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Background and objective: Alcoholic drinks are interested in societies since long time ago. Other than its psychological effects in drinkers, several researches have been done about ethanol side-effects. In this study, we investigate different aspects of ethanol consumption by oral intake. Results: Ethanol interferes in active transport of nutrients on the brush border. With regard to macronutrients, it disturbs the normal hydrolysis in the intestine. Although, lower absorption of macronutrients in the small intestine is compensated by their increased absorption in the lower gastrointestinal tract. It has been reported that ethanol intake at lower doses may protect the heart, but its prolonged intake could damage surface of villi, make lesions in the intestine, induce diarrhea, and stimulate growth of intestinal pathogens (known as endotoxemia). Chronic alcohol consumption induces inflammation and oxidative stress in drinkers, which affect the liver as the main metabolizing organ followed by brain. Reduced supply of antioxidants in drinkers and increased inflammation after alcohol intake makes the body susceptible to further infections. Conclusion: Despite the positive effect of ethanol in prevention of cardiovascular diseases at low doses, its negative impacts on the other organs are not deniable. Importantly, no sale level has been introduced for ethanol oral intake. Therefore, the scientists recommend to avoid its drinking every time.

Background and Objective: Bunium percicum is often used in Iranian traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders particularly gastric ulcer.This study was done to evaluate the antiulcerogenic effect of Bunium percicum Boiss.essential oil against indomethacin and ethanol – induced ulcer models in Wistar rats. Methods: This experimental study was carried out on rats weighing 200-220 g in veterinary college of Urmia University, Iran. LD50 was calculated based on Lorke’s method. To evaluate the short term oral toxicity, animals were allocated into four group of six each. In groups 1-3 animals were received orally 250, 125, 80 mg/kg/bw of Bunium percicum Boiss.essential oil, respectively. Controls were received Tween 80 (2%) orally for 14 consecutive days and monitored daily. Bunium percicum Boiss. essential oil was administered orally at doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg/bw and cimetedin (10 mg/kg/bw) and omopirazol (30 mg/kg/bw) in indomethacin and ethanol–induced ulcer models. Results: The LD50 was 375 mg/kg/bw. Daily single oral doses of Bunium percicum Boiss.essential oil tolerated behaviorally after 14 days without any alterations in body and organs weight, food, water consumption and serum total protein, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity. The preventive index in doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg/BW of Bunium percicum Boiss.essential oil was 37.98% and 59.21%, respectively in the indomethacin -induced ulcer model (P<0.05). In the model of ethanol -induced ulcer, the preventive index in doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg of Bunium percicum Boiss. essential oil was 12.40% and 22.05%, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: The essential oil of Bunium percicum Boiss is completely ‘‘safe’’ and at the doses of 40 and 80mg/kg/bw significantly prevent gastric ulcers in animal model.

Background and Objective: Colorectal cancer is the third common malignancy in the world. Personal habits including life style and nutrition have been proposed as risk factors of colorectal cancer. We conducted this study to assess the nutritional characteristics in colorectal cancer patients in Golestan province of Iran. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was done on 47 colorectal cancer cases, diagnosed during 2004-05 and 47 healthy controls. A questionnaire containing socio-demographic and nutritional characteristics (FFQ) was filled for each of the participants. Chi square test was used to assess the relationship between variables. Results: In each of the two groups, 40.4% were females and 59.6% were males. The mean±SD age of age in cases and controls were 52.4±13.4 and 52.1±13.1 years, respectively. Total energy expenditure of higher than 1837.5 Kcal/ day was significantly related to colorectal cancer (OR=3.8 95% CI: 1.2-11.3). Colorectal cancer risk was higher in individual with frying cooking method (OR=3 95% CI: 0. 8-11.1). The risk of colorectal cancer was 6.5 times higher in individuals with fat consumption of higher than 118.5 grams/day (95% CI: 1.5-28.8). No significant relationship was seen between vegetables consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer. Conclusion: This study showed that high total energy expenditure, high fat consumption and using frying method for cooking are risk factors of colorectal cancer in Golestan prevince in Nothern of Iran.

Background & Objective: Destructive effects of ethanol consumption have been confirmed on several organs of the body. Nevertheless, classic research which has been done on kidney in this field had less attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate of ethanol effects on light microscopic structure of Mice kidneys. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, Balb/c strain mice, equally 40 males and females, weighing 30-35 grams were divided in two equal experimental and control groups randomly. The Mice in control and expermented groups further divided in two sub groups. One sub group received 1mg/gr body weight daily of ethanol for one month, intraperitoneally and other sub group received 1mg/gr body weight of ethanol for two months, intraperitoneally. Control groups divided in two sub groups and Mice received daily salin with same volume as experimental groups. Then, the Mice have been anesthetized and sacrificed and then, subsequently kidneys were removed. Routine histological methods and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining were done. Slides were observed by light microscope. Results: In experimental group, Mice which received ethanol for one month, interstitial bleeding and inflammatory cells infiltration in cortical zone of kidney was observed. In Mice which received ethanol for two months, we observed massive and concentrated lymphoblastic infiltration, especially on deep medulla around the blood vessels with extending to calyxes and pelvis of the kidney. No histological changes were observed in control groups. Conclusion: This study showed that the intraperitoneal injection of ethanol cause progressive destruction effects on cortex and medulla of the kidney. These effects depend on duration of ethanol consumption.

Introduction: Organization culture explains the characteristic of any organization. Organization culture includes values, standards and portrays behavior of members of that organization. Considering the pivotal role which is played by human resources and also the cost borne by these human sources, any kind of neglection on part of management can be drastic. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 95 employees of Yazd health care institutions. Data collection was through a questionnaire based on 10 dimensions and 44 indicators about organizational culture in EFQM environment. Results: The situation regarding organizational culture dimensions was not appropriate from viewpoint of EFQM in any of the health care institutions. Conclusions: Spurred by impressive results in other industries, this compelling and logical approach has begun to penetrate the thinking of health care accrediting agencies, business coalitions, private foundations and leading health care organizations. In this case, making some potential situations and using the study results of improvement of organizational culture can develop environmental situations for employee’s promotion and firm growth.

Abstract Background: Increase of nitrate concentration in water sources is becoming a serious problem in many parts of the world. Nitrogen containing compounds released into environment can create serious problems, such as eutrophication of water sources and hazard potential to human health, because it has potency of causing methemoglubinemia disease and cancer. Between recommended methods, biological denitrification is an effective method to remove nitrate from water and wastewater. Materials and methods: In this study, biological nitrogen removal process was evaluated using ethanol, methanol and succinate as different organic carbon sources in batch scale. The different parameters, carbon source, initial nitrate concentration, pH, and inoculated of bacteria were evaluated. Results: The experimental results were showed that bacteria can not use methanol as carbon source. The dinitrifyers bacteria can dissimilate 200 mg/L No3-N, in the optimum condition: 28 ºC, pH 7.2 and initial inoculation of 3×108 CFU/ml, respectively. In the process, produced nitrate-N was less than 1 mg/l. Conclusion: The bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri can use ethanol as carbon source for biological denitrification, but efficiency of succinate was better than ethanol.

Hyperlepidemy or the increase in the rate of blood lipids is a condition which is developing as an illness in new decades. With regard to problems as a result of using drugs and also benefits of physical activity to improve hyperlepidemia, this research has tried to study the effect of the physical activity with regard to energy expenditure on blood lipids. Materials and Methods: To do the study, 21 hyperlepidemic men were selected and received a training protocol (the physical activity with 450 and 600 kcal). Results: Results showed that burning 450 kcal per season caused a significant change at levels of total cholesterol and HDL (P≤0/05). However to cause significant changes at levels of the triglyceride need to burn 600 kcal energy expenditure per season (P≤0/05). No significant change was found for both groups in relation to LDL levels and so can be concluded that, burning 600 kcal per session is not enough to cause change at LDL levels. Conclusion: In general, results showed that to cause positive changes at levels of HDL, less physical activity is needed, but to cause positive changes at levels of triglyceride, physical activity and energy expenditure should be increased.

Economic growth planning and policy making is one of the macrocosmic goals which it need to pay specific attention to energy and environmental sector and their relationship with production. Therefore, this study has conducted to investigate the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and environmental pollution using a Spatial Panel Simultaneous-Equations model for 9 developing countries during 2000-2011. Empirical results of this method show that energy consumption, economic growth and environmental pollution in each country is affected by these factors in neighboring countries. The results of research confirm there exists bidirectional causality between energy consumption and environmental pollution, economic growth and environmental pollution. Thus, there is a bidirectional causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. Regarding to result of this study suggests to achieve the sustainable economic growth should be used tax tools for controlling the emissions of CO2 and replacement of the renewable energies with fossil fuels.

Introduction: Spices and herbs are part of daily food intake in many regions of the world. They have been used as natural sources of flavorings and preservatives. Yarrow (Achillea spp.) belongs to Asteraceae family and more than 100 species have been recognized in this genus. This plantis reportedto be a diaphoretic, astringent, tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic plant. It contains isovaleric acid, salicylic acid, asparagin, sterols, flavonoids, bitters, tannins, and coumarins. The plant also has a long history as a powerful 'healing herb' used topically for wounds, cuts and abrasions. The genus name Achillea is derived from the mythical Greek character, Achilles. Action is also reflected in some of the common names mentioned below, such as staunchweed and soldier's woundwort. The genus Achillea is a well-known medicinal plant, widely used in folk medicine against gastrointestinal disorders such as lack of appetite. This plant is native to Europe and Western Asia but isalso found in Australia, New Zealand and North America. Nineteen species of Achillea have been recognized in Iran distributed in different geographical and ecological regions. Achillea spp. are diaphoretic, astringent, tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic. Major components in Achillea spp. essential oil are sabinene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, α-pinene, β-pinene, borneol and bornyl acetate. The aim of this work is to investigate growth, essential oil yield and chemical composition of essential oils of A. eriophora, A. millefolium, A. biebersteinii and A. tenuifolia. Material and Methods: This study investigated the growth and essential oil yield of four Achillea species in the North of Khuzestan situation,Shoushtar, in2008-2010. An experiment was conducted in combined analysis based on complete block design with 4 replicates. Achillea species examined concluded Achillea eriophora, A. millefolium, A. biebersteinii and A. nobilis. Seedling establishment, essential oil percentage andyield, flowering period and shoot dry weight was measured during the experiment. The clevenger apparatus was used to extract oils by hydro-distillation of leaf and head branches for 3 hours according to the method described in the British Pharmacopeia. For identification of components, Agilent gas chromatography model 6890 N, was equipped with MSD model 5973 N and fused with the silica capillary column (HP-5MS, 30m- 0.25mm) were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.Analysis of variance was employed for statistical analysis of the data using a MSTATC software. The mean values were compared with the Duncan test. Results and Discussion: The results showed that year, species and their interaction (year×species) had significant (p

Background and Objective: Antiepileptic drugs can partiality control or achieve the convulsion. There are controversial issues about the use and effect of ethanol to control epileptic convulsion seizers. This study was done to determine the effect of ethanol on microvascular alterations in the brain cortex of epileptic mice treated by valporic acid (VPA). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 BALB/c mice were allocated randomly into six groups including: 1-PTZ (Pentylenetetrazol), 2- Ethanol, 3- VPA+ PTZ, 4- ethanol + PTZ, 5-ethanol+ VPA+ PTZ and control groups. The animal brains were excluded and stained by Hematoxilin and eosin. Thirty-six optical microscopic field from each group were selected and microvascular count were determined. Immunohistochemical method was used for detection of injuries in the vascular brain tissue. Results: Mean number of brain microvascular cortex significantly increaed in PTZ+ethanol and PTZ+ethanol+VPA groups in compare to controls (P<0.05). Infiltration and thrombophlebitis were observed in vessels and cortical brain tissues in mice which received ethanol and PTZ. Proliferations in endothelial vascular cells were seen in PTZ and VPA+ethanol groups. Immunohistochemical method showed the endothelial cells of PTZ+ethanol groups were more stained in compare to the other experimental groups. Conclusion: Ethanol + PTZ cause cellular infiltration and damage to the cortical brain vessels although VPA reduces histological altheretions.