will depend on placing greater emphasis on psychological and cultural dimensions such as mindfulness, values, and moral wisdom to ensure a sustainable and resilient future.

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    Allergy
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Cintia Lucía Arias; Leidy Tatiana García Navarrete; Eric Mukundi; Tyler Swanson; +4 Authors

    SummaryPennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.), a member of the Brassicaceae family, produces seed oil high in erucic acid, suitable for biodiesel and aviation fuel. Although pennycress, a winter annual, could be grown as a dedicated bioenergy crop, an increase in its seed oil content is required to improve its economic competitiveness. The success of crop improvement relies upon finding the right combination of biomarkers and targets, and the best genetic engineering and/or breeding strategies. In this work, we combined biomass composition with metabolomic and transcriptomic studies of developing embryos from 22 pennycress natural variants to identify targets for oil improvement. The selected accession collection presented diverse levels of fatty acids at maturity ranging from 29% to 41%. Pearson correlation analyses, weighted gene co‐expression network analysis and biomarker identifications were used as complementary approaches to detect associations between metabolite level or gene expression and oil content at maturity. The results indicated that improving seed oil content can lead to a concomitant increase in the proportion of erucic acid without affecting the weight of embryos. Processes, such as carbon partitioning towards the chloroplast, lipid metabolism, photosynthesis, and a tight control of nitrogen availability, were found to be key for oil improvement in pennycress. Besides identifying specific targets, our results also provide guidance regarding the best timing for their modification, early or middle maturation. Thus, this work lays out promising strategies, specific for pennycress, to accelerate the successful development of lines with increased seed oil content for biofuel applications.

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    Plant Biotechnology Journal
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
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      Plant Biotechnology Journal
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Milad Asadi; Amir Oshnooei-Nooshabadi; Samira-Sadat Saleh; Fattaneh Habibnezhad; +2 Authors

    Considering urbanization can lead to irreversible land transformations, it is crucial to provide city managers, environmental resources managers, and even people with accurate predicting land use/land cover (LULC) to accomplish sustainable development goals. Although many methods have been used to predict land use/land cover (LULC), few studies have compared them. Therefore, by analyzing the results of various prediction models and, consequently, recognizing the most accurate and reliable ones, we can assist city managers, environmental resources managers, and researchers.. In this regard, this research compares Cellular Automata–Markov Chain and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as frequently used models to overcome this gap and help those concerned about sustainable development to predict urban sprawl with the most reliable accuracy. In the first step, Landsat satellite images acquired in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were classified with Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC), and LULC maps were prepared for each year. In the second step, to investigate the LULC prediction, validation of the CA–Markov and ANN methods was performed. In this way, the LULC simulation map of 2020 was prepared based on the LULC map of 2000 and 2010; next, the predicted LULC map of 2020 and the actual LULC map for 2020 were compared using correctness, completeness, and quality indices. Finally, the LULC map for 2030 was generated using both algorithms, and the corresponding change map was extracted, showing a reduction in soil and vegetation areas (respectively, 39% and 12%) and an expansion (58%) in built-up regions. Moreover, the validation test of the methods showed that the two algorithms were closer to each other; however, ANN had the highest completeness (96.21%) and quality (93.8%), while CA–Markov had the most correctness (96.47%). This study showed that the CA–Markov algorithm is more accurate in predicting the future of larger areas with higher allocations (urban and vegetation cover) while the ANN algorithm is more accurate in predicting the future of small areas with fewer allocations (soil and rock).

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2022
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      Sustainability
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    Authors: Johnston, Christopher; García Navarrete, Tatiana; Ortiz, Emmanuel; Romsdahl, Trevor B.; +4 Authors

    Pennycress is a potentially lucrative biofuel crop due to its high content of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, and because it uses non-conventional pathways to achieve efficient oil production. However, metabolic engineering is required to improve pennycress oilseed content and make it an economically viable source of aviation fuel. Research is warranted to determine if further upregulation of these non-conventional pathways could improve oil production within the species even more, which would indicate these processes serve as promising metabolic engineering targets and could provide the improvement necessary for economic feasibility of this crop. To test this hypothesis, we performed a comparative biomass, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses between a high oil accession (HO) and low oil accession (LO) of pennycress to assess potential factors required to optimize oil content. An evident reduction in glycolysis intermediates, improved oxidative pentose phosphate pathway activity, malate accumulation in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and an anaplerotic pathway upregulation were noted in the HO genotype. Additionally, higher levels of threonine aldolase transcripts imply a pyruvate bypass mechanism for acetyl-CoA production. Nucleotide sugar and ascorbate accumulation also were evident in HO, suggesting differential fate of associated carbon between the two genotypes. An altered transcriptome related to lipid droplet (LD) biosynthesis and stability suggests a contribution to a more tightly-packed LD arrangement in HO cotyledons. In addition to the importance of central carbon metabolism augmentation, alternative routes of carbon entry into fatty acid synthesis and modification, as well as transcriptionally modified changes in LD regulation, are key aspects of metabolism and storage associated with economically favorable phenotypes of the species.

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    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Frontiers in Plant Science
    Article . 2022
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      Frontiers in Plant Science
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      Frontiers in Plant Science
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