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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 1988Publisher:IOP Publishing Authors: T Straume; D Moore;The latest information from Hiroshima and Nagasaki on radiation-induced cancer in man includes new DS86 dose assignments and extension of the Life-Span Study Sample cohort through 1985. The implications of these new doses and updated data for the assessment of cancer risk at low to moderate doses have been evaluated. Results from the fitting of three dose-response models (linear, quadratic, linear-quadratic) to the data at doses less than 1.5 Gy are reported. Based on statistical analyses of the authors' results, comments are made concerning the possible shapes of dose-response curves for human cancer.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu1 citations 1 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2014Publisher:Elsevier BV Authors: Yang L. Wang; Charles K. Westbrook; Dong Joon Lee;Fokion N. Egolfopoulos;
+1 AuthorsFokion N. Egolfopoulos
Fokion N. Egolfopoulos in OpenAIREYang L. Wang; Charles K. Westbrook; Dong Joon Lee;Fokion N. Egolfopoulos;
Theodore T. Tsotsis;Fokion N. Egolfopoulos
Fokion N. Egolfopoulos in OpenAIREAbstract The oxidation characteristics of several small methyl and ethyl esters with carbon number less than six were investigated in laminar flames. The kinetics of such fuels are subsets of those of larger alkyl esters that are constituents of practical biodiesel fuels. A total of seven fuels, namely methyl formate, methyl acetate, methyl propionate, methyl butanoate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, and ethyl propionate were considered. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure, elevated reactant temperatures, and over a wide range of equivalence ratios. Laminar flame speeds were determined in the counterflow configuration in which flow velocities were measured using particle image velocimetry. Several detailed kinetic models were tested against the experimental data, and insight was provided into the high-temperature combustion kinetics of the aforementioned fuels. Based on comparisons between experimental and computed results it became apparent that the chemistry of alkyl-ester combustion chemistry is evolving and much needs to be done in order to derive improved rate constants for a wide range of elementary steps.
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You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu61 citations 61 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Preprint 2000Embargo end date: 01 Jan 2000Publisher:arXiv Funded by:SNSF | Profil 98/99 Nuclear aspe..., NSF | U.S.-Germany Cooperative ...SNSF| Profil 98/99 Nuclear aspects of stellar and explosive nucleosynthesis ,NSF| U.S.-Germany Cooperative Research: Massive Stars, Supernovae and NucleosynthesisAuthors: Heger, A.; Hoffman, R. D.;Rauscher, T.;
Woosley, S. E.;Rauscher, T.
Rauscher, T. in OpenAIREWe present the first calculations to follow the evolution of all stable isotopes (and their abundant radioactive progenitors) in a finely zoned stellar model computed from the onset of central hydrogen burning through explosion as a Type II supernova. The calculations were performed for a 15 solar mass Pop I star using the most recently available set of experimental and theoretical nuclear data, revised opacity tables, and taking into account mass loss due to stellar winds. We find the approximately solar production of proton-rich isotopes above a mass number of A=120 due to the gamma-process. We also find a weak s-process, which along with the gamma-process and explosive helium and carbon burning, produces nearly solar abundances of almost all nuclei from A=60 to 85. A few modifications of the abundances of heavy nuclei above mass 90 by the s-process are also noted and discussed. New weak rates lead to significant alteration of the properties of the presupernova core. 10 pages, 4 figures, Nuclear Astrophysics X Workshop proceedings
arXiv.org e-Print Ar... arrow_drop_down https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...Article . 2000License: arXiv Non-Exclusive DistributionData sources: Dataciteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert arXiv.org e-Print Ar... arrow_drop_down https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...Article . 2000License: arXiv Non-Exclusive DistributionData sources: Dataciteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2014 United StatesPublisher:Elsevier BV Authors: Martha Campbell;John B. Casterline;
John B. Casterline
John B. Casterline in OpenAIREFederico Castillo;
Alisha Graves; +8 AuthorsFederico Castillo
Federico Castillo in OpenAIREMartha Campbell;John B. Casterline;
John B. Casterline
John B. Casterline in OpenAIREFederico Castillo;
Alisha Graves; Thomas L. Hall;Federico Castillo
Federico Castillo in OpenAIREJohn F. May;
John F. May
John F. May in OpenAIREDaniel Perlman;
Malcolm Potts; J. Joseph Speidel; Julia Walsh;Daniel Perlman
Daniel Perlman in OpenAIREMichael Wehner;
Michael Wehner
Michael Wehner in OpenAIREEliya M. Zulu;
Eliya M. Zulu
Eliya M. Zulu in OpenAIREPour de nombreux pays en développement, les investissements dans la santé ont été un grand succès. The Lancet Commission « Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation »1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Sommaire Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar et la lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates2 Lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates de Bill et Melinda Gates. 3 mythes qui bloquent le progrès pour les pauvres.http ://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar envisage la possibilité d'une « grande convergence » par laquelle plus de pays auront un taux de mortalité infantile aussi bas que 15 pour 1 000 naissances vivantes dans 20 ans. Nous souhaitons attirer l'attention sur le cas particulier des pays les moins avancés, qui, selon les données actuelles, sont susceptibles d'être exclus d'une telle convergence. Pour commencer une discussion, nous nous concentrerons sur le Sahel (la zone semi-aride d'un million de milles carrés de l'Afrique s'étendant de l'Atlantique à la mer Rouge) où le choc de la croissance démographique particulièrement rapide et certains des effets les plus sévères du changement climatique sont susceptibles d'avoir les effets globaux les plus importants sur la santé. Les projections démographiques présentées dans la figure sont la variante moyenne de la Division de la population des Nations Unies. Ces projections pourraient être dépassées à moins qu'une plus grande importance ne soit accordée à la planification familiale. Même en supposant une diminution rapide de la taille des familles par rapport à la moyenne actuelle de 7,6, la population du Niger passera à elle seule de 16 millions aujourd'hui à 58 millions d'ici 2050. Cette augmentation est révélatrice de la formidable dynamique démographique au Sahel. Plus de 40 % de la population a moins de 15 ans. En l'absence de réductions substantielles des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par les pays développés, le Sahel (parce qu'il est déjà si sec) est susceptible de subir certains des pires effets du changement climatique, avec des augmentations de température allant jusqu'à 5-8 ° C d'ici 2100 (figure) .3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in : Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Royaume-Uni2013Google Scholar Les événements météorologiques extrêmes deviendront plus fréquents et l'effet du réchauffement climatique se fera probablement sentir dans de nombreux secteurs, de la santé à l'agriculture. Les maladies à transmission vectorielle sont susceptibles d'augmenter. Le changement climatique pourrait réduire les rendements des cultures en Afrique subsaharienne de 22 % pour le maïs et de 8 % pour le manioc.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Impacts négatifs robustes du changement climatique sur l'agriculture africaine.Environ Res Lett. 2010 ; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, l'Université de Californie, Berkeley, CA, États-Unis, et l'Institut africain pour la politique de développement, Nairobi, Kenya, ont organisé une réunion internationale multidisciplinaire sur le Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel : possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Bien que reconnaissant la grave menace que représentent la croissance démographique rapide et la désertification dans cette région, la réunion a également identifié des solutions fondées sur des preuves, y compris trois interventions clés. Tout d'abord, les agriculteurs de subsistance et les éleveurs ont besoin d'aide pour s'adapter au changement climatique. L'adaptation nécessitera le développement de cultures résistantes à la sécheresse, des méthodes pour faire face à l'évolution des infestations de ravageurs, un meilleur stockage des cultures et une capture et un stockage plus efficaces de l'eau. Une approche multidisciplinaire et une vision à long terme sont indispensables - actuellement, de nombreuses interventions ne sont pas adoptées tant que des pénuries d'eau visibles ne se produisent pas. Deuxièmement, une plus grande priorité doit être accordée à la planification familiale. Il faut mobiliser la volonté politique pour inciter les donateurs internationaux à investir dans la planification familiale, et les gouvernements sahéliens doivent être plus proactifs. Il existe un besoin non satisfait bien documenté de planification familiale allant de 16 % à 35 % des femmes mariées, calculé avec le STATcompiler des enquêtes démographiques et de santé, mais dans ces sociétés à fécondité élevée, une création accrue de la demande est également cruciale. Là où la planification familiale a été apportée aux femmes dans leurs propres communautés, comme au Bangladesh, l'utilisation de contraceptifs a augmenté rapidement, même chez les femmes pauvres.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M L'impact de la liberté sur le déclin de la fécondité.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh : success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011 ; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar et l'accent accru sur la stérilisation chirurgicale, les dispositifs intra-utérins et les implants, ainsi que l'accès à des soins complets en matière d'avortement, sont essentiels. Troisièmement, les donateurs et les gouvernements doivent investir massivement dans l'autonomisation des femmes. Le statut des femmes au Sahel est faible. Le mariage des enfants reste courant, ce qui augmente la probabilité d'une grossesse précoce pour une femme et diminue ses chances de mener une vie autonome. La grossesse chez les adolescentes immatures est une cause majeure de mortalité et de morbidité maternelles, telles que la fistule obstétricale.9Nour NM Conséquences sanitaires du mariage des enfants en Afrique.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 ; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promotion de l'éducation est une stratégie clé pour réduire le mariage des enfants et reporter la première naissance. Les programmes de renforcement des capacités par l'éducation et la microfinance parmi les communautés pastorales ont transformé les femmes illettrées pauvres en leaders qui ont aidé à adapter leurs communautés à la sécheresse.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Le renforcement des capacités aide les femmes pastorales à transformer les communautés appauvries en Éthiopie.Science. 2011 ; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar Dans une société Haoussa polygame du nord-ouest du Nigeria, avec un âge médian de mariage de 14·6 ans et où les parents considéraient généralement les démarches ménagères comme un signe de préparation au mariage, de nombreux parents sont maintenant prêts à retarder le mariage de leurs filles si on leur propose de l'aide pour les frais de scolarité et les livres. Ces trois interventions clés sont considérées comme se renforçant mutuellement. Bien qu'elles impliquent des considérations à long terme, certaines, telles que l'amélioration des pratiques agricoles, ont des retombées immédiates. Les programmes doivent être intégrés de manière à exploiter les effets multiplicateurs intrinsèques. Par exemple, l'éducation des filles facilite l'adoption de la planification familiale et améliore la génération de revenus dans la famille. Une recherche et une évaluation rigoureuses seront essentielles pour constituer la base de données probantes pour ces investissements urgents. Des lacunes importantes dans les données démographiques, agricoles et sanitaires doivent être comblées. Les politiques doivent être conçues de manière à apporter des avantages mesurables et significatifs aux populations les plus vulnérables. Les interventions doivent être développées dans un cadre de droits de l'homme, en veillant à ce que les avantages ne dérivent pas uniquement vers ceux qui ont le plus de capital social et politique. Les pays les moins avancés, tels que ceux du Sahel, reçoivent 0,9 % du revenu national brut des pays industrialisés au titre de l'aide publique au développement, soit beaucoup moins que ce que les donateurs se sont engagés à faire.11 Fonds des Nations Unies pour la populationInstitut démographique interdisciplinaire des Pays-BasBase de données sur les flux de ressources. Population assistance per capital, Afrique subsaharienne, 2009.http ://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience : sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar Pour faire face aux formidables défis auxquels la région est confrontée, l'action doit être immédiate et à grande échelle. Sur la base du modèle de la Commission Lancet, nous suggérons qu'un groupe d'experts du Sahel et d'institutions de recherche ailleurs dans le monde soit convoqué pour explorer et documenter les initiatives intersectorielles et évolutives nécessaires pour éviter que le Sahel (et d'autres régions les moins développées) ne soit totalement exclu de la promesse d'amélioration de la santé et du bien-être prévue dans la Commission Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Résumé Texte intégral Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Nous déclarons que nous n'avons pas d'intérêts concurrents. Para muchos países en desarrollo, las inversiones en salud han demostrado ser un gran éxito. La Comisión Lancet "Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación. Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Resumen Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar y la carta anual de Gates de 20142Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Carta anual de Gates. 3 mitos que bloquean el progreso de los pobres.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar prevé la posibilidad de una "gran convergencia" por la cual más países tendrán una tasa de mortalidad infantil tan baja como 15 por cada 1000 nacidos vivos en 20 años. Deseamos llamar la atención sobre el caso especial de los países menos adelantados, que según las pruebas actuales es probable que queden excluidos de tal convergencia. Para comenzar una discusión, nos centraremos en el Sahel (la zona semiárida de 1 millón de millas cuadradas de África que se extiende desde el Atlántico hasta el Mar Rojo), donde es probable que el choque del crecimiento demográfico excepcionalmente rápido y algunos de los efectos más duros del cambio climático tengan los mayores efectos generales sobre la salud. Las proyecciones de población que se muestran en la figura son la variante media de la División de Población de la ONU. Estas proyecciones podrían superarse a menos que se dé mucho más énfasis a la planificación familiar. Incluso suponiendo una rápida disminución en el tamaño de la familia desde el promedio actual de 7·6, la población de Níger crecerá de los 16 millones actuales a 58 millones para 2050. Este aumento es indicativo del formidable impulso demográfico en el Sahel. Más del 40% de la población es menor de 15 años. En ausencia de recortes sustanciales en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero por parte de las naciones desarrolladas, es probable que el Sahel (porque ya está muy seco) sufra algunos de los peores efectos del cambio climático, con aumentos de temperatura de hasta 5-8 ° C para 2100 (figura) .3IPCCResumen para los responsables de la formulación de políticas.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Cambio climático 2013: la base de la ciencia física. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Reino Unido2013Google Scholar Los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos serán cada vez más comunes, y es probable que el efecto del calentamiento global se sienta en muchos sectores, desde la salud hasta la agricultura. Es probable que aumenten las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. El cambio climático podría reducir los rendimientos de los cultivos en África subsahariana en un 22% para el maíz y en un 8% para la yuca.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Fuertes impactos negativos del cambio climático en la agricultura africana.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, la Universidad de California, Berkeley, CA, EE. UU., y el Instituto Africano de Política de Desarrollo, Nairobi, Kenia, organizaron una reunión internacional multidisciplinaria sobre el Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis en el Sahel: posibles soluciones y las consecuencias de la inacción. Universidad de California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Aunque reconocieron la grave amenaza que el rápido crecimiento de la población y la desertificación presentan en esta región, la reunión también identificó soluciones basadas en la evidencia, incluidas tres intervenciones clave. En primer lugar, los agricultores y pastores de subsistencia necesitan ayuda para adaptarse al cambio climático. La adaptación requerirá el desarrollo de cultivos resistentes a la sequía, métodos para abordar los patrones cambiantes de infestaciones de plagas, un mejor almacenamiento de los cultivos y una captura y almacenamiento de agua más eficientes. Un enfoque multidisciplinario y una visión a largo plazo son muy necesarios: actualmente, muchas intervenciones no se adoptan hasta que se produce una escasez visible de agua. En segundo lugar, se debe dar mayor prioridad a la planificación familiar. Se debe reunir la voluntad política para abogar por que los donantes internacionales inviertan en planificación familiar, y los gobiernos del Sahel deben ser más proactivos. Existe una necesidad insatisfecha bien documentada de planificación familiar que oscila entre el 16% y el 35% de las mujeres casadas, calculada con el compilador STAT de encuestas demográficas y de salud, pero en estas sociedades de alta fertilidad también es crucial una mayor creación de demanda. Donde la planificación familiar se ha llevado a las mujeres en sus propias comunidades, como en Bangladesh, el uso de anticonceptivos ha aumentado rápidamente, incluso entre las mujeres empobrecidas.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M El impacto de la libertad en la disminución de la fertilidad.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM Los determinantes del cambio reproductivo en Bangladesh: éxito en un entorno desafiante. El Banco Mundial, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, por ejemplo, capacitar a voluntarios de la comunidad para distribuir anticonceptivos inyectables ,8PrataN Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provisión de anticonceptivos inyectables en Etiopía a través de agentes de salud reproductiva basados en la comunidad.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar y un mayor énfasis en la esterilización quirúrgica, los dispositivos intrauterinos y los implantes, junto con el acceso a la atención integral del aborto, son esenciales. En tercer lugar, los donantes y los gobiernos deben invertir fuertemente en el empoderamiento de las mujeres. La situación de las mujeres en el Sahel es baja. El matrimonio infantil sigue siendo común, lo que aumenta la probabilidad de que una mujer tenga un embarazo temprano y disminuye sus posibilidades de llevar una vida autónoma. El embarazo en adolescentes inmaduras es una causa importante de mortalidad y morbilidad materna, como la fístula obstétrica.9Nuestro NM Consecuencias para la salud del matrimonio infantil en África.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promoción de la educación es una estrategia clave para reducir el matrimonio infantil y posponer el primer nacimiento. Los programas para desarrollar la capacidad mediante la educación y las microfinanzas entre las comunidades de pastores han convertido a las mujeres analfabetas pobres en líderes que ayudaron a adaptar sus comunidades a la sequía.10Coppock DI desta S texera S Gerbru G El desarrollo de capacidades ayuda a las mujeres de pastores a transformar las comunidades empobrecidas en Etiopía. Ciencia. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar En una sociedad hausa polígama en el noroeste de Nigeria, con una edad media de matrimonio de 14·6 años y donde los padres comúnmente veían la menarquia como un signo de preparación para el matrimonio, muchos padres ahora están dispuestos a retrasar los matrimonios de sus hijas si se les ofrece ayuda con las tarifas escolares y los libros. Estas tres intervenciones clave se consideran de apoyo mutuo. Aunque implican consideraciones a largo plazo, algunas, como la mejora de las prácticas agrícolas, tienen beneficios inmediatos. Los programas deben integrarse para aprovechar los efectos multiplicadores intrínsecos. Por ejemplo, educar a las niñas facilita la adopción de la planificación familiar y mejora la generación de ingresos en la familia. La investigación y la evaluación rigurosas serán esenciales para construir la base de evidencia para inversiones tan urgentemente necesarias. Es necesario llenar las lagunas sustanciales en los datos demográficos, agrícolas y de salud. Las políticas deben diseñarse para generar beneficios medibles y significativos para las poblaciones más vulnerables. Las intervenciones deben desarrollarse en un marco de derechos humanos, asegurando que los beneficios no se desvíen solo hacia aquellos con mayor capital social y político. Los países menos desarrollados, como los del Sahel, reciben el 0,9% del ingreso nacional bruto de los países industrializados en asistencia oficial para el desarrollo, mucho menos de lo que los donantes han comprometido.11Fondo de Población de las Naciones UnidasInstituto Demográfico Interdisciplinario de los Países BajosBase de datos de flujos de recursos. Population assistance per capital, África subsahariana, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in a age of economic uncertainty. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, Nueva York, NY, EE. UU. 2011Google Scholar Para enfrentar los formidables desafíos que enfrenta la región, la acción debe ser inmediata y a gran escala. Sobre la base del modelo de la Comisión Lancet, sugerimos que se convoque a un grupo de expertos del Sahel e instituciones de investigación de otras partes del mundo para explorar y documentar las iniciativas intersectoriales y escalables necesarias para evitar que el Sahel (y otras regiones menos desarrolladas) queden totalmente excluidas de la promesa de mejorar la salud y el bienestar prevista en la Comisión Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955 Resumen Texto completo Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Declaramos que no tenemos intereses en competencia. For many developing countries, investments in health have proved a great success. The Lancet Commission "Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation"1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar and the 2014 Gates annual letter2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar envision the possibility of a "grand convergence" by which more countries will have a child mortality rate as low as 15 per 1000 livebirths in 20 years time. We wish to draw attention to the special case of the least developed countries, which on present evidence are likely to be excluded from such a convergence. To start a discussion we will focus on the Sahel (the 1 million square-mile semi-arid zone of Africa stretching from the Atlantic to the Red Sea) where the clash of uniquely rapid population growth and some of the harshest effects of climate change are likely to have the greatest overall effects on health. The population projections shown in the figure are the UN Population Division's medium variant. These projections could be exceeded unless much greater emphasis is given to family planning. Even assuming rapid decreases in family size from the current average of 7·6, the population of Niger alone will grow from 16 million today to 58 million by 2050. This increase is indicative of the formidable population momentum in the Sahel. More than 40% of the population is younger than 15 years. In the absence of substantial cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by developed nations, the Sahel (because it is so dry already) is likely to suffer some of the worst effects of climate change, with temperature increases as high as 5–8°C by 2100 (figure).3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK2013Google Scholar Extreme weather events will become more common, and the effect of global warming is likely to be felt over many sectors from health to agriculture. Vector-borne diseases are likely to increase. Climate change could reduce crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa by 22% for maize, and 8% for cassava.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar In 2012, the University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, and the African Institute for Development Policy, Nairobi, Kenya, hosted a multidisciplinary international meeting on the Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel: possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Although recognising the serious threat that rapid population growth and desertification present in this region, the meeting also identified evidence-based solutions, including three key interventions. First, subsistence farmers and pastoralists need help to adapt to climate change. Adaptation will require the development of drought-resistant crops, methods to address changing patterns of pest infestations, improved crop storage, and more efficient water capture and storage. A multidisciplinary approach and a long-term vision are much needed—currently many interventions are not adopted until visible water shortages occur. Second, greater priority must be given to family planning. Political will must be garnered to advocate for international donors to invest in family planning, and Sahelian governments need to be more proactive. There is a well documented unmet need for family planning ranging from 16% to 35% of married women, calculated with the Demographic and Health Surveys STATcompiler, but in such high-fertility societies increased demand creation is also crucial. Where family planning has been brought to women in their own communities, as in Bangladesh, contraceptive use has increased rapidly, even among impoverished women.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M The impact of freedom on fertility decline.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh: success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar and increased emphasis on surgical sterilisation, intrauterine devices, and implants, together with access to comprehensive abortion care, are essential. Third, donors and governments need to invest heavily in women's empowerment. The status of women in the Sahel is low. Child marriage remains common, increasing a woman's likelihood of early pregnancy, and decreasing her chances of leading an autonomous life. Pregnancy in immature teenage girls is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, such as obstetric fistula.9Nour NM Health consequences of child marriage in Africa.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar Promotion of education is a key strategy to reduce child marriage and postpone the first birth. Programmes to build capacity by education and microfinance among pastoral communities have turned poor illiterate women into leaders who helped adapt their communities to drought.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Capacity building helps pastoral women transform impoverished communities in Ethiopia.Science. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar In a polygamous Hausa society in northwest Nigeria, with a median age of marriage of 14·6 years and where parents commonly viewed menarche as a sign of readiness for marriage, many parents are now willing to delay their daughters' marriages if offered help with school fees and books. These three key interventions are regarded as mutually supportive. Although they involve long-term considerations, some, such as improved agricultural practices, have immediate payoffs. Programmes need to be integrated so as to exploit intrinsic multiplier effects. For example, educating girls facilitates the adoption of family planning and enhances income generation in the family. Rigorous research and assessment will be essential to build the evidence base for such urgently needed investments. Substantial gaps in demographic, agricultural, and health data need to be filled. Policies need to be designed to result in measurable, meaningful benefit to the most vulnerable populations. Interventions must be developed in a human rights framework, ensuring that the benefits do not drift only toward those with the most social and political capital. Least developed countries, such as those in the Sahel, receive 0·09% of gross national income of industrialised countries in official development assistance—far less than what donors have committed.11UN Population FundNetherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic InstituteResource Flows database. Population assistance per capital, sub-Saharan Africa, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. UN Development Programme, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar To confront the formidable challenges facing the region, action must be immediate and large scale. On the basis of the model of the Lancet Commission, we suggest that a group of experts from the Sahel and research institutions elsewhere in the world should be convened to explore and document the cross-sectoral, scalable initiatives needed to avoid the Sahel (and other least developed regions) being totally excluded from the promise of improved health and welfare foreseen in the Lancet Commission.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar We declare that we have no competing interests. بالنسبة للعديد من البلدان النامية، أثبتت الاستثمارات في الصحة نجاحًا كبيرًا. لجنة لانسيت "الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google والرسالة السنوية 2014 Gates2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http:// annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar تصور إمكانية "التقارب الكبير" الذي من خلاله سيكون لدى المزيد من البلدان معدل وفيات الأطفال منخفضًا يصل إلى 15 لكل 1000 مولود حي في غضون 20 عامًا. نود أن نسترعي الانتباه إلى الحالة الخاصة لأقل البلدان نمواً، والتي من المرجح أن يتم استبعادها من هذا التقارب بناءً على الأدلة الحالية. لبدء مناقشة، سنركز على منطقة الساحل (المنطقة شبه القاحلة التي تبلغ مساحتها مليون ميل مربع في إفريقيا وتمتد من المحيط الأطلسي إلى البحر الأحمر) حيث من المرجح أن يكون لصدام النمو السكاني السريع بشكل فريد وبعض من أقسى آثار تغير المناخ أكبر الآثار الشاملة على الصحة. التوقعات السكانية الموضحة في الشكل هي المتغير المتوسط لشعبة السكان بالأمم المتحدة. يمكن تجاوز هذه التوقعات ما لم يتم التركيز بشكل أكبر على تنظيم الأسرة. حتى بافتراض الانخفاض السريع في حجم الأسرة من المتوسط الحالي البالغ 7.6، فإن عدد سكان النيجر وحده سينمو من 16 مليونًا اليوم إلى 58 مليونًا بحلول عام 2050. وتشير هذه الزيادة إلى الزخم السكاني الهائل في منطقة الساحل. أكثر من 40 ٪ من السكان تقل أعمارهم عن 15 عامًا. في غياب تخفيضات كبيرة في انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة من قبل الدول المتقدمة، من المرجح أن تعاني منطقة الساحل (لأنها جافة بالفعل) من بعض أسوأ آثار تغير المناخ، مع ارتفاع درجات الحرارة إلى 5-8 درجات مئوية بحلول عام 2100 (الشكل) .3 IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G - K Plattner M Climate Change 2013: the physical science basis. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج، كامبريدج، المملكة المتحدة 2013 ستصبح أحداث الطقس المتطرفة لباحث جوجل أكثر شيوعًا، ومن المرجح أن يكون تأثير الاحترار العالمي ملموسًا في العديد من القطاعات من الصحة إلى الزراعة. من المرجح أن تزداد الأمراض المنقولة بالنواقل. يمكن لتغير المناخ أن يقلل من غلة المحاصيل في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى بنسبة 22 ٪ للذرة، و 8 ٪ للكسافا .4 Schlenker W Lobell DB تأثيرات سلبية قوية لتغير المناخ على الزراعة الأفريقية. Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar في عام 2012، استضافت جامعة كاليفورنيا، بيركلي، كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، والمعهد الأفريقي لسياسة التنمية، نيروبي، كينيا، اجتماعًا دوليًا متعدد التخصصات حول أزمة الساحل 5 بوتس إم زولو إي كاستيلو إف هندرسون سي في الساحل: الحلول الممكنة وعواقب التقاعس عن العمل. جامعة كاليفورنيا، مركز بيكسبي لصحة السكان والاستدامة، بيركلي 2013 الباحث العلمي من Google على الرغم من إدراك التهديد الخطير الذي يمثله النمو السكاني السريع والتصحر في هذه المنطقة، فقد حدد الاجتماع أيضًا حلولًا قائمة على الأدلة، بما في ذلك ثلاثة تدخلات رئيسية. أولاً، يحتاج مزارعو الكفاف والرعاة إلى المساعدة للتكيف مع تغير المناخ. سيتطلب التكيف تطوير محاصيل مقاومة للجفاف، وطرقًا لمعالجة الأنماط المتغيرة لتفشي الآفات، وتحسين تخزين المحاصيل، وجمع المياه وتخزينها بشكل أكثر كفاءة. هناك حاجة ماسة إلى نهج متعدد التخصصات ورؤية طويلة الأجل - في الوقت الحالي لا يتم اعتماد العديد من التدخلات حتى يحدث نقص واضح في المياه. ثانياً، يجب إعطاء أولوية أكبر لتنظيم الأسرة. يجب حشد الإرادة السياسية لمناصرة المانحين الدوليين للاستثمار في تنظيم الأسرة، ويجب أن تكون حكومات منطقة الساحل أكثر استباقية. هناك حاجة موثقة جيدًا غير ملباة لتنظيم الأسرة تتراوح بين 16 ٪ إلى 35 ٪ من النساء المتزوجات، محسوبة باستخدام برنامج تجميع الاستقصاءات الديموغرافية والصحية، ولكن في مثل هذه المجتمعات ذات الخصوبة العالية، يعد زيادة خلق الطلب أمرًا بالغ الأهمية أيضًا. حيث تم جلب تنظيم الأسرة للنساء في مجتمعاتهن المحلية، كما هو الحال في بنغلاديش، زاد استخدام وسائل منع الحمل بسرعة، حتى بين النساء الفقيرات .6 Campbell M Prata N Potts M تأثير الحرية على انخفاض الخصوبة .J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ؛ 39: 44-50 Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) الباحث العلمي من Google، 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM محددات التغيير الإنجابي في بنغلاديش: النجاح في بيئة صعبة. البنك الدولي، واشنطن، DC1994 تغيير مهام الباحث العلمي من Google، على سبيل المثال تدريب المتطوعين المجتمعيين على توزيع وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن، 8 براتا إن جيسو إيه كارترايت إيه فريزر توفير وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن في إثيوبيا من خلال وكلاء الصحة الإنجابية المجتمعية. منظمة الصحة العالمية. 2011 ؛ 89: 556-564 Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar وزيادة التركيز على التعقيم الجراحي والأجهزة داخل الرحم والغرسات، إلى جانب الوصول إلى الرعاية الشاملة للإجهاض، أمر ضروري. ثالثًا، تحتاج الجهات المانحة والحكومات إلى الاستثمار بكثافة في تمكين المرأة. وضع المرأة في منطقة الساحل منخفض. لا يزال زواج الأطفال شائعًا، مما يزيد من احتمال الحمل المبكر للمرأة، ويقلل من فرصها في العيش حياة مستقلة. يعد الحمل لدى الفتيات المراهقات غير الناضجات سببًا رئيسيًا لوفيات الأمهات واعتلالهن، مثل ناسور الولادة .9 ولا عواقب صحية لزواج الأطفال في أفريقيا .العدوى الطارئة. 2006 ؛ 11: 1644-1649 Crossref Scopus (245) يعد ترويج الباحث العلمي من Google للتعليم استراتيجية رئيسية للحد من زواج الأطفال وتأجيل الولادة الأولى. أدت برامج بناء القدرات من خلال التعليم والتمويل الأصغر بين المجتمعات الرعوية إلى تحويل النساء الأميات الفقيرات إلى قادة ساعدوا في تكييف مجتمعاتهن مع الجفاف .10 يساعد بناء القدرات النساء الرعويات على تحويل المجتمعات الفقيرة في إثيوبيا .العلوم. 2011 ؛ 334: 1394-1397 كروسريف بوبد سكوبس (40) الباحث العلمي من غوغل في مجتمع هوسا متعدد الزوجات في شمال غرب نيجيريا، بمتوسط عمر زواج يبلغ 14·6 سنوات وحيث ينظر الآباء عادة إلى الحيض على أنه علامة على الاستعداد للزواج، فإن العديد من الآباء على استعداد الآن لتأخير زواج بناتهم إذا عرضت عليهم المساعدة في الرسوم المدرسية والكتب. تعتبر هذه التدخلات الرئيسية الثلاثة داعمة لبعضها البعض. على الرغم من أنها تنطوي على اعتبارات طويلة الأجل، إلا أن بعضها، مثل الممارسات الزراعية المحسنة، يحصل على مكافآت فورية. يجب دمج البرامج من أجل استغلال التأثيرات المضاعفة الجوهرية. على سبيل المثال، يسهل تعليم الفتيات اعتماد تنظيم الأسرة ويعزز توليد الدخل في الأسرة. سيكون البحث والتقييم الدقيقان ضروريين لبناء قاعدة الأدلة لمثل هذه الاستثمارات المطلوبة بشكل عاجل. يجب سد الثغرات الكبيرة في البيانات الديموغرافية والزراعية والصحية. يجب تصميم السياسات بحيث تؤدي إلى فائدة قابلة للقياس وذات مغزى للفئات السكانية الأكثر ضعفاً. يجب تطوير التدخلات في إطار حقوق الإنسان، مع ضمان عدم انحراف الفوائد فقط نحو أولئك الذين لديهم أكبر قدر من رأس المال الاجتماعي والسياسي. تتلقى أقل البلدان نمواً، مثل تلك الموجودة في منطقة الساحل، 0·09 ٪ من الدخل القومي الإجمالي للبلدان الصناعية في المساعدة الإنمائية الرسمية - أقل بكثير مما التزم به المانحون .11 صندوق الأمم المتحدة للسكانالمعهد الديمغرافي الهولندي متعدد التخصصاتقاعدة بيانات تدفقات الموارد. المساعدة السكانية لكل رأس مال، أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar، 12 مكتب برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للسياسات الإنمائية نحو المرونة البشرية: الحفاظ على التقدم المحرز في الأهداف الإنمائية للألفية في عصر عدم اليقين الاقتصادي. برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي، نيويورك، نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية2011 الباحث العلمي من Google لمواجهة التحديات الهائلة التي تواجه المنطقة، يجب أن يكون العمل فوريًا وعلى نطاق واسع. على أساس نموذج لجنة لانسيت، نقترح عقد اجتماع لمجموعة من الخبراء من منطقة الساحل والمؤسسات البحثية في أماكن أخرى من العالم لاستكشاف وتوثيق المبادرات الشاملة لعدة قطاعات والقابلة للتطوير اللازمة لتجنب استبعاد منطقة الساحل (وغيرها من المناطق الأقل نمواً) تمامًا من الوعد بتحسين الصحة والرفاهية المتوقع في لجنة لانسيت. 1 جيمسون دي تي سمرز إل إتش ألين جي وآخرون. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. لانسيت. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google نعلن أنه ليس لدينا مصالح متنافسة.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2019 United StatesPublisher:Elsevier BV Authors:David R. Cocker;
Martin M. Shafer; Dagmara S. Antkiewicz; Christopher R. Ruehl; +6 AuthorsDavid R. Cocker
David R. Cocker in OpenAIREDavid R. Cocker;
Martin M. Shafer; Dagmara S. Antkiewicz; Christopher R. Ruehl; Thomas D. Durbin; Jiacheng Yang; Patrick Roth; Georgios Karavalakis; Georgios Karavalakis;David R. Cocker
David R. Cocker in OpenAIREAkua Asa-Awuku;
Akua Asa-Awuku
Akua Asa-Awuku in OpenAIREpmid: 30308806
We assessed the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics of particulate emissions from four light-duty gasoline direct injection vehicles when operated over the LA92 driving cycle. Our results showed that particle mass and number emissions increased markedly during accelerations. For three of the four vehicles tested, particulate matter (PM) mass and particle number emissions were markedly higher during cold-start and the first few accelerations following the cold-start period than during the hot running and hot-start segments of the LA92 cycle. For one vehicle (which had the highest emissions overall) the hot-start and cold-start PM emissions were similar. Black carbon emissions were also much higher during the cold-start conditions, indicating severe fuel wetting leading to slow evaporation and pool burning, and subsequent soot formation. Particle number concentrations and black carbon emissions showed large reductions during the urban and hot-start phases of the test cycle. The oxidative potential of PM was quantified with both a chemical and a biological assay, and the gene expression impacts of the PM in a macrophage model with PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) analyses. Inter- and intra-vehicle variability in oxidative potential per milligram of PM emitted was relatively low for both oxidative assays, suggesting that real-world emissions and exposure can be estimated with distance-normalized emission factors. The PCR response from signaling markers for oxidative stress (e.g., NOX1) was greater than from inflammatory, AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor), or MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling. Protein production associated with inflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha-TNFα) and oxidative stress (HMOX-1) were quantified and displayed relatively high inter-vehicle variability, suggesting that these pathways may be activated by different PM components. Correlation of trace metal concentrations and oxidative potential suggests a role for small, insoluble particles in inducing oxidative stress.
University of Califo... arrow_drop_down University of California: eScholarshipArticle . 2019Full-Text: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1n482770Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)The Science of The Total EnvironmentArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: CrossrefeScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2019Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen bronze 38 citations 38 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert University of Califo... arrow_drop_down University of California: eScholarshipArticle . 2019Full-Text: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1n482770Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)The Science of The Total EnvironmentArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: CrossrefeScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2019Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.110&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2023Publisher:Elsevier BV Funded by:NIH | Pregnancy Exposures to Ch..., NIH | Project 5: Green Remediat..., FCT | D4 +5 projectsNIH| Pregnancy Exposures to Chemical Mixtures and Later Metabolic Health and Endocrine Function Among Women in the Puerto Rico PROTECT Cohort ,NIH| Project 5: Green Remediation by Solar Energy Conversion Into Electrolysis ,FCT| D4 ,NIH| Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes in Puerto Rico (ECHO-PRO) ,NIH| Michigan Center on Lifestage Environmental Exposures and Disease ,NIH| Applying and advancing modern approaches for studying the joint impacts of environmental chemicals on pregnancy outcomes ,NIH| Pilot Project Program ,NIH| ECHO Coordinating CenterAuthors:Seonyoung Park;
Seonyoung Park
Seonyoung Park in OpenAIREAmber L. Cathey;
Amber L. Cathey
Amber L. Cathey in OpenAIREWei Hao;
Lixia Zeng; +8 AuthorsWei Hao
Wei Hao in OpenAIRESeonyoung Park;
Seonyoung Park
Seonyoung Park in OpenAIREAmber L. Cathey;
Amber L. Cathey
Amber L. Cathey in OpenAIREWei Hao;
Lixia Zeng;Wei Hao
Wei Hao in OpenAIRESubramaniam Pennathur;
Max T. Aung; Zaira Rosario-Pabón;Subramaniam Pennathur
Subramaniam Pennathur in OpenAIRECarmen M. Vélez-Vega;
Carmen M. Vélez-Vega
Carmen M. Vélez-Vega in OpenAIREJosé F. Cordero;
Akram Alshawabkeh; Deborah J. Watkins;José F. Cordero
José F. Cordero in OpenAIREJohn D. Meeker;
John D. Meeker
John D. Meeker in OpenAIREHumans are exposed to complex mixtures of phthalates. Gestational exposure to phthalates has been linked to preeclampsia and preterm birth through potential pathways such as endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Eicosanoids are bioactive signaling lipids that are related to a variety of homeostatic and inflammatory processes. We investigated associations between urinary phthalates and their mixtures with plasma eicosanoid levels during pregnancy using the PROTECT cohort in Puerto Rico (N = 655). After adjusting for covariates, we estimated pair-wise associations between the geometric mean of individual phthalate metabolite concentrations across pregnancy and eicosanoid biomarkers using multivariable linear regression. We used bootstrapping of adaptive elastic net regression (adENET) to evaluate phthalate mixtures associated with eicosanoids and subsequently create environmental risk scores (ERS) to represent weighted sums of phthalate exposure for each individual. After adjusting for false-discovery, in single-pollutant analysis, 14 of 20 phthalate metabolites or parent compound indices showed significant and primarily negative associations with multiple eicosanoids. In our mixture analysis, associations with several metabolites of low molecular weight phthalates - DEP, DBP, and DIBP - became prominent. Additionally, MEHHTP and MECPTP, metabolites of a new phthalate replacement, DEHTP, were selected as important predictors for determining the concentrations of multiple eicosanoids from different pathway groups. A unit increase in phthalate ERS derived from bootstrapping of adENET was positively associated with several eicosanoids mainly from Cytochrome P450 pathway. For example, an increase in ERS was associated with 11(S)-HETE (β = 1.6, 95% CI: 0.020, 3.180), (±)11,12-DHET (β = 2.045, 95% CI: 0.250, 3.840), 20(S)-HETE (β = 0.813, 95% CI: 0.147, 1.479), and 9 s-HODE (β = 2.381, 95% CI: 0.657, 4.104). Gestational exposure to phthalates and phthalate mixtures were associated with eicosanoid levels during pregnancy. Results from the mixture analyses underscore the complexity of physiological impacts of phthalate exposure and call for further in-depth studies to examine these relationships.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.envint.2023.108101&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesgold 8 citations 8 popularity Average influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2016 United States, United KingdomPublisher:University of Chicago Press Funded by:NSF | Understanding the tempera...NSF| Understanding the temperature dependence of consumer-resource interactionsWhether the thermal sensitivity of an organism's traits follows the simple Boltzmann-Arrhenius model remains a contentious issue that centers around consideration of its operational temperature range and whether the sensitivity corresponds to one or a few underlying rate-limiting enzymes. Resolving this issue is crucial, because mechanistic models for temperature dependence of traits are required to predict the biological effects of climate change. Here, by combining theory with data on 1,085 thermal responses from a wide range of traits and organisms, we show that substantial variation in thermal sensitivity (activation energy) estimates can arise simply because of variation in the range of measured temperatures. Furthermore, when thermal responses deviate systematically from the Boltzmann-Arrhenius model, variation in measured temperature ranges across studies can bias estimated activation energy distributions toward higher mean, median, variance, and skewness. Remarkably, this bias alone can yield activation energies that encompass the range expected from biochemical reactions (from ~0.2 to 1.2 eV), making it difficult to establish whether a single activation energy appropriately captures thermal sensitivity. We provide guidelines and a simple equation for partially correcting for such artifacts. Our results have important implications for understanding the mechanistic basis of thermal responses of biological traits and for accurately modeling effects of variation in thermal sensitivity on responses of individuals, populations, and ecological communities to changing climatic temperatures.
University of Califo... arrow_drop_down University of California: eScholarshipArticle . 2016Full-Text: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6r89g9k4Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Spiral - Imperial College Digital RepositoryArticle . 2015Data sources: Spiral - Imperial College Digital RepositoryeScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2016Data sources: eScholarship - University of CaliforniaeScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2016Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1086/684590&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen hybrid 68 citations 68 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert University of Califo... arrow_drop_down University of California: eScholarshipArticle . 2016Full-Text: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6r89g9k4Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Spiral - Imperial College Digital RepositoryArticle . 2015Data sources: Spiral - Imperial College Digital RepositoryeScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2016Data sources: eScholarship - University of CaliforniaeScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2016Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1086/684590&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2014 United StatesPublisher:Wiley Funded by:NSF | The Grinnell Project: Usi...NSF| The Grinnell Project: Using a Unique Historical Record to Document Responses of Mammals and Birds to 100 Years of Climate ChangeAuthors:Rapacciuolo, Giovanni;
Rapacciuolo, Giovanni
Rapacciuolo, Giovanni in OpenAIREMaher, Sean P;
Maher, Sean P
Maher, Sean P in OpenAIRESchneider, Adam C;
Hammond, Talisin T; +7 AuthorsSchneider, Adam C
Schneider, Adam C in OpenAIRERapacciuolo, Giovanni;
Rapacciuolo, Giovanni
Rapacciuolo, Giovanni in OpenAIREMaher, Sean P;
Maher, Sean P
Maher, Sean P in OpenAIRESchneider, Adam C;
Hammond, Talisin T; Jabis, Meredith D; Walsh, Rachel E; Iknayan, Kelly J; Walden, Genevieve K;Schneider, Adam C
Schneider, Adam C in OpenAIREOldfather, Meagan F;
Oldfather, Meagan F
Oldfather, Meagan F in OpenAIREAckerly, David D;
Beissinger, Steven R;Ackerly, David D
Ackerly, David D in OpenAIREAbstractUnderstanding recent biogeographic responses to climate change is fundamental for improving our predictions of likely future responses and guiding conservation planning at both local and global scales. Studies of observed biogeographic responses to 20th century climate change have principally examined effects related to ubiquitous increases in temperature – collectively termed a warming fingerprint. Although the importance of changes in other aspects of climate – particularly precipitation and water availability – is widely acknowledged from a theoretical standpoint and supported by paleontological evidence, we lack a practical understanding of how these changes interact with temperature to drive biogeographic responses. Further complicating matters, differences in life history and ecological attributes may lead species to respond differently to the same changes in climate. Here, we examine whether recent biogeographic patterns across California are consistent with a warming fingerprint. We describe how various components of climate have changed regionally in California during the 20th century and review empirical evidence of biogeographic responses to these changes, particularly elevational range shifts. Many responses to climate change do not appear to be consistent with a warming fingerprint, with downslope shifts in elevation being as common as upslope shifts across a number of taxa and many demographic and community responses being inconsistent with upslope shifts. We identify a number of potential direct and indirect mechanisms for these responses, including the influence of aspects of climate change other than temperature (e.g., the shifting seasonal balance of energy and water availability), differences in each taxon's sensitivity to climate change, trophic interactions, and land‐use change. Finally, we highlight the need to move beyond a warming fingerprint in studies of biogeographic responses by considering a more multifaceted view of climate, emphasizing local‐scale effects, and includinga prioriknowledge of relevant natural history for the taxa and regions under study.
University of Califo... arrow_drop_down University of California: eScholarshipArticle . 2014License: CC BY NC NDFull-Text: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3h2047hxData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2014Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1111/gcb.12638&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen hybrid 163 citations 163 popularity Top 1% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert University of Califo... arrow_drop_down University of California: eScholarshipArticle . 2014License: CC BY NC NDFull-Text: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3h2047hxData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2014Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1111/gcb.12638&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type 2021Embargo end date: 29 Jul 2021 United Kingdom, Norway, SwitzerlandPublisher:American Geophysical Union (AGU) Funded by:RCN | Centre for Arctic Gas Hyd...RCN| Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE)Authors:Mervyn Greaves;
Mervyn Greaves
Mervyn Greaves in OpenAIRESönke Szidat;
Sönke Szidat;Sönke Szidat
Sönke Szidat in OpenAIREJames W. B. Rae;
+7 AuthorsJames W. B. Rae
James W. B. Rae in OpenAIREMervyn Greaves;
Mervyn Greaves
Mervyn Greaves in OpenAIRESönke Szidat;
Sönke Szidat;Sönke Szidat
Sönke Szidat in OpenAIREJames W. B. Rae;
Katarzyna Zamelczyk;James W. B. Rae
James W. B. Rae in OpenAIREMathis P. Hain;
Tine Lander Rasmussen;Mathis P. Hain
Mathis P. Hain in OpenAIREThomas M Marchitto;
Thomas M Marchitto;Thomas M Marchitto
Thomas M Marchitto in OpenAIREMohamed Ezat;
Luke C Skinner;Mohamed Ezat
Mohamed Ezat in OpenAIREhandle: 10037/22013 , 10023/23685
AbstractThe Fram Strait is the only deep gateway between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas and thus is a key area to study past changes in ocean circulation and the marine carbon cycle. Here, we study deep ocean temperature, δ18O, carbonate chemistry (i.e., carbonate ion concentration [CO32−]), and nutrient content in the Fram Strait during the late glacial (35,000–19,000 years BP) and the Holocene based on benthic foraminiferal geochemistry and carbon cycle modeling. Our results indicate a thickening of Atlantic water penetrating into the northern Nordic Seas, forming a subsurface Atlantic intermediate water layer reaching to at least ∼2,600 m water depth during most of the late glacial period. The recirculating Atlantic layer was characterized by relatively high [CO32−] and low δ13C during the late glacial, and provides evidence for a Nordic Seas source to the glacial North Atlantic intermediate water flowing at 2,000–3,000 m water depth, most likely via the Denmark Strait. In addition, we discuss evidence for enhanced terrestrial carbon input to the Nordic Seas at ∼23.5 ka. Comparing our δ13C and qualitative [CO32−] records with results of carbon cycle box modeling suggests that the total terrestrial CO2 release during this carbon input event was low, slow, or directly to the atmosphere.
Bern Open Repository... arrow_drop_down Bern Open Repository and Information System (BORIS)Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Bern Open Repository and Information System (BORIS)University of St Andrews: Digital Research RepositoryArticle . 2021License: CC BY NC NDFull-Text: https://hdl.handle.net/10023/23685Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Paleoceanography and PaleoclimatologyArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: CrossrefSt Andrews Research RepositoryArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedData sources: St Andrews Research RepositoryMunin - Open Research ArchiveArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Munin - Open Research Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1029/2021pa004216&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu4 citations 4 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Bern Open Repository... arrow_drop_down Bern Open Repository and Information System (BORIS)Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Bern Open Repository and Information System (BORIS)University of St Andrews: Digital Research RepositoryArticle . 2021License: CC BY NC NDFull-Text: https://hdl.handle.net/10023/23685Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Paleoceanography and PaleoclimatologyArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BY NC NDData sources: CrossrefSt Andrews Research RepositoryArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedData sources: St Andrews Research RepositoryMunin - Open Research ArchiveArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedData sources: Munin - Open Research Archiveadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1029/2021pa004216&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report , Other literature type , Article , Thesis 1996 United StatesPublisher:Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) Authors: Perry, M.L.;doi: 10.2172/451226
A strong need exists today for more efficient energy-conversion systems. Our reliance on limited fuel resources, such as petroleum for the majority of our energy needs makes it imperative that we utilize these resources as efficiently as possible. Higher-efficiency energy conversion also means less pollution, since less fuel is consumed and less exhaust created for the same energy output. Additionally, for many industrialized nations, such as the United States which must rely on petroleum imports, it is also imperative from a national-security standpoint to reduce the consumption of these precious resources. A substantial reduction of U.S. oil imports would result in a significant reduction of our trade deficit, as well as costly military spending to protect overseas petroleum resources. Therefore, energy-conversion devices which may utilize alternative fuels are also in strong demand. This paper describes research on fuel cells for transportation.
https://digital.libr... arrow_drop_down eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 1996Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.2172/451226&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 1 citations 1 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert https://digital.libr... arrow_drop_down eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 1996Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.2172/451226&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu