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  • 15. Life on land
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Heral, Maurice; Razet, Daniel; Deslous-paoli, Jean-marc; Berthome, Jean-paul; +1 Authors

    Les grandes caractéristiques hydrobiologiques du bassin de Marennes-Oléron sont définies par quatre campagnes saisonnières de 120 prélèvements chacune effectuée-, en 15 stations en demi-cycle de marée. Les salinités y fluctuent de 10 '/rr. et ce secteur peut donc être assimilé à un vaste estuaire contrôlé principalement par les apports fluviaux de la Charente. La turbidité reste élevée souvent supérieure à 100 mg.I"', les teneurs en oxygène dissous montrent un déficit en amont de la Charente et de la Seudre de 4 mg.L1 tandis que les sels nutritifs sont apportés par la Charente pour les nitrates, phosphates et silicates. Ces derniers suivent les courbes de dilution théorique excepté lors des poussées phytoplanctoniques et lors des crues hivernales. Lors de ces crues, les nitrates semblent soit apportés par la Gironde, soit dus à une minéralisation organique. Au même moment, les phosphates pourraient être absorbés sur les particules et être piégés dans les sédiments. Les biomasses phytoplanctoniques exprimées par les teneurs en chlorophylle a sont supésieures à 30 f^-g.1 ' en amont des estuaires au printemps avec des teneurs en phéopigmenls pouvants dépasser 200 IUJ.1 . par contre, dans le bassin, les teneurs ne dépassent guère 10 fig.l ''. Les concentrations en ATP montrent que peu de phytoplancton est physiologiquement actif en particulier dans les estuaires, tandis que les dosages de protéines permettent de quantifier la part des apports allochtone - par rapport à la production autochtone des estuaires. Line analyse factorielle des correspondances définit le schéma général hydrobiologique du bassin estuarien en précisant que 'e rôle de la Charente ne se limite pas à l'apport en sels minéraux azotés et phosphatés, mais aussi à l'apport d'une biomasse phytoplanctonique d'eau douce en voie de dégénérescence. Les auteurs proposent qu'une nouvelle stratégie d'échantillonnage, mieux adaptée aux objectifs recherchés, soit suivie ultérieurement en assurant des prélèvements en cycle de marée mais avec une périodicité la plus élevée possible. Four seasonal compaigns providing a sampling of 15 stations each followed during half a tide cycle, i.e. 120 water samples permit the definition of the main hydrobiological features of Marennes-Oleron Bay: salinity and turbidity, phytoplanktonic biomasses, ATP concentrations. The authors suggest that a new way of adapted sampling to their objectives, will work out in the future by sampling during tidal cycles but as frequently as possible.

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    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
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    Authors: Tamini, Lota D.; Clerkson, Frédérick; Doyon, Maurice; Debailleul, Guy; +4 Authors

    Climate change will affect agricultural production conditions, which will translate in impacts on yield and cost of production for Quebec farmers. This would likely affect the relative competitive position of Quebec in North America. Using the Delphi technique and partial budgets, climate change scenarios for the 2050 period were elaborated and their impact on relative competitiveness assessed for Quebec and its competitors in North America. Results indicate that Quebec competitive position would improve due to more favorable conditions for corn and apple production and due to worsen conditions for the competitors in maple syrup production.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2014
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
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    Authors: Yann, Martineau; Bernard, Saugier;

    A model of plant succession has been built for simulating the growth of six species, based on physiological processes such as photosynthesis, growth and maintenance respiration, carbon allocation, nitrogen absorption, fixation and remobilisation, organ mortality, seed dispersal and germination. The simulated global plant productivity decreases in response to an increase in soil nitrogen availability. The reason is a replacement of the rapidly-growing legume species by slow-growing shrub species that are higher than the legume and thus shade it. This paradoxical result could have a wide application field.

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    Authors: Mohamed, Benslama; Valérie, Andrieu-Ponel; Frédéric, Guiter; Maurice, Reille; +3 Authors

    The study of two pollen sequences from El-Kala marshes allowed the reconstruction of the regional vegetation history supported by eight radiocarbon dates. Pollen assemblages from Bourdim site were dominated by local input of Alnus and Salix, while regional vegetation was characterized by scattered Quercus suber forests with a well-developed Erica arborea matorral. While the vegetation dynamics recorded at Bourdim is recent (Late Holocene), the majority of the pollen diagram from Garaat El-Ouez is contemporaneous to the Late Pleniglacial and is characterized by open woodlands with Pinus, Poaceae and several heliophilous herbs. The significant values of Cedrus pollen identified in this period indicate that the region of El-Kala most probably played the role of a refugium for this tree.

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    Authors: de Boer, F.; Kessler, J. J.;

    Metadata only record This document presents an analysis of Fulani pastoral farming systems that focuses on how pastoralists use silvopastoral land. It aims to provide the missing knowledge needed to implement the resource management ('gestion des terroirs') approach at village level. In this region the influence of pastoral land use on the environment appears to be less pronounced than that of crop cultivation, even though levels of animal production are reasonable. The carrying capacity of the region has not yet been attained. Current constraints to pastoral land use in the region arise from the encroachment of cropland at the expense of pastoral land, and the increase in animal numbers. To develop sustainable natural resource management at village level that includes Fulani pastoral land use, the key factors appear to be the integration of livestock husbandry and cropland cultivation at household level, agreements between pastoralists and cropland farmers on land tenure and resource management, and support targeting of Fulani households (which have so far been neglected). Specific recommendations are given. (CAB Abstract)

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    Authors: Chebil, Ali; Mtimet, Nadhem; Tizaoui, Hassen; Chebil, Ali; +2 Authors

    L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’analyser l’impact du changement climatique sur la productivité des cultures céréalières dans la région de Béja, située au nord-ouest de la Tunisie. Pour ce faire, des modèles de régression multiple ont été estimés pour trois cultures céréalières (blé dur, blé tendre et orge). Les variables explicatives du rendement utilisées dans l’analyse sont celles d’ordre climatique (précipitations et températures) et le progrès technique. La période d’analyse est de 1980 à 2009. Les estimations des modèles de régression semi-logarithmiques ont montré que les rendements des différentes cultures céréalières dépendaient des variables climatiques et du progrès technique. L’analyse de la projection des effets du changement climatique sur les rendements céréaliers dans la zone d’étude, en utilisant les scénarios du modèle HadCM3, a montré que l’impact est important à l’horizon de 2030. Cet impact sera plus accentué pour le blé tendre. Ainsi, l’encouragement de la recherche en matière d’identification de nouvelles techniques agricoles, la diffusion de variétés tolérantes à la diminution des précipitations, dans les périodes critiques de croissance, et de variétés précoces, font partie des stratégies d’adaptation pour la réduction des effets du changement climatique sur le rendement céréalier à long terme...... This article analyzes the potential impact of climate change on cereal productivity in the Béja region of northwestern Tunisia. Multiple regression models were estimated for the cereal crops durum wheat, bread wheat and barley, using annual data from 1980 to 2009. The yield of each crop was used as the dependent variable, while the explanatory variables were mainly related to the climate (precipitation and temperature) and technological progress. The results show that yield variability is affected by climate and technological progress variables. The projected climate change scenarios predicted by the HadCM3 model will have a significant effect on crop yields by 2030, particularly for bread wheat. Some adaptation strategies that could alleviate climate change effects on cereal crops yields in the long run are the identification of new agricultural practices in this area, the widespread diffusion of varieties that can tolerate rainfall shortage during the critical periods, and the adoption of early maturing varieties.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2011
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      Other literature type . 2011
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    Authors: Beguería, Santiago; Caballero, Yvan; Le Cointe, Pierre; Palazón Tabuenca, Leticia; +13 Authors

    [ES] Este trabajo presenta una parte de los resultados obtenidos durante el proyecto de cooperación internacional PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financiado por el Programa Interreg EFA (España-Francia-Andorra). Entre 2018 y 2021, el proyecto PIRAGUA abordó, mediante la cooperación transfronteriza, la evaluación del ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos en los Pirineos, en el presente y en futuro, en el contexto del cambio climático. Para ello, los socios del proyecto unificaron y homogeneizaron la información hidrológica existente, propusieron indicadores hidrológicos, analizaron las tendencias observadas en dichos indicadores, desarrollaron modelos de simulación para conocer en detalle los distintos componentes del balance hídrico, y realizaron simulaciones numéricas a partir de proyecciones climáticas bajo distintos escenarios de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero para evaluar las consecuencias del cambio climático sobre el ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos. El objetivo de este volumen es realizar una caracterización de los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos de los Pirineos, así como de la gestión y uso de dichos recursos (Capítulo 1); analizar los registros de caudal, niveles de acuíferos e inundaciones para determinar patrones espaciales y determinar las tendencias temporales observadas en las últimas décadas (Capítulo 2); aplicar herramientas de simulación para ampliar el conocimiento sobre los distintos componentes del balance hídrico de los Pirineos (Capítulo 3); y realizar una serie de experimentos de simulación numérica para determinar los posibles cambios del balance hídrico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos a lo largo del siglo XXI, en un contexto de cambio climático (Capítulo 4). [FR] Ce travail présente une partie des résultats d'un projet de coopération internationale du Programme Interreg EFA (Espagne-France-Andorre). Entre 2018 et 2021, le projet PIRAGUA (EFA210/16) a abordé, par le biais de la coopération transfrontalière, l'évaluation du cycle hydrologique et des ressources hydriques dans les Pyrénées, pour le présent et l'avenir, dans le contexte du changement climatique. Pour cela, les partenaires du projet ont unifié et homogénéisé les informations hydrologiques existantes, proposé des indicateurs hydrologiques, analysé les tendances observées pour ces indicateurs, développé des modèles de simulation pour connaître les détails du bilan hydrique et réalisé des expériences de simulation numérique, afin d'évaluer les conséquences de scénarios de changement climatique sur le cycle hydrologique et les ressources hydriques des Pyrénées. L'objectif de ce volume est de réaliser une caractérisation des ressources hydriques de surface et souterraines des Pyrénées, de la gestion et de l'emploi des ressources (Chapitre 1) ; analyser les registres de débit, le niveau des aquifères et les inondations afin de déterminer des schémas spatiaux ainsi que les tendances temporelles observées ces dernières décennies (Chapitre 2) ; appliquer des outils de simulation pour réaliser un diagnostic des différents éléments du bilan hydrique des Pyrénées (Chapitre 3); réaliser une série d'expériences de simulation pour déterminer les éventuels changements du bilan hydrique et des ressources hydriques des Pyrénées tout au long du XXIᵉ siècle, dans un contexte de changement climatique (Chapitre 4). [EN] This volume presents part of the results obtained during the international cooperation project PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financed by the Interreg EFA Program (Spain-France-Andorra). Between 2018 and 2021, the PIRAGUA project addressed, through cross-border cooperation, the evaluation of the hydrological cycle and water resources in the Pyrenees, in the present and in the future, in the context of climate change. To do this, the project partners unified and homogenized the existing hydrological information, proposed hydrological indicators, analyzed the trends observed in said indicators, developed simulation models to know in detail the different components of the water balance, and carried out numerical simulations based on projections under different scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions to assess the consequences of climate change on the hydrological cycle and the water resources of the Pyrenees. The objective of this volume is to carry out a characterization of the surface and underground water resources of the Pyrenees, as well as the management and use of said resources (Chapter 1); analyze flow records, aquifer levels, and floods to determine spatial patterns and determine temporal trends observed in recent decades (Chapter 2); apply simulation tools to expand knowledge about the different components of the water balance of the Pyrenees (Chapter 3); and carry out a series of numerical simulation experiments to determine possible changes in the water balance and water resources of the Pyrenees throughout the 21st century, in a context of climate change (Chapter 4). This report was developed within the project EFA210/16 PIRAGUA (“Evaluación y prospectiva de los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos en un contexto de cambio climático, y medidas de adaptación con impacto en el territorio / Evaluation et prospective des ressources en eau des Pyrénées dans un contexte de changement climatique, et mesures d’adaptation avec un impact sur le territoire”), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain France Andorra program (POCTEFA 2014-2020) (65%) and the project’s partners: CSIC, UPV/EHU, UB, OE, IGME, CNRS, BRGM, INRAE and OBSA (35%). [FR] Un fichier PDF avec la version pré-imprimée du document; [EN] One PDF files with the pre-print version of the document; [ES] Un archivo PDF con la versión de pre-impresión del documento. Peer reviewed

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    Digital.CSIC
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    Authors: Adeline Fayolle; Jean-Joël Loumeto; Jean-Louis Doucet; Grace Jopaul Loubota Panzou; +2 Authors

    Introduction. Quantifier les stocks de biomasse et de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales est devenu une priorité internationale dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du mécanisme REDD+. La biomasse forestière est estimée à trois échelles spatiales successives : l’arbre, le peuplement et la région. Cet article propose une synthèse des connaissances sur l’estimation de la biomasse et des stocks de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales africaines.Littérature. Cette synthèse bibliographique démontre que peu d’équations allométriques, équations qui permettent d’estimer la biomasse de l’arbre à partir de mesures non destructives (diamètre, hauteur), ont été établies pour les forêts tropicales africaines. Au niveau du peuplement, cette synthèse met en exergue les variations spatiales et temporelles connues de la biomasse entre les types de forêts d’Afrique tropicale. Si la reconstitution de la biomasse après une perturbation (l’exploitation forestière, par exemple) est relativement rapide, il existe encore beaucoup d’incertitudes sur les variations spatiales de la biomasse et il n’y a pas de consensus sur une cartographie régionale de la biomasse. La qualité de la cartographie de la biomasse dépend fortement des différents capteurs utilisés (optique, RADAR ou LiDAR) et de l’équation allométrique utilisée pour convertir les données d’inventaires forestiers en biomasse.Conclusions. Considérant le manque de précision des équations allométriques disponibles et des données d’inventaires forestiers à large échelle spatiale, il y a encore beaucoup d’incertitudes sur les estimations de la biomasse et des stocks de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales africaines. Biomass and carbon stocks of tropical African forests. A reviewIntroduction. Quantifying the biomass and carbon stocks contained in tropical forests has become an international priority for the implementation of the REDD+ mechanism. Forest biomass is estimated at three successive levels: the tree, the stand and the region level. This paper reviews the state of the art regarding the estimation of biomass and carbon stocks in tropical African forests.Literature. This review highlights the fact that very few allometric equations, equations used for estimating the biomass of the tree using non-destructive measurements (diameter, height), have been established for tropical African forests. At the stand level, the review highlights the spatial and temporal variations in biomass between forest types in Central and Eastern Africa. While biomass recovery after a disturbance (logging, for instance) is rather quick, a great deal of uncertainty still remains regarding the spatial variation in biomass, and there is no consensus on a regional biomass map. The quality of biomass mapping in tropical Africa strongly depends on the type of remotely-sensed data being used (optical, RADAR or LIDAR), and the allometric equation used to convert forest inventory data into biomass.Conclusions. Based on the lack of precision of the available allometric equations and forest inventory data and the large spatial scale involved, many uncertainties persist in relation to the estimation of the biomass and carbon stocks contained in African tropical forests.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bachelet, G; Dauvin, Jc;

    The species composition and spatial distribution of macrofaunal assemblages in intertidal sands of Arcachon Bay, on the southwestern Atlantic coast of France, were investigated through a quantitative sampling of twenty stations representative of the various sandy habitats found in the bay, excluding the exposed beaches. Sampling was done on a single occasion, during the winter of 1988. A total of 150 macrobenthic species (> 1 mm) were collected. The abundance of macrofauna ranged from 89 to 52000 ind.m-2 (with a high dominance of the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae in some sites) and the biomass ranged from 1.3 to 42.5 g.m-2 dry weight. Thirteen additional species (belonging to temporary meiofauna and small macrofauna) were also sampled in the sieving fraction comprised between 1 mm and 100 mum. In this size fraction, the highest densities were those of H. ulvae juveniles in the inner bay and the small polychaete Parapionosyllis gestans in the outer bay. Mean abundance of total fauna > 100 mum (excluding permanent meiofauna) was about 35000 ind.m-2 in both sheltered and semi-exposed stations. A correspondence analysis of the distribution of species among stations followed by an automatic hierarchical classification identified six benthic assemblages, which were also characterized in terms of species dominance, constancy and fidelity. Two assemblages, corresponding to the boreal Macoma community, were distinguished in the sands at mid-tide level in the inner part of the bay: station-group A was characterized by Neomysis integer and Streblospio shrubsolii, together with a low number of species occurring in low-salinity estuarine waters; station-group B, with Cerastoderma edule, Arenicola marina, and Nereis diversicolor as characteristic species, was a sandy facies of the Macoma community dominated by C. edule. Three other assemblages, each with a high species richness, included several species of the boreal Lusitanian Tellina community: station-group C: a Eunice vittata-Tubificoides benedeni assemblage at lower tidal levels in the central part of the bay; station-group D: a Ruditapes decussatus-Goniada emerita assemblage at mid-tidal levels of the outer bay; station-group E: an Echinocardium cordatum-Magelona mirabilis-Aonides oxycephala assemblage at lower tidal levels of the outer bay. A sixth assemblage (station-group F) was an Ophelia bicornis-Bathyporeia sarsi assemblage in fine dune sands of the outer bay. A discriminant analysis including five environmental variables (tidal level, salinity, sediment median, fine particles and organic contents) revealed the first two variables to be the most important factors in the ordination of stations. With these five variables, only 65 % of the stations were correctly classified in the station-groups identified by correspondence analysis. Among the other possible factors governing the distribution of benthic assemblages, the importance of both exposure and circulation of water masses is stressed. Sheltered stations had a mean biomass of 22.8 g.m-2 dry weight and a mean species richness of 17.7 species; in semi-exposed stations, these values were 11.5 g.m-2 dry weight and 36.1 species.

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    Authors: Heral, Maurice; Razet, Daniel; Deslous-paoli, Jean-marc; Berthome, Jean-paul; +1 Authors

    Les grandes caractéristiques hydrobiologiques du bassin de Marennes-Oléron sont définies par quatre campagnes saisonnières de 120 prélèvements chacune effectuée-, en 15 stations en demi-cycle de marée. Les salinités y fluctuent de 10 '/rr. et ce secteur peut donc être assimilé à un vaste estuaire contrôlé principalement par les apports fluviaux de la Charente. La turbidité reste élevée souvent supérieure à 100 mg.I"', les teneurs en oxygène dissous montrent un déficit en amont de la Charente et de la Seudre de 4 mg.L1 tandis que les sels nutritifs sont apportés par la Charente pour les nitrates, phosphates et silicates. Ces derniers suivent les courbes de dilution théorique excepté lors des poussées phytoplanctoniques et lors des crues hivernales. Lors de ces crues, les nitrates semblent soit apportés par la Gironde, soit dus à une minéralisation organique. Au même moment, les phosphates pourraient être absorbés sur les particules et être piégés dans les sédiments. Les biomasses phytoplanctoniques exprimées par les teneurs en chlorophylle a sont supésieures à 30 f^-g.1 ' en amont des estuaires au printemps avec des teneurs en phéopigmenls pouvants dépasser 200 IUJ.1 . par contre, dans le bassin, les teneurs ne dépassent guère 10 fig.l ''. Les concentrations en ATP montrent que peu de phytoplancton est physiologiquement actif en particulier dans les estuaires, tandis que les dosages de protéines permettent de quantifier la part des apports allochtone - par rapport à la production autochtone des estuaires. Line analyse factorielle des correspondances définit le schéma général hydrobiologique du bassin estuarien en précisant que 'e rôle de la Charente ne se limite pas à l'apport en sels minéraux azotés et phosphatés, mais aussi à l'apport d'une biomasse phytoplanctonique d'eau douce en voie de dégénérescence. Les auteurs proposent qu'une nouvelle stratégie d'échantillonnage, mieux adaptée aux objectifs recherchés, soit suivie ultérieurement en assurant des prélèvements en cycle de marée mais avec une périodicité la plus élevée possible. Four seasonal compaigns providing a sampling of 15 stations each followed during half a tide cycle, i.e. 120 water samples permit the definition of the main hydrobiological features of Marennes-Oleron Bay: salinity and turbidity, phytoplanktonic biomasses, ATP concentrations. The authors suggest that a new way of adapted sampling to their objectives, will work out in the future by sampling during tidal cycles but as frequently as possible.

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    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
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    Authors: Tamini, Lota D.; Clerkson, Frédérick; Doyon, Maurice; Debailleul, Guy; +4 Authors

    Climate change will affect agricultural production conditions, which will translate in impacts on yield and cost of production for Quebec farmers. This would likely affect the relative competitive position of Quebec in North America. Using the Delphi technique and partial budgets, climate change scenarios for the 2050 period were elaborated and their impact on relative competitiveness assessed for Quebec and its competitors in North America. Results indicate that Quebec competitive position would improve due to more favorable conditions for corn and apple production and due to worsen conditions for the competitors in maple syrup production.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2014
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    Authors: Yann, Martineau; Bernard, Saugier;

    A model of plant succession has been built for simulating the growth of six species, based on physiological processes such as photosynthesis, growth and maintenance respiration, carbon allocation, nitrogen absorption, fixation and remobilisation, organ mortality, seed dispersal and germination. The simulated global plant productivity decreases in response to an increase in soil nitrogen availability. The reason is a replacement of the rapidly-growing legume species by slow-growing shrub species that are higher than the legume and thus shade it. This paradoxical result could have a wide application field.

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    Authors: Mohamed, Benslama; Valérie, Andrieu-Ponel; Frédéric, Guiter; Maurice, Reille; +3 Authors

    The study of two pollen sequences from El-Kala marshes allowed the reconstruction of the regional vegetation history supported by eight radiocarbon dates. Pollen assemblages from Bourdim site were dominated by local input of Alnus and Salix, while regional vegetation was characterized by scattered Quercus suber forests with a well-developed Erica arborea matorral. While the vegetation dynamics recorded at Bourdim is recent (Late Holocene), the majority of the pollen diagram from Garaat El-Ouez is contemporaneous to the Late Pleniglacial and is characterized by open woodlands with Pinus, Poaceae and several heliophilous herbs. The significant values of Cedrus pollen identified in this period indicate that the region of El-Kala most probably played the role of a refugium for this tree.

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    Authors: de Boer, F.; Kessler, J. J.;

    Metadata only record This document presents an analysis of Fulani pastoral farming systems that focuses on how pastoralists use silvopastoral land. It aims to provide the missing knowledge needed to implement the resource management ('gestion des terroirs') approach at village level. In this region the influence of pastoral land use on the environment appears to be less pronounced than that of crop cultivation, even though levels of animal production are reasonable. The carrying capacity of the region has not yet been attained. Current constraints to pastoral land use in the region arise from the encroachment of cropland at the expense of pastoral land, and the increase in animal numbers. To develop sustainable natural resource management at village level that includes Fulani pastoral land use, the key factors appear to be the integration of livestock husbandry and cropland cultivation at household level, agreements between pastoralists and cropland farmers on land tenure and resource management, and support targeting of Fulani households (which have so far been neglected). Specific recommendations are given. (CAB Abstract)

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    VTechWorks
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    Authors: Chebil, Ali; Mtimet, Nadhem; Tizaoui, Hassen; Chebil, Ali; +2 Authors

    L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’analyser l’impact du changement climatique sur la productivité des cultures céréalières dans la région de Béja, située au nord-ouest de la Tunisie. Pour ce faire, des modèles de régression multiple ont été estimés pour trois cultures céréalières (blé dur, blé tendre et orge). Les variables explicatives du rendement utilisées dans l’analyse sont celles d’ordre climatique (précipitations et températures) et le progrès technique. La période d’analyse est de 1980 à 2009. Les estimations des modèles de régression semi-logarithmiques ont montré que les rendements des différentes cultures céréalières dépendaient des variables climatiques et du progrès technique. L’analyse de la projection des effets du changement climatique sur les rendements céréaliers dans la zone d’étude, en utilisant les scénarios du modèle HadCM3, a montré que l’impact est important à l’horizon de 2030. Cet impact sera plus accentué pour le blé tendre. Ainsi, l’encouragement de la recherche en matière d’identification de nouvelles techniques agricoles, la diffusion de variétés tolérantes à la diminution des précipitations, dans les périodes critiques de croissance, et de variétés précoces, font partie des stratégies d’adaptation pour la réduction des effets du changement climatique sur le rendement céréalier à long terme...... This article analyzes the potential impact of climate change on cereal productivity in the Béja region of northwestern Tunisia. Multiple regression models were estimated for the cereal crops durum wheat, bread wheat and barley, using annual data from 1980 to 2009. The yield of each crop was used as the dependent variable, while the explanatory variables were mainly related to the climate (precipitation and temperature) and technological progress. The results show that yield variability is affected by climate and technological progress variables. The projected climate change scenarios predicted by the HadCM3 model will have a significant effect on crop yields by 2030, particularly for bread wheat. Some adaptation strategies that could alleviate climate change effects on cereal crops yields in the long run are the identification of new agricultural practices in this area, the widespread diffusion of varieties that can tolerate rainfall shortage during the critical periods, and the adoption of early maturing varieties.

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    Other literature type . 2011
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    Authors: Beguería, Santiago; Caballero, Yvan; Le Cointe, Pierre; Palazón Tabuenca, Leticia; +13 Authors

    [ES] Este trabajo presenta una parte de los resultados obtenidos durante el proyecto de cooperación internacional PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financiado por el Programa Interreg EFA (España-Francia-Andorra). Entre 2018 y 2021, el proyecto PIRAGUA abordó, mediante la cooperación transfronteriza, la evaluación del ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos en los Pirineos, en el presente y en futuro, en el contexto del cambio climático. Para ello, los socios del proyecto unificaron y homogeneizaron la información hidrológica existente, propusieron indicadores hidrológicos, analizaron las tendencias observadas en dichos indicadores, desarrollaron modelos de simulación para conocer en detalle los distintos componentes del balance hídrico, y realizaron simulaciones numéricas a partir de proyecciones climáticas bajo distintos escenarios de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero para evaluar las consecuencias del cambio climático sobre el ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos. El objetivo de este volumen es realizar una caracterización de los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos de los Pirineos, así como de la gestión y uso de dichos recursos (Capítulo 1); analizar los registros de caudal, niveles de acuíferos e inundaciones para determinar patrones espaciales y determinar las tendencias temporales observadas en las últimas décadas (Capítulo 2); aplicar herramientas de simulación para ampliar el conocimiento sobre los distintos componentes del balance hídrico de los Pirineos (Capítulo 3); y realizar una serie de experimentos de simulación numérica para determinar los posibles cambios del balance hídrico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos a lo largo del siglo XXI, en un contexto de cambio climático (Capítulo 4). [FR] Ce travail présente une partie des résultats d'un projet de coopération internationale du Programme Interreg EFA (Espagne-France-Andorre). Entre 2018 et 2021, le projet PIRAGUA (EFA210/16) a abordé, par le biais de la coopération transfrontalière, l'évaluation du cycle hydrologique et des ressources hydriques dans les Pyrénées, pour le présent et l'avenir, dans le contexte du changement climatique. Pour cela, les partenaires du projet ont unifié et homogénéisé les informations hydrologiques existantes, proposé des indicateurs hydrologiques, analysé les tendances observées pour ces indicateurs, développé des modèles de simulation pour connaître les détails du bilan hydrique et réalisé des expériences de simulation numérique, afin d'évaluer les conséquences de scénarios de changement climatique sur le cycle hydrologique et les ressources hydriques des Pyrénées. L'objectif de ce volume est de réaliser une caractérisation des ressources hydriques de surface et souterraines des Pyrénées, de la gestion et de l'emploi des ressources (Chapitre 1) ; analyser les registres de débit, le niveau des aquifères et les inondations afin de déterminer des schémas spatiaux ainsi que les tendances temporelles observées ces dernières décennies (Chapitre 2) ; appliquer des outils de simulation pour réaliser un diagnostic des différents éléments du bilan hydrique des Pyrénées (Chapitre 3); réaliser une série d'expériences de simulation pour déterminer les éventuels changements du bilan hydrique et des ressources hydriques des Pyrénées tout au long du XXIᵉ siècle, dans un contexte de changement climatique (Chapitre 4). [EN] This volume presents part of the results obtained during the international cooperation project PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financed by the Interreg EFA Program (Spain-France-Andorra). Between 2018 and 2021, the PIRAGUA project addressed, through cross-border cooperation, the evaluation of the hydrological cycle and water resources in the Pyrenees, in the present and in the future, in the context of climate change. To do this, the project partners unified and homogenized the existing hydrological information, proposed hydrological indicators, analyzed the trends observed in said indicators, developed simulation models to know in detail the different components of the water balance, and carried out numerical simulations based on projections under different scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions to assess the consequences of climate change on the hydrological cycle and the water resources of the Pyrenees. The objective of this volume is to carry out a characterization of the surface and underground water resources of the Pyrenees, as well as the management and use of said resources (Chapter 1); analyze flow records, aquifer levels, and floods to determine spatial patterns and determine temporal trends observed in recent decades (Chapter 2); apply simulation tools to expand knowledge about the different components of the water balance of the Pyrenees (Chapter 3); and carry out a series of numerical simulation experiments to determine possible changes in the water balance and water resources of the Pyrenees throughout the 21st century, in a context of climate change (Chapter 4). This report was developed within the project EFA210/16 PIRAGUA (“Evaluación y prospectiva de los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos en un contexto de cambio climático, y medidas de adaptación con impacto en el territorio / Evaluation et prospective des ressources en eau des Pyrénées dans un contexte de changement climatique, et mesures d’adaptation avec un impact sur le territoire”), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain France Andorra program (POCTEFA 2014-2020) (65%) and the project’s partners: CSIC, UPV/EHU, UB, OE, IGME, CNRS, BRGM, INRAE and OBSA (35%). [FR] Un fichier PDF avec la version pré-imprimée du document; [EN] One PDF files with the pre-print version of the document; [ES] Un archivo PDF con la versión de pre-impresión del documento. Peer reviewed

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    Digital.CSIC
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      Digital.CSIC
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      Book . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Adeline Fayolle; Jean-Joël Loumeto; Jean-Louis Doucet; Grace Jopaul Loubota Panzou; +2 Authors

    Introduction. Quantifier les stocks de biomasse et de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales est devenu une priorité internationale dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du mécanisme REDD+. La biomasse forestière est estimée à trois échelles spatiales successives : l’arbre, le peuplement et la région. Cet article propose une synthèse des connaissances sur l’estimation de la biomasse et des stocks de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales africaines.Littérature. Cette synthèse bibliographique démontre que peu d’équations allométriques, équations qui permettent d’estimer la biomasse de l’arbre à partir de mesures non destructives (diamètre, hauteur), ont été établies pour les forêts tropicales africaines. Au niveau du peuplement, cette synthèse met en exergue les variations spatiales et temporelles connues de la biomasse entre les types de forêts d’Afrique tropicale. Si la reconstitution de la biomasse après une perturbation (l’exploitation forestière, par exemple) est relativement rapide, il existe encore beaucoup d’incertitudes sur les variations spatiales de la biomasse et il n’y a pas de consensus sur une cartographie régionale de la biomasse. La qualité de la cartographie de la biomasse dépend fortement des différents capteurs utilisés (optique, RADAR ou LiDAR) et de l’équation allométrique utilisée pour convertir les données d’inventaires forestiers en biomasse.Conclusions. Considérant le manque de précision des équations allométriques disponibles et des données d’inventaires forestiers à large échelle spatiale, il y a encore beaucoup d’incertitudes sur les estimations de la biomasse et des stocks de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales africaines. Biomass and carbon stocks of tropical African forests. A reviewIntroduction. Quantifying the biomass and carbon stocks contained in tropical forests has become an international priority for the implementation of the REDD+ mechanism. Forest biomass is estimated at three successive levels: the tree, the stand and the region level. This paper reviews the state of the art regarding the estimation of biomass and carbon stocks in tropical African forests.Literature. This review highlights the fact that very few allometric equations, equations used for estimating the biomass of the tree using non-destructive measurements (diameter, height), have been established for tropical African forests. At the stand level, the review highlights the spatial and temporal variations in biomass between forest types in Central and Eastern Africa. While biomass recovery after a disturbance (logging, for instance) is rather quick, a great deal of uncertainty still remains regarding the spatial variation in biomass, and there is no consensus on a regional biomass map. The quality of biomass mapping in tropical Africa strongly depends on the type of remotely-sensed data being used (optical, RADAR or LIDAR), and the allometric equation used to convert forest inventory data into biomass.Conclusions. Based on the lack of precision of the available allometric equations and forest inventory data and the large spatial scale involved, many uncertainties persist in relation to the estimation of the biomass and carbon stocks contained in African tropical forests.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bachelet, G; Dauvin, Jc;

    The species composition and spatial distribution of macrofaunal assemblages in intertidal sands of Arcachon Bay, on the southwestern Atlantic coast of France, were investigated through a quantitative sampling of twenty stations representative of the various sandy habitats found in the bay, excluding the exposed beaches. Sampling was done on a single occasion, during the winter of 1988. A total of 150 macrobenthic species (> 1 mm) were collected. The abundance of macrofauna ranged from 89 to 52000 ind.m-2 (with a high dominance of the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae in some sites) and the biomass ranged from 1.3 to 42.5 g.m-2 dry weight. Thirteen additional species (belonging to temporary meiofauna and small macrofauna) were also sampled in the sieving fraction comprised between 1 mm and 100 mum. In this size fraction, the highest densities were those of H. ulvae juveniles in the inner bay and the small polychaete Parapionosyllis gestans in the outer bay. Mean abundance of total fauna > 100 mum (excluding permanent meiofauna) was about 35000 ind.m-2 in both sheltered and semi-exposed stations. A correspondence analysis of the distribution of species among stations followed by an automatic hierarchical classification identified six benthic assemblages, which were also characterized in terms of species dominance, constancy and fidelity. Two assemblages, corresponding to the boreal Macoma community, were distinguished in the sands at mid-tide level in the inner part of the bay: station-group A was characterized by Neomysis integer and Streblospio shrubsolii, together with a low number of species occurring in low-salinity estuarine waters; station-group B, with Cerastoderma edule, Arenicola marina, and Nereis diversicolor as characteristic species, was a sandy facies of the Macoma community dominated by C. edule. Three other assemblages, each with a high species richness, included several species of the boreal Lusitanian Tellina community: station-group C: a Eunice vittata-Tubificoides benedeni assemblage at lower tidal levels in the central part of the bay; station-group D: a Ruditapes decussatus-Goniada emerita assemblage at mid-tidal levels of the outer bay; station-group E: an Echinocardium cordatum-Magelona mirabilis-Aonides oxycephala assemblage at lower tidal levels of the outer bay. A sixth assemblage (station-group F) was an Ophelia bicornis-Bathyporeia sarsi assemblage in fine dune sands of the outer bay. A discriminant analysis including five environmental variables (tidal level, salinity, sediment median, fine particles and organic contents) revealed the first two variables to be the most important factors in the ordination of stations. With these five variables, only 65 % of the stations were correctly classified in the station-groups identified by correspondence analysis. Among the other possible factors governing the distribution of benthic assemblages, the importance of both exposure and circulation of water masses is stressed. Sheltered stations had a mean biomass of 22.8 g.m-2 dry weight and a mean species richness of 17.7 species; in semi-exposed stations, these values were 11.5 g.m-2 dry weight and 36.1 species.

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