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The analysis of scientific works shows that the development of technology is ahead of the level of development of energy management. There are no clear comparisons of the energy efficiency of electrical technologies and heat technologies. Objective indicators of energy efficiency in various technologies of dehydration of raw materials not developed yet. In that article assumed that objective results for comparing energy efficiency in the processing of raw materials is obtained by the basis of system analysis of the entire energy conversion chain from fuel to finished product. The purpose of the work is experimentally proving the objectivity of this hypothesis. To achieve this goal, it is proposing to use the indicator of the energy share of fuel in the finished product and the amount of moisture removed when burning 1 kg of fuel, which does not depend on fluctuations in energy prices, which can vary and differ for different countries. The most important result of the work is the comparison of these parameters with the data for innovative equipment samples developed by the authors. The significance of the results obtained is that the evaporating devices developed by the authors are not inferior in efficiency to traditional ones, and make it possible to obtain concentrates up to 90 ° brix. Thus, for fuels with an oil equivalent of 40 MJ per 1 kg, traditional dryers can remove no more than 3 kg of moisture, cryoconcentrators – 20 kg.

The article presents the optimization method of load division between combined heat and power plant units. The method used the power unit division into functioning parts and the differentialexergy method. This method allowed presenting the unit as a structural diagram where exergetic subsystems are fuel supply, steam generator, turbine, generator and electrical equipment, water supply and regeneration, heat supply to the consumer. The differential-exergy method was based on a combination of exergy analysis and optimization method of economic efficiency criteria using uncertain Lagrange multipliers. The use of the exergy function of goal allowed avoiding the problem of division of fuel costs for each type of product that was important at optimization. The optimization criterion, its parameters and limitations were developed as well. These parameters can extend traditional technical and economic analysis of the combined heat and power plants operating mode, as they take into account thermodynamically rigorous division of fuel costs between heat and electric power at their complex production on the combined heat and power plants. The use of the differentialexergy method in optimizing the load distribution of the power units of the combined heat and power plants makes possible obtaining of fuel savings of 1.5 to 3%. It has been shown that if the parameters of power units deteriorate, the application of the method makes it possible to have the best performance of the power plant when it is compared with functioning of combined heat and power units at proportional loading.

{"references": ["Corporan, E., & al. (1995). Impacts of Biodiesel on Pollutant Emissions of a JP-8-Fueled Turbine Engine. J. Air & Waste Manage Assoc., 55, 940-949", "Lu, M., Liu, X., Li, Y., Nie, Y., Lu, X., Deng, D., Xie, Q., & Ji, J. (2016). Hydrocracking of bio-alkanes over Pt / Al-MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieves for biojet fuel production. AIP Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 8, (5)", "Zhang, C., Hui, X., Lin, Y., & Sung, C.-J. (2016). Recent development in studies of alternative jet fuel combustion: Progress, challenges, and opportunities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54. 120-138", "Zavyalik, I. I., Oleshko, V. S., Samoylenko, V. M., & Fetisov, E. V. (2016). Modeling the functioning of aggregates of the fuel system of a gas turbine engine of an aircraft with allowance for changes in the quality of aviation fuel. Scientific Bulletin of the Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation, (225), 49-54", "Sinyak, Yu. V., & Kolpakov, A. Yu. (2012). 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Volume 150, 447-456", "Shimanskaya, E. I., Sulman, E. M., Stepacheva, A. A., Lugovoi, Yu. V., & Nikoshvili, L. Zh. (2015). Ways of lignin processing with biomass production. Bulletin of Tver State University. Series: Chemistry, (1), 16-23", "Shimanskaya, E. I., Stepacheva, A. A., Lugovoi, Yu. V., Sulman, E. M., Filatova, A. E., Sulman, M. G., & Rebrov, E. V. (2015). Processing of lignin and lignin-containing raw materials into liquid fuels. Scientific and Technical Herald of the Volga Region, (5), 99-101", "Aviation and alternative types of aviation fuel: Working paper ICAO A37-WP / 23. Montreal, ICAO, 2010, 5", "Nikolaykin, N. I., Melnikov, B. N., & Bolshunov, Yu. A. (2010). Transfer to alternative fuels as a way to increase the energy and environmental efficiency of transport. Scientific Bulletin of MGTU GA, (162), 12-21", "Varshini, M., & Shetty, D. (2017). Experimentation on bio-kerosene stove using organic additive. AIP Conference proceedings, 1859", "Neuling, U., & Kaltschmitt, M. (2015). Conversion routes for production of biokerosene-status and assessment. Biomass Conv. Bioref., 5, 367-385", "Beshkareva, M. A., & Tretyakov, V. F. (2012). Obtaining aviation fuel from bio-alcohols for modern engines. Vestnik biotechnologii i fiziko-khimicheskogo biologii im. Yu. A. Ovchinnikov, 8, (4), 61-62", "Tretyakov, V. F., Talyshinsky, R. M., Ilolov, A. M., & Budnyak, A. D. (2016). Production of aviation fuel by conversion of bioethanol on zeolite catalysts. Petrochemistry, 56, (3), 241", "Postoev, S. K., & Zaitsev, V. P. (2010). State-of-the-art condition and possibilities of transfer of helicopters and aircraft of regional aviation to aviation condensed fuel. ASKT Scientific Bulletin of GosNII GA, (1), 119-124", "Kovaleva, Yu. S., Vorobyov, A. G., Borovik, I. N., Khokhlov, A. N, & Kazennov, I. S. (2011). Engines and power plants of aircraft. Liquid rocket engine of low thrust on fuel, gaseous oxygen and gaseous methane. Vestnik MAI, 18, (3), 45-54", "Lee, D. S., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Newton, P. J., Ron, C. N. Wit, Lim, L. L., Owena, B., & Sausen, R. (2009). Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 3520-3537", "Eller, Z., Varg,a Z., & Hancsok, J. (2016). Advanced production process of jet fuel components from technical grade coconut oil with special hydrocracking. Fuel, 182, 713-720", "Diederichs, G. W., Mandegari, M. A., Farzad, S., & G\u00f6rgens, J. F. (2016). Techno-economic comparison of biojet fuel production from lignocellulose, vegetable oil and sugar cane juice. Bioresource Technology, 216, 331-339"]} Currently, in connection with the gradual depletion of oil reserves, and increasing environmental pollution, there was a question about the transition to alternative fuels. With a large number of advantages of biofuels, its use in civil aviation at present is not possible due to the fact that at the moment the cost of it is higher than of jet fuel, there is no infrastructure to mass production. For entering the market, biofuels must have competitiveness, low cost, produced from non-food renewable raw materials and in quantities that can cover the need for jet kerosene. This article discusses the methods of producing of jet biofuels and the possibility of its use for aviation, as well as raw material for fuels. All considered methods of biofuels production have several disadvantages, such as raw materials, the cost of large amounts of energy, the cost of hydrogen, the complexity of the process, the need for purification of the final product. Thus, on the basis of the conducted research, it can be concluded that the most relevant are the studies for obtaining fuels from biomass with the use of hydrogenation processes.

The article discusses the ways of exploring tourist routes, linking them into a single network of interaction by involving local organizers of tourist activities. The article provides an overview of the attractions of the area of the village of Aya of the Altai Territory and the village of Souzga of the Altai Republic, creates a network of tourist routes between these attractions, characterizes the routes according to the degree of complexity, difficulty, its duration, length and accessibility. The study provides methods for studying existing routes and ways to adapt them to «trails» in the understanding of the existing Standard for designing tourist trails. The characteristics of possible hazards on the route, measures for their prevention and prevention are given. In particular, environmental measures and possible consequences for trail visitors in case of non-compliance with the rules of nature protection are mentioned. The work considers methods of studying routes (historical, expedition, modeling, cartographic and deductive) to systematize the data obtained in the course of research in the form of maps, schematic maps, route landscape profiles; including studies by other authors and researchers on related topics to identify the features and rules of construction of tourist trails. The work also reflects the experience of other regions in modeling and creating tourist trails, routes using different approaches to organizing tourist and recreational activities. Originally published in https://ruservices.rgutspubl.org/index.php/1/article/view/275

The article presents the results on the adsorption of the dye methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution on a nanocomposite DDT (nanosized titanium dioxide in the anatase phase precipitated on diatomite) and its components – diatomite D and TiO2. The effect on adsorption of the pH of the solution, the dose of the adsorbent, the initial concentration, and temperature of the dye solution was studied. The equilibrium data were fitted to the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms equations. The obtained parameters and correlation coefficients showed that the adsorption of the dye on D and TiO2 was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model, while the adsorption isotherm of MB on DDT – by the Dubinin-Radushkevich model. The MB adsorption data on DDT and D, obtained at different solution temperatures (20, 30, and 40°C) revealed irreversible adsorption, which increased with an increment of T. Thermodynamic parameters of the process were calculated. The negative values of the Gibbs free standard energy ΔGo show that the adsorption of MB on these adsorbents is spontaneous. Positive values of ΔHo, characteristic of the endothermic process, were relatively high, which indicates that the interaction between the sorbent molecules and the adsorbate was not only physical, but also chemical. The dye adsorption on TiO2 decreases with increasing the solution temperature; it is physical and exothermic in nature, ΔGo being positive and ΔHo negative. The values of the activation energy of adsorption Ea of MB on DDT, D, and TiO2, calculated according to the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation, was equal to 10.74, 11.78, and -2.68 kJ/mol, respectively, thus indicating the ion-exchange mechanism of the adsorption of MB by DDT and initial diatomite and physical adsorption by TiO2. A negative value of the activation energy for a sample of TiO2 means the absence of a potential barrier during adsorption of MB on this adsorbent.

The issues of improving the efficiency of methanol usage as a promising marine power plant fuel with low carbon content are discussed. The main aim of the research is an analysis of characteristics of advanced marine gas turbine power plants with the combined thermodynamic and thermochemical regeneration of waste heat. The possible methanol conversion at the expense thermochemical heat regeneration of marine engines recoverable resources has been revealed. The analysis of parameters influences of the waste heat recoverable resources, as well as restrictions related to the engine system of gas fuel injection, on the efficiency of methanol conversion has been carried out. It was demonstrated that the simulation of methanol steam conversion processes results in the pressure increase in the reactor, which, in its turn, causes a shift of conversion efficiency process towards higher temperature area. The calculation scheme of steam injection gas turbine plant with the joint thermodynamic and thermochemical regeneration of waste heat is demonstrated. The results of mathematical simulation of the processes in regeneration plant under the 3.4 MW constant capacity and heat exchanger thermal ratio of 0.85 were obtained. The cycle optimization has been based on the efficiency of plant under the conditions of variation of water/methanol ratio and gas temperatures in thermochemical regenerator. The efficiency increase constituted 4% relative to characteristics of the base engine operating on methanol. The estimation of carbon content in produced syngas has shown that thermochemical regeneration of methanol conversion by using the waste heat can reduce the energy efficiency by 1.5 times.

European countries have accumulated a considerable body of research that proves both direct and indirect influence of climate change on human health. The article analyses “Protecting health in an environment challenged by climate change: European Regional Framework for Action”. The article gives a detailed analysis of the work of European Office of World Health Organisation and The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe related to climate change. Проект № 2016-2592/001-001, 574826-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE, при финансовой поддержке Европейской Комиссии

The paper aims to provide argumentation of centralized district heating system use from the consideration of harmlessness for both public health and environment, in comparison with the use of individual heating units, installed in residential areas of the Chisinau municipality. Proposed goal have been reached performing the comparison on quantitative harmful emissions resulting from the operation of these two types of heating, using emissions factors, deducted from the specific consumption of thermal energy. The issue's relevance is proved by the existence of considerable number of disconnected users from the centralized heating, though last years, this trend is decreasing. As regard to new buildings, they continue to give priority to the individual heating. Statistical data provided by specialized institutions of the municipality underlines the increased share of incidents of intoxication with combustion products, namely carbon oxide, followed by poisoning from gas leaks, shingles caused by explosions in violation of the operating rules of such equipment, also registering lethal cases. New results are the determination of the difference in emission values for both cases. The importance of the obtained results is that for the generation of thermal energy in a centralized heating system using cogeneration technology, harmful emissions into the environment are 28% less than when using individual heat supply systems. This received ascertainment could serve as an important argumentation for the obvious priority of the centralized heating system in the municipality versus the use of individual units.