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The article describes the major stages and the evolution of the research in the sphere of sustainability of economic entities (units), defines the relationship between sustainable development and changes in the key elements of an organization’s business processes, identifies the peculiarities of sustainable development of economic units belonging to different levels and their interdependence. The author analyses the basic approaches to giving definitions of sustainability in political economy, system analysis and in applied economics, singles out their similarities and objective differences. The article mainly focuses on defining sustainability ofa business entity as a primary element of national economy. It compares major features and factors of ensuring the sustainability including the consistency of strategic changes in different elements of production and business processes, monitoring of changes in close and distant environment of an economic entity, using the best practices of business partners, the analysis of support of long-term innovations by current changes which ensure the elimination of losses and sustainable cost reduction on the basis of resource-efficient development. Special emphasis is put on integration factors of ensuring the sustainability. The author proves that to ensure the sustainability consistent changes resulting in a synergistic effect are required.

Направленность на здоровый образ жизни студентов-экономистов рассматривается как составляющая их будущей конкурентоспособности на рынке труда. Значимость направленности на здоровый образ жизни для конкурентоспособности обоснована теоретическими и эмпирическими методами исследования. Future economists' orientation on a healthy way of life is viewed as a constituent part of their future competitiveness on a labour market. Significance of orientation on a healthy way of life for competitiveness is substantiated by theoretical and empirical methods.

The article deals with the issues of sustainable development of rural areas in Russia and directions for the modernization of the rural economy. The changes in the functions of rural areas in terms of the demographic crisis and economic restructuring are shown in the paper. The article contains an analysis of the potential development of the rural areas. The possible directions of the state policy in the field of rural entrepreneurship are presented in the article. В статье исследуются вопросы устойчивого развития сельских территорий России и направления модернизации сельской экономики. Рассмотрено изменение функций сельских территорий в условиях демографического кризиса и структурной перестройки экономики. Проведен анализ потенциала развития сельских территорий. Представлены возможные направления государственной политики в области поддержки сельского предпринимательства.

The author assesses the impact of the Yuan exchange rate volatility on the indicators of the RussianChinese trade (the analysis is made on the ground of the statistical database CEIC). Quantitative estimates of changes in Russian-Chinese merchandise trade by commodity groups (in the HS classification) due to the revaluation of the CNY against the USD were obtained via the regression analysis. In the case of the revaluation of the Yuan to the US dollar the value of Russian exports may increase for such commodity groups as mineral products, chemical industry products, base metals, precious stones and metals, and vehicles. This article shows that the value of Chinese imports will decrease for such merchandise groups as transport vehicles, machinery and equipment, leather industry products, non-precious metals and products from them; in this case, the import of the food industry products, mineral products and optical instruments will decrease insignificantly. The author concludes that the revaluation of the Yuan, contributing to the growth of Russian exports and the reduction in Chinese imports, will not cause a radical change in structure of the Russian-Chinese trade. На основе показателей статистической базы данных CEIC проведена оценка воздействия динамики курса юаня на параметры российско-китайской торговли. С помощью регрессионного анализа получены количественные оценки реакций товарных групп (в классификации HS) российского экспорта в Китай и китайского импорта в Россию в зависимости от вариантов ревальвации юаня по отношению к доллару США. Обнаружено, что в условиях ревальвации юаня к доллару стоимостные объемы российского экспорта минеральных продуктов, продукции химической промышленности, недрагоценных металлов, драгоценных камней и металлов, а также транспортных средств могут возрасти.

Разработка стратегии устойчивого развития организации особенно актуальна в Российской Федерации, т.к. в данный момент происходит изменение восприятия устойчивого развития компании. Несколько лет назад о вопросах устойчивого развития и внедрении стандартов ESG говорили в основном банки и промышленные компании. В последнее время произошло изменение этой ситуации, и сейчас крупнейшие российские ритейлеры уделяют этому аспекту пристальное внимание. Розничная торговля - один из динамично развивающихся секторов российской экономики, превосходящий другие отрасли по темпам роста. На протяжении последних лет сектор розничной торговли в России продемонстрировал заметный рост, опередив западные, прежде всего европейские, страны. Forming sustainable development strategy of organizations is especially relevant in the Russian Federation because, at the moment, there is a change in perception of company sustainable development. A few years ago, questions of sustainable development and implementation of ESG standards were mainly discussed by banks and industrial companies. Recently, this situation has changed, and now the largest Russian retailers pay close attention to this aspect. Retail is one of the rapid developing sectors of the Russian economy, which exceeds other sectors in terms of growth. Over the course of recent years, the retail sector in Russia has shown remarkable growth, leaving behind Western, especially European, countries. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 5 (119) 2022, Pages 163-167

The Mongolian economy is based on the mineral production of its territory, there is the case of Coal that had become the most important product to support the national financial system during the last years, the absence of this important mineral can cause a big predicament not only due to the many internal uses of the product, but also to the effect on the income for exportations. This relevance support the fundament to direct this research on this topic, where the financial factors will be analyzed in order to determine the position of the Mongolian Coal market and put forward the potentially of this sector on the national economy

The aim of this study is to systemize and present the quantitative and quality evaluation of the economic and non-economic effects of the implementation of the new mechanism of the support of renewable energy in Russia. It should allow meeting the middle-term goal of 2.5 % of renewables at the Russian wholesale electricity market by 2024. To achieve this aim, in the introduction part of the article, a detailed description of the new mechanism of the support of the renewable energy in Russia is presented. It is based on the payment for energy in the wholesale electricity market. The estimated aggregate positive effect resulting from this mechanism's implementation was expected as follows: a) replacement of non-renewable fossil fuels to renewable energy, b) reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, c) the average prices reduction in the wholesale electricity market, d) reduction of the costs on environmental measures and health protection measures in traditional power generation, e) creating new jobs, f) reduction of fresh water used for cooling in traditional power generation, g) multiplicative effects from the development of renewable energy and etc. The resulting economic effect is estimated at 47.77 billion rubles per year by 2024. The authors relied on expert estimates, forecasts of the Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Economic Development, the Russian Energy Agency, the International Energy Agency, the International Agency for Renewable Energy, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, the experience of foreign countries, the data of Russian Federal State Statistics Service. © Copyright 2005-2016 Institute of Economics, the Ural branch of the RAS. All rights reserved. Рассмотрен механизм поддержки генераторов возобновляемых источников энергии на основе платы за мощность на оптовом рынке электроэнергии и мощности. Проанализировано замещение органического топлива, сжигаемого при производстве энергии на традиционных электростанциях. Представлены положительные и отрицательные стороны возобновляемых источников энергии. The article has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, within the project 14-06-00075 A >.

В рамках современной системы международного климатического регулирования страны несут ответственность за выбросы парниковых газов, осуществляемые в результате хозяйственной деятельности на их территории, даже в том случае, если эмиссия происходит при производстве продукции, направляемой на экспорт. Напротив, импорт углеродоемкой продукции международными соглашениями никак не ограничивается. В данной работе на основе анализа межстрановых таблиц «затраты выпуск», представленных в базе данных WIOD, осуществлена оценка объема выбросов углекислого газа, осуществляемых при производстве продукции, экспортируемой Россией за рубеж («экспорта выбросов») и импортируемых в Россию из других стран («импорта выбросов»). Выявлено, что Россия является вторым в мире нетто-экспортером выбросов углекислого газа, причем подавляющее большинство выбросов направляется в форме экспортируемой продукции в развитые страны. Причинами высокой углеродоемкости российской экспортной продукции являются как технологическая отсталость от развитых стран, так и особенности товарной структуры внешней торговли России: ее экспорт состоит преимущественно из углеводородного сырья и энергоемких товаров, а импорт из продукции с относительно невысокой энергоемкостью. Значительные объемы нетто-экспорта выбросов делают Россию страной, интересам которой текущая схема учета выбросов отвечает в наименьшей степени. С одной стороны, Россия, как и другие крупные страны-нетто-экспортеры выбросов, заинтересована в пересмотре принципов распределения ответственности между производителями и потребителями углеродоемкой продукции. С другой стороны, существующая технологическая отсталость делает ее уязвимой перед лицом политики «углеродного протекционизма», которая может начать применяться в других государствах. According to current international climate change regime countries are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions, which result from economic activities within national borders, including emissions from producing goods for exports. At the same time imports of carbon intensive goods are not regulated by international agreements. In this paper carbon emissions embodied in exports and imports of Russia were calculated with the use of inter-country input-output tables from WIOD database. It was revealed that Russia is the second largest exporter of emissions embodied in trade and the large portion of these emissions is directed to developed countries. The reasons for high carbon intensity of Russia's exports are obsolete technologies (in comparison to developed economies) and the structure of commodity trade: Russian exports primarily fossil fuels and energy-intensive goods and imports products with relatively low energy intensity. Because of large amount of net exports of carbon intensive goods the current approach to emissions accounting does not suit interests of Russia. On the one hand, Russia, as well as other large net emissions exporters, is interested in the revision of allocation of responsibility between producers and consumers of carbon intensive products. On the other hand, current technological backwardness makes Russia vulnerable to the policy of 'carbon protectionism', which can be implemented by its trade partners.

In conditions of global economic instability the success of electromechanical enterprises depends on their ability to react quickly to challenges of external environment. In order to create background and conditions for this ability the given enterprises refer to manufacturing activity planning, using a probabilistic approach based on forecasts that may not be true. The question of provision of more complete consideration of various internal and external factors and acceleration of decision making process and reaction to changing business environment arises before the organizations that concern more effective scheduling policy. International practice of solving such problems generally leads to qualitative discussion, whereas quantitative assessment of impact of control parameters of enterprise is not practically used, because there is no one systematic approach to manufacturing activity planning. On the basis of studying of international practices methodical guidelines of scenario approach to manufacturing activity planning with mathematical modeling of economics of producer price on electromechanical enterprises have been developed, which reasonably could be used with reference to and interaction with enterprise manufacturing program. The described approach allows solving planning problems iteratively in real-time mode concerning profit maximization, to form producer prices, to divide overhead costs according to the type of products and carry out cost accounting according to the type of a product, and it will provide functional interaction between factors and performance indicators.

A method for calculating the limits of possible increase of tariffs for energy and other material costs in the sectors of the economy of Moldova, on the basis of the analysis of national accounts was elaborated. The analysis of macroeconomic indicators of the Republic of Moldova's economy for the period 2002-2014 was performed. The formulas that allow for practical calculations of allowable limits the possible establishment of tariffs for energy and other material costs to consumers at the stage of production and the end of its consumption with the use of national accounts were proposed. Proposals based on the fact that the real tariff increases should not exceed the growth of gross value added and real gross domestic product should be taken into account the purchasing power of consumers and the consumer price index.