• Energy Research
• 14. Life underwater close
• University of North Sumatra close

 Indonesia is a maritime country that has a sea area of ​​5.8 million km², with enormous potential for marine products. The fisheries sector is one of the things that supports the third largest Indonesian economy with a GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of Rp 1.900 billion. There are many fishery ports in Indonesia commonly referred to as Fish Landing Base. In North Sumatra itself, there are 23 Fish Landing Base, and one of the areas that include it in the RTRW (Regional Spatial Plan) is Serdang Bedagai Regency, especially in Cermin Beach sub-district. However, the fact that the fisheries sector is not the main attraction of the Pantai Cermin area indicates no fishery center. This Fish Landing Base uses problem-solving to solve existing problems, starting from the formulation stage, location surveys, data collection, literature studies, and comparative studies. To respond these issues, ecological architecture becomes the answer to the problem of design conditions, such as responding according to local conditions both from society and nature. Fish Landing Base in Pantai Cermin expect to respond to users comfortably, creates interaction between users and the environment, and can also form a public space so that it can encourage economic generators based on sources of life in coastal areas, and so become one of the new tourist destinations to enjoy the marine products of Indonesia, especially in Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatera.

Sei Nipah has enormous potential for natural resources. Natural resources that serve as the main livelihood in fulfilling daily needs in Kampung Nipah is shellfish. Shellfish (M. meretrix) is one of the shells that many interested by the surrounding community. The purpose of this research is to know growth parameter and age group of shellfish (M. meretrix) in Kampung Nipah. The sampling technique was done randomly (simple random sampling). Sampling time is done at low tide. Sampling was conducted in March - May 2017. The results showed differences in the length of different shells each month. The size group of shellfish (M. meretrix) found only one size group during the three months of the study. Analysis of shellfish growth parameters based on data of long frequency distribution showed length of infiniti (L?) 33,10 mm and growth growth (K) that was 1,21 per month. Von Bertalanffy Growth Parameters Lt = 33.1 (1-e [-1.21 (t + 0.12)]) Long infiniti size is seen the growth of shellfish shells can no longer be worked Shells reach maximum length at the age of 13 months with a shell length of 33.10 mm.The youthful shells have rapid growth and as age increases, when it reaches old age the rate of growth will slow even.

Mangroves are an important ecosystem that provides valuable social, economic, and environmental services. Indonesia has placed mangroves on its national priority agenda in an important effort to sustainably manage this ecosystem and achieve national climate commitments. However, mangrove management is faced with complex challenges encompassing social, ecological, and economic issues. In order to achieve the government’s commitments and targets regarding mangrove restoration and conservation, an in-depth study on and critical review of mangrove management in Indonesia was conducted herein. This work aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and strategic recommendations for sustainable mangrove management in Indonesia. SWOT analysis was carried out to understand the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to mangrove management in Indonesia. To address these gaps, we reviewed the existing policies, current rehabilitation practices, environmental challenges, and research and technology implementations in the field. We found that strategies on mangrove ecosystem protection, such as improving the function and value of mangrove forests, integrating mangrove ecosystem management, strengthening political commitments and law enforcement, involving all stakeholders (especially coastal communities), and advancing research and innovations, are crucial for sustainable mangrove management and to support the national blue carbon agenda.

Mangrove forest in the context of climate change is important sector to be included in the inventory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The present study describes land-use and land-cover change during 2006–2012 of a mangrove forest conservation area, Karang Gading and Langkat Timur Laut Wildlife Reserve (KGLTLWR) in North Sumatra, Indonesia and their implications to carbon dioxide emissions. A land-use change matrix showed that the decrease of mangrove forest due to increases of other land-use such as aquaculture (50.00%) and oil palm plantation (28.83%). Furthermore, the net cumulative of carbon emissions in KGLTLWR for 2006 was 3804.70 t CO2-eq year-1, whereas predicting future emissions in 2030 was 11,318.74 t CO2-eq year-1 or an increase of 33.61% for 12 years. Source of historical emissions mainly from changes of secondary mangrove forests into aquaculture and oil palm plantation were 3223.9 t CO2-eq year-1 (84.73%) and 959.00 t CO2-eq year-1 (25.21%), respectively, indicating that the KGLTLWR is still a GHG emitter. Mitigation scenario with no conversion in secondary mangrove forest reduced 16.21% and 25.8% carbon emissions in 2024 and 2030, respectively. This study suggested that aquaculture and oil palm plantation are drivers of deforestation as well as the largest of GHG emission source in this area. Keywords: carbon emission, climate change, deforestation, forest degradation, mangrove conservation

Mangrove restoration projects are now widely established, aiming to regain the carbon benefit of the mangrove ecosystem that is essential for climate change mitigation. This study aimed to investigate mangrove litter as the source of carbon in restored mangrove forests in Perancak Estuary, Bali, Indonesia, which previously experienced substantial mangrove loss due to shrimp aquaculture development. We assessed the production and decomposition of mangrove litter and associated macrozoobenthic biodiversity in restored forests with plantation age ≥14 years and intact mangrove forests as the reference. The monthly production of three groups of mangrove litter (leaf, reproductive, and wood) was assessed over 12 months. A leaf litter decomposition experiment was performed to inspect the interspecific and disturbance history variation in organic matter formation among four major mangrove species: Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Avicennia marina, and Sonneratia alba. Our results showed that annual litterfall production from restored and intact mangroves in Perancak Estuary were 13.96 and 10.18 Mg ha−1 year−1, which is equivalent to approximately 6282 and 4581 kg C ha−1 year−1 of annual litterfall carbon sink, respectively. Although restored mangroves had significantly higher plant litterfall production than intact mangroves, no significant difference was detected in leaf litter decomposition and macrozoobenthic biodiversity between these forest types.

Pantai Baru area of Deli Serdang is located on the East Coast of Sumatera that has been as Important Bird Area (IBA). The wetland type of this area are consisted of ponds, mangroves, and mudflat that occupied by shorebirds both for feeding and resting area. This study aimed to analyze the diversity and potential food of shorebirds Pantai Baru area. Concentration count method and Corer methord were used to collect the shorebirds and macrozoobenthos data. The study found 19 species of shorebirds and 21 species of macrozoobenthos. The diversity index of shorebirds ranged from 1.89 to 2.50 on medium category with the evenness index ranged from 0.84 to 0.97 with high category, while diversity index of macrozoobenthos was 1.09 on medium category with evenness index 0.36 on small category.