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The side-effect of sand mining was disappearing of biomass which caused of land degradation. A study has been carried out to obtain the model legume association with superior grass plants that are adaptive to repair post-mining land on dry land. This research was desgined in association patern between grasses and legumes with manure application, using 8 combination of grasses herbaceous and tree legumse with 3 replications. This research was conducted at Sebudi village, Karangasem district. Panicum maximum var. Trichoglum, Paspalum atratum, Centrocema pubescens, and Clitoria ternatea were used for grasses and legumes respectively. Observed variables were quality and forage production. The results of this research showed that almost all association can be implemented at dryland, and association patern between Panicum and Paspalum with Clitoria gave extra biomass. This association also showed great potential to improve land quality. The quality and production of grasses were greatly influenced by the association of legumes. Panicum and Paspalum associated with both Clitoria or Centrocema gave highest yield. Various of manure showed a non significant difference on quality and production of grass associated with tree legumes, although it tend to increase both of growth and production of grasses.

One of potential vegetable materials in Indonesia as a source of biodiesel is kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw). This study aims to analyze: financial feasibility of plantation; financial feasibility of biodiesel processing, and the development of business unit. The research results show that kemiri sunan plantation is feasible on the area of 60 ha, a business period of 50 years. Feasibility values without loan are: NPV IDR 1,101,007,645; IRR 13.52%; BCR 1.36; PBP 14.68 years, feasibility values with loan are: NPV IDR 160,351,357; IRR 13.52%; BCR 1.08; PBP 22.55 years, sensitive to the decrease of selling price of dry seeds and productivity of the trees. The biodiesel processing business is feasible at the business period of 15 years, the production capacity of 202.75 Kl/year. Feasibility values without loan are: NPVIDR 512,549,740; IRR 27.27%; BCR 1.04; PBP 4.32 years, feasibility values with loan are: NPV IDR 303,310,940; IRR 27.27%; BCR 1.03; PBP 4.94 years, sensitive to the rising costs of materials and a decrease in the selling price. If all available lands were cultivated, it will generate 2,365 business units and to produce biodiesel that meets 16.68% of the needs of West Java diesel oil.

Forage is one of the supporting factors in planning animal production. Climate condition is one factor which influence forage production. This research attempted to map the class suitability of climate for seven forage species in Bali province and to analysis the level of vulnerability toward climate changes by using Geography Information System (GIS). The results showed that four from seven species observed have class suitability with climate S1. Rain climate factor was the important factor which was influence the climate unsuitability of forage in Bali province. The effect of climate change, such as La Nina 1998 caused positive and negative impacts towards the distribution of class suitability of climate at that year. The incident of La Nina caused the reduction of area of class suitability of S1, S2, and N climate, meanwhile increase the area of class suitability of S3 climate. On the other hand, some location of climate suitability class also changed due to climate change.

Land use with agroforestry system has ecological, economic and social advantages, so that the sustainability of agroforestry should be maintained. This study aims to determine the state of sustainability and the key factors ffecting sustainability of agroforestry. The research conducted in Rancah District, Ciamis from April to December 2013. Data is analyzed using RAP-AFS ordinated Regency and prospective analysis. The results showed that some of ecological, economic and social problems potentially threatening the sustainability of agroforestry. Agroforestry in Rancah is less sustainable with sustainability index value of 25.01-50.00 i.e. ecological, economic, social and multidimensional indexes are 32.26, 42.26, 48.59 and 46.20, respectively. The key factors that must be considered for the sustainability of agroforestry are: extension role, the availability of agroforestry technology package, government role and farmer groups existence. Therefore, it is recommended national and regional goverments prioritize the management of the key factors in policy that development of sustainable agroforestry

Global warming has become an increasingly important issue around the world today due to the rise of anthropogenic greenhouse gases emission, which gives several negative impacts on human life. There are some techniques have been studied and assessed i.e. physical mechanism by injected CO2 to the geological formations, chemical mechanism with artificial tree technology and biological mechanism by increasing the primary production through iron enrichment in high nutrient-low chlorophyll (HNLC) waters as well as mixing of water column below the sea surface. Those technologies, which are well known as Carbon Capture Storage ‘(CCS) technology, are expected to be applied to reduce the oncentration of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere and to minimize the global warming. The Center of Environmental Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) will carry out a research concerning CO2 reduction by a phytoplankton culture in a photobioreactor in three years. The main objective of this research is to assess the CO2 uptake capability of tropical phytoplankton. In this paper, we would showed the creteria and design to assembly a photobioreactor esspesially a air lift photobioreactor. To improve performance photobioreaktor, the materials included design criteria and the dynamics of fluids in fotobioreaktor have to considered propoerly. Other the hand, the selection of the most productive species and selection of appropriate media and economically also important to be done.

- Source of electrical energy is currently the main problems in Singkawang city, this is because the number of population density increased annually. Besides, the problem of the amount of waste continues to rise, these two problems can be solved with one solution to convert a renewable energy that makes a potential where trash converted into power plant of waste to energy. To determine whether the waste can be a solution to the energy crisis by conducting a study of potential waste or garbage into fuel power plant. writing this essay described how rubbish can produce electrical energy for 24833.76 kWh / day if operating for one year amounted to 9,064,322.4 kWh / year or 9064.32 MWh / year, The first step is to know the total amount of organic waste per day, the number of calories in the organic waste, the amount of energy (kWh) / day, the capacity of power generation, the power output of the boiler, steam turbine net power.

The first use of microalgae by humans as food detected in the dates back 2000 years, but the development ofbiotechnology of microalgae just began in the middle of this century. Microalgae refer to biomass resourcecontain many useful components such as protein, carbohydrate, fatty acid, etc. Products based microalgae arediverse from human food and nutrition, animal feed and nutrition up to fine chemicals such as triglycerideswhich is able to be converted to biodiesel. Microalgae is a promising biomass resources, (i) microalgae isrenewable resources which has high biodiversity properties, (ii) production cost of converting process frommicroalgae biomass into its derivatives relatively low, (iii) product derivatives of microalgae have a highdemand in market. Based on above, microalgae can be developed further to be applied as raw material for food,energy and pharmacy. This paper described microalgae in general and the developing technology used toproduce commercial microalgae based product.

Various scientific studies illustrate that carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere layer that is a consequence of the result of the combustion of coal, timber, oil and gas, has increased by almost nearing 20 % since the start of the industrial revolution. Industrial area are built almost in the entire continent of the world has resulted in waste of “Greenhouse Gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrousoksida (N2O) that caused the blanket effect. The purpose of this research was to detect the presence or absence of climate change and determine the projected climate change due to global warming. This research was conducted in the city of Palu, Central Sulawesi, using daily data and analyzed on a daily, monthly and yearly. Trend projections of climate change and changes in the method of analysis Makesens (Mann - Kendall and Sen 'S). The conclusion of this research is the change of climate in the city of Palu is characterized by slowly increasing temperature , increased precipitation and decreased evapotranspiration and the results of the calculation value of Z indicates Makesens method occurs climate trend, either positive direction (increasing) and negative (decreasing). Regression equation projected annual average temperature (as an example) is; f (year) = 0.018 (year - first year) + 26.931.

The issue of energy is a global issue that must be discussed by all countries in the world. Rising oil prices and a dwindling supply push every country to develop new renewable energy alternatives. One of this alternative energy is biodiesel. The biodiesel production can be done by using vegetable oil as the raw material over supported homogeneous catalyst, heterogeneous catalyst and enzymatic catalyst. In this study the use of palm oil as the main material to be reacted with methanol and the catalyst used as heterogeneous catalysts SO42-/ZnO by changing variables used are long reaction times (1, 2.5 and 4 hours) and the weight ratio of catalyst / oil (4 , 6, and 8).The studybeganwith thepreparation of catalyst SO42-/ZnO followed by aransesterification reaction between palm oil with methanol. The resultsofthis studyshowed that the super acid catalyst SO42-/ZnOcan be usedin making biodiesel.Optimum operatingcondition for this catalytic reaction is the weight ratio of catalyst/oil 3,8 during 2,5 hours with 78% yield of the resulting ester metal.Longer time ofthe transesterificationreaction, the higher the % yield ofthe resulting ester metal, while adding more catalyst produced the lower theyield.

In Bahasa Indonesia : Kendaraan bermotor yang merupakan alat transportasi yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat di negara-negara modern, menimbulkan masalah besar terhadap lingkungan dan akibat polusinya sudah sangat terasa, terutama di kota-kota besar. Untuk menanggulangi masalah ini, maka sejak pertengahan abad 20 telah banyak dilakukan tindakan-tindakan yang bertujuan mengurangi atau melenyapkan pengaruh gas yang ditimbulkan oleh motor bakar. Sejak akhir abad 20 telah mulai dikembangkan alat untuk menggantikan motor bakar yang ternyata mempunyai beberapa keuntungan yang sangat menonjol, yaitu fuel cell yang dapat menghasilkan energi melalui proses elektro kimiawi. Berhubung fuel cell sangat berbeda dari motor bakar, maka kendaraan yang menggunakannya mengalami Perubahan komponen yang cukup radikal diantaranya sistem bahan bakar, sistem penerus energi dan sistem kontrol. Dari hasil pengembangan dan penelitian yang telah dilakukan ternyata jenis fuel cell ini sangat menjanjikan keuntungan-keuntungan yang tidak dimiliki oleh motor bakar, sehingga bukanlah hal yang mustahil bahwa fuel cell akan menggantikan motor bakar. Kata kunci: otomotif, fuel cell, polusi. Cars powered by engine is one of transport vehicle used in developed countries, which caused ecological problem to the environment, the effect of this problem is faced nowadays especially in big cities. Since medio of 20th century many researches and developments have been done, to cope with that problem, to have less emission in the environment. One of the equipment to replace engines, have been developed since the last decade of 20th century, give a lot of advantages called fuel cell, which can produce energy by electric-chemically process. Due to the differences of fuel cell compare with conventional engine, vehicles using fuel cell has to be redesign, some components have to be changed radically, like the fuel system, drive train and control system. The result of researches and developments which have been done, promise a lot of advantages, which conventional engines can not give, therefore it is probable that fuel cell will replace conventional engine.