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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type , Research 2018Publisher:Unknown Schimmelpfenning, Sonja; Anter, Jano; Heidecke, Claudia; Lange, Stefan; Röttcher, Klaus; Bittner, Florian (Eds.); Schimmelpfenning, Sonja; Anter, Jano; Heidecke, Claudia; Lange, Stefan; Röttcher, Klaus; Bittner, Florian (Eds.);On September 11 and 12, 2017, a symposium on "Irrigation in agriculture", jointly organized by the Thünen Institute, the Julius-Kühn Institute and the University of Applied Sciences Ostfalia took place at the Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Campus Suderburg. For this purpose, experts from the field of irrigation were invited to give current assessments on the development of irrigation needs and the irrigation-worthiness of different crops at different locations in Ger-many as well as on the development of irrigation technology. The irrigation of crops in outdoor vegetables or special crops has long been a common practice. The profitability of irrigating agri-cultural crops in Germany has so far been limited to a few, dry locations. As a result of climate change, an increasing average annual temperature and changed precipitation patterns (in partic-ular lower rainfall at the beginning of the vegetation period in spring) have been observed in Germany for some years now. For the future, according to the results of climate models, a fur-ther increase in temperatures and further changes in the precipitation distribution such as a de-crease in the summer precipitation and an increase in winter precipitation are to be expected. The conference proceedings provide an overview of the latest research findings from the field of drought stress and discuss possible alternative sources for meeting the additional water require-ments of agricultural crops. Aspects of the landscape water balance and hydrological correlations in the agricultural landscape are addressed and solutions presented. Insights into possible con-flicts of water use and practical experience with the development of solutions are accompanied by the presentation of the legal framework for water use. The contributions are supplemented by reports of long-term irrigation field trials conducted by the LWK Lower Saxony. On the one hand, the experiments have shown that irrigation can increase the nutrient efficiency of crops and the quality of crops. On the other hand, the present state of the art of irrigation will be explained and limits and possibilities for increasing efficiency in the future will be presented. In order to in-crease the efficiency of irrigation, irrigation control is of great importance; its current status is presented and the trends for the future are shown. The profitability of investments in irrigation technology is presented in two contributions. Here, both the different techniques and their prof-itability in different crops are assessed economically. Possible developments of regional irrigation needs are exemplarily shown for the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The conference proceedings conclude with a chapter on the overview of previous projects in the field of water management and on irrigation of agricultural land in view of future climate change in Germany.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report 2018Publisher:Hannover: Verlag der ARL - Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung Authors: Stefansky, Andreas; Göb, Angelina;Die Jahrestagung des Jungen Forums der ARL vom 6. bis 8. Oktober 2016 in Leipzig beschäftigte sich mit dem Thema Energiewende - wann, wo, wie und warum? Das Junge Forum, Plattform aus Wissenschaftlern und Praktikern, kam für drei Tage zusammen, um sich über den komplexen Transformationsprozess der Energiewende aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln inter- und transdisziplinär auszutauschen. In Vorträgen und Diskussionsforen wurden nicht nur technische, rechtliche und planerische Aspekte in Bezug auf den Infrastrukturausbau sowie die Steuerung und Gestaltung der Energiewende vertieft, sondern auch deren Bedeutung für die Raumentwicklung. Die inhaltliche Ausrichtung der Jahrestagung lag in der Aktualität der Thematik begründet. Denn "die Wende" stellt als Prozess hin zu einer sicheren, umweltverträglichen und wirtschaftlich erfolgreichen Zukunft ein breites Spektrum an gesellschaftlichen, planerischen und wissenschaftlichen Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten dar, die es in diesem Zusammenhang näher zu betrachten und zu bearbeiten galt. Ausgangspunkt der Beiträge waren daher folgende Fragen: Welche Handlungsfelder sind für die Umsetzung der Energiewende zentral? Wie sehen Stadt und Land von morgen aus? Wie verhalten sich verschiedene Akteure und wie reagieren sie auf unterschiedliche Technologien? Wo und warum treten Konflikte und Konkurrenzen auf und wie kann mit Widerstand und Akzeptanz umgegangen werden? Diese Leitfragen bildeten den inhaltlichen Schwerpunkt der Jahrestagung und wurden auf die Themenfelder: Wie "smart" ist die Stadt der Zukunft?, Neue Mobilitätsformen auf der Pole-Position und "Wir sagen nein! - Bürgerproteste in der Energiewende übertragen. Die Präsentationen und Ergebnisse der Veranstaltung werden in diesem Band dokumentiert. The annual meeting of the ARL's Young Professionals Forum from 6th to 8th October in Leipzig tackled the topic of the energy transition - when, where, how and why? The Young Professionals Forum, involving both academics and practitioners, met for three days of discussion about the complex transformation process of the energy transition, adopting various inter- and transdisciplinary perspectives. Presentations and discussion groups considered not only technical, legal and planning aspects related to the development of infrastructure and the management and structuring of the energy transition, but also its significance for spatial development. The focus of the annual meeting was selected in view of the contemporary importance of the topic. "The transition" is a process intended to ensure a safe, environmentally friendly and economically successful future and as such involves a broad spectrum of social, planning and scientific challenges and opportunities that require more in-depth consideration and analysis. The following questions therefore provided starting points for the papers: Which fields of action are key for the implementation of the energy transition? What do the cities and countryside of the future look like? How do the various actors behave and how do they react to different technologies? Where and how do conflicts and competition emerge and how can resistance and acceptance be handled? These key questions represented the focuses of the annual meeting and were applied to a number of major themes: How smart is the city of the future?, New forms of mobility on the pole position, and "We say no!" - Public protests in the energy transition. The presentations and findings of the event may be found in the papers published here.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type , Report , Book 2016 GermanyPublisher:ifh, Volkswirtschaftliches Institut für Mittelstand und Handwerk an der Universität Göttingen Authors: Runst, Petrik;Die Energieintensität eines Unternehmens ist abhängig von der konkret benutzen Kennzahl. Die Energiekosten als Anteil am Umsatz und die Energiekosten als Anteil an den Gesamtkosten sind ein betriebswirtschaftlich wichtiges Maß. Leider wird diese Messgröße stark von den Personal- und Materialkosten beeinflusst. Ein Gewerk mit niedrigen Löhnen (z.B. Friseure, Kosmetiker) erscheint in diesem Lichte als sehr energieintensiv. Dies ist aber nicht zutreffend, wenn man den absoluten Verbrauch betrachtet. Die Variable „Energiekosten pro Mitarbeiter“ wird daher in dieser Studie vorrangig verwendet. Es ist ein gutes Maß für den absoluten Energieverbrauch eines Unternehmens und von hoher volkswirtschaftlicher und umweltpolitischer Relevanz. Handwerks-Unternehmen führen am häufigsten solche Effizienz-Einzelmaßnahmen durch, welche mit einer Kostenersparnis verbunden sind oder sich relativ leicht umsetzen lassen. Einzelmaßnahmen werden oft in Verbindung mit anderen Maßnahmen ausgeführt, die sich zu Maßnahmenpaketen zusammenfassen lassen. Die vier identifizierten Maßnahmenpakete sind Gebäude, Querschnittstechnologien der Anlagentechnik, Strom- und Wärmeerzeugung und Fuhrpark. Die Energiekosten eines Unternehmens innerhalb der einzelnen Gewerke haben nur einen sehr geringen Einfluss auf die Durchführung von Effizienzmaßnahmen. Es lässt sich vermuten, dass der Wettbewerb sehr ineffiziente Unternehmen bereits ausgefiltert hat und die Möglichkeiten zur Durchführung von betriebswirtschaftlich rentablen Effizienzmaßnahmen nicht mehr allzu groß sind. Auf der Gewerke-Ebene andererseits besteht ein relativ starker Zusammenhang zwischen diesen Variablen. Unternehmen in Gewerken mit hohen Energiekosten (Brauer und Mälzer, Bäcker etc.) führen häufiger Effizienzmaßnahmen durch als Unternehmen in Gewerken mit geringen Energiekosten (z.B. Friseure). Obwohl die Energieeinsparpotenziale der Firmen betriebswirtschaftlich nicht sehr relevant sind, stellen sie in Summe, eine gesamtgesellschaftlich bedeutende Größe dar. Der positive Einfluss der Betriebsgröße auf die Durchführung von Effizienzmaßnahmen ist nicht überraschend, ist jedoch besonders stark ausgeprägt im Bereich der Querschnittstechnologien Anlagentechnik. Schließlich haben Effizienzberatungen einen durchweg positiven, aber nur moderat starken Einfluss auf die Durchführung einer Maßnahme. Im Bereich der Gebäudes und des Fuhrparks hat eine Beratung den stärksten positiven Effekt. Die Interpretation des kausalen Zusammenhangs gestaltet sich aber nicht einfach. The energy intensity of a company is dependent on the specific energy cost indicator. Total energy costs as a share of total overall costs is an important measure for the purpose of internal business administration. Unfortunately, this variable is influenced strongly by the costs of materials and employees’ wages. A low wage trade (e.g. hair dresser) likely appears to be very energy intensive. This, however, is not true when looking at an absolute measure of energy use, such as the variable energy costs divided by the number of employees, which has also been use in this study. Crafts companies are most likely to implement energy efficiency measures that are cost effective. Certain efficiency measures are often combined with other measures, which can then be classified as bundles of energy efficiency measures. Four typical bundles have been identified in this paper: Building Retrofits, Cross-Sectional Technologies, Electricity and Heat Generation, and Transportation. The energy costs of small companies have very little effect on the implementation of energy efficiency measures. Perhaps, the competitive environment has eliminated very cost-inefficient companies already and there is little slack to be eliminated. On the level of trades, however, there is a strong association between energy costs the likelihood of implementing efficiency measures. The size of a company has a positive impact on implementation and this is particularly apparent for Cross-Sectional Technologies. Energy audits effect implementation positively but moderately. Göttinger Beiträge zur Handwerksforschung; Vol. 7
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Book , Other literature type , Report 2017Embargo end date: 01 Jan 2017 GermanyPublisher:Göttingen : ifh, Volkswirtschaftliches Institut für Mittelstand und Handwerk an der Universität Göttingen Authors: Runst, Petrik; Bettendorf, Axel;Die vorliegende Kurzstudie zur betrieblichen Energieeffizienz greift auf Daten zurück, welche in einer gemeinsamen Umfrage der Handwerkskammern Trier, Düsseldorf, Saarbrücken, Koblenz, Hamburg und Münster erhoben worden sind. Sie basiert auf Antworten von 203 Handwerksunternehmen. Es wurde gezeigt, dass für das Thema Energieeffizienz vorrangig der/die Inhaber/in verantwortlich ist. Über die Hälfte der Befragten kennen ihre Energiekosten; bei größeren Unternehmen steigt der Anteil auf über 75 %. Die Verantwortlichen informieren sich hauptsächlich über niedrigschwellige Angebote, wie Energieversorger, Herstellerangaben oder das Internet. Gebäudesanierungen stellen die häufigste Energieeffizienzmaßnahme (EEM) dar. Das Wissen über die eigenen Energiekosten hat einen Einfluss darauf, ob das Unternehmen überhaupt im EEM-Bereich aktiv wird. Es gibt außerdem einen Zusammenhang zwischen Immobilienbesitz und der Durchführung von EEMs, welcher auf die Existenz eines Mieter- Vermieter-Dilemmas hindeutet. Die Gründe für eine Nicht-Durchführung von EEMs sind hauptsächlich wirtschaftlicher Natur (mangelnde Rentabilität bzw. lange Amortisationszeiten). Es scheint hier auch ein Zusammenhang mit dem demografischen Wandel zu bestehen; Betriebsnachfolgeprobleme werden häufig als Grund für die Nicht-Umsetzung von EEMs angegeben. Außerdem geben die Unternehmen an, dass das Thema Energieeffizienz für sie wenig relevant ist, was sich durch den geringen Energiekostenanteil an den Gesamtkosten erklären könnte. Wenn EEMs durchgeführt werden, geschieht dies häufig im Zusammenhang mit Ersatz-Investitionen oder durch den Wunsch nach Werterhalt, selten aber durch betriebswirtschaftliches Kalkül oder eine ökologische Ausrichtung des Unternehmens. Die Nutzung von Fördermitteln, Energieberatern und Energiemanagement-Systemen sind stark von der Unternehmensgröße abhängig. Für die beiden erstgenannten Themen kann vermutet werden, dass der bürokratische Aufwand den Nutzen oft übersteigt. This study about energy efficiency in small crafts companies is based on a survey which was distributed via the crafts chambers of Trier, Düsseldorf, Saarbrücken, Koblenz, Hamburg and Münster. 203 companies have completed the questionnaire. In almost all cases, company owners are not relaying responsibility for the topic of energy efficiency to their employees but are personally in charge. More than 50 % of all companies know their energy costs; for larger companies the share increases to about 75 %. The responsible party gathers information about efficiency measures mostly through easy-toaccess channels such as the internet, energy suppliers, and providers of capital goods. Companies who are knowledgeable about their own energy costs are more likely to implement energy efficiency measures (EEMs). Real estate ownership is associated with a higher number of EEMs, which indicates the existence of an owner-tenant-problem. The low return on investment and long amortization periods are the primary reasons for not implementing EEMs. As firm succession is problematic for many small crafts companies, there is also little reason to increase the long term capital value of the firm by implementing EEMs. The survey responses show that energy efficiency is not a priority topic for most companies which could be explained by the low energy-cost-to-total-cost-ratio or by the low profitability of EEMs. When EEMs are implemented this often happens in conjunction with replacement investments. Only rarely do companies implement EEMs because of an overarching ecological strategy or profitability concerns. Göttinger Beiträge zur Handwerksforschung ; 16
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type , Research 2002Publisher:Unknown Authors: Wittmer, Heidi; Berger, Thomas; Wittmer, Heidi; Berger, Thomas;The agreement on the Clean Development Mechanism as a flexible instrument of emissions reduction within the Kyoto protocol opens up new perspectives for the implementation of regenerative energy projects in developing countries. Bioenergy presently covers about one third of the total energy demand in developing countries. Especially in many rural regions it constitutes the cheapest if not the only energy source, and although numerous technologies are available for increased and improved use, their application remains limited. The present study addresses the question as to why this technical potential has not yet been taken advantage of. It investigates the socio-economic and institutional challenges of increased use of renewable energy in developing countries. Based on this analysis suggestions for energy and climate protection policies are derived. The literature dealing with dissemination of technologies supports the assumption that non-technical barriers limit an increased use of renewable energy in developing countries, especially on the demand side. The study therefore parts from a system analysis of the energy sector, in which the decisions of the energy users stand in front. As a first step of this analysis, the context of the energy supply in developing countries is investigated. The study reveals that especially economic and political/institutional barriers are widespread and similar across different countries. Contrarily, ecological and socio-cultural conditions differ strongly between applications and between countries. It can be concluded that political barriers at present still limit an increased spread of renewable energy use. However, deregulation and market liberalisation processes currently under way can, if well conceived, open up considerable new potentials. An analysis of the role of the different barriers within the general context precedes their discussion with regard to the following renewable energy sources: 1) Solid combustibles are the most important energy source, based on their present use. They have the largest potential for increased use under corresponding economic and political/institutional conditions. This is especially true for modern forms of power generation. 2) Biogas has a significant ecological potential. However, it is more complex to utilise, so that a successful implementation is conditioned by many prerequisites. 3) Biofuels (non-fossil fuels) have a large implementation potential in some countries if their use is supported and subsidised. The advantages and disadvantages of such a subsidy must be carefully considered. The importance of biofuels world-wide is restricted and their utilisation potential compared to hydrogen-based fuel appears rather limited. Poorer population groups depend on renewable energy sources in a special way. Firstly, biomass is the most important, sometimes the only, energy source in these households. Secondly, many poor households earn a substantial amount of their income through the sale of biomass for energy use. It is shown that to improve the energy supply to poorer households, an expansion of commercial energy production is needed, especially of electricity. The optimal structure of subsidies is discussed. The study concludes that only those political measures that make renewable energy sources look more attractive from the view of the energy user, can contribute to taking advantage of the technical potential for the reduction of CO2. Accordingly, recommendations are derived at three different levels: 1) General opportunities for the promotion of bioenergy such as technology development, information dissemination and improvement of education. 2) Potentials at the national policy level, especially for enhancing the supply of modern energy carriers based on biomass. 3) Recommendations for the design of projects in the energy sector.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report 2013Publisher:Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut Braunschweig Authors: Gömann, Horst; de Witte, Thomas; Peter, Günter; Tietz, Andreas;In der Studie wurden die Auswirkungen der rasanten, regional sehr unterschiedlichen Ausdeh-nung der Biogaserzeugung und des dafür erforderlichen Energiepflanzenanbaus auf die innersektoralen Wechselwirkungen, die Boden- und Pachtmärkte sowie auf die Ernährungs- und Futtermittelindustrie untersucht und regionale Aspekte herausgearbeitet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Einfluss der Agrarpreise auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Biogasanlagen, die vorrangig mit nachwachsenden Rohstoffen betrieben werden, entscheidender ist als die Novellierung des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) von 2012. Die Wirtschaftlichkeitsschwelle wird bei Getreidepreisen von mehr als 200 Euro/t kaum erreicht, so dass die derzeitige Stagnation des Ausbaus von Biogasanlagen in erster Linie auf die momentan hohen Agrarpreise zurückzuführen ist. Angesichts der zunehmenden Konkurrenz um Fläche zur Futter- bzw. Substratproduktion sowie zur Ausbringung zusätzlicher Nährstoffe in Gärresten lässt sich vor allem in Milch- und Veredlungsregionen ein deutlicher Anstieg der Pachtpreise nachweisen. Für die Ernährungs- und Futtermittelindustrie kann aus theoretischer Sicht von Auswirkungen der gestiegenen Biogaserzeugung ausgegangen werden. Allerdings lassen sich diese nur schwer quantifizieren und kaum validieren. In this study, the impact of the rapid, regionally very different development of biogas production and the necessary energy plant crops will be considered in terms of interactions within the agricultural sector, land and leasing markets, as well as the food and feedstuff industries, and regional aspects will be defined. It could be shown that the influence of agricultural price development on the economic viability of biogas facilities, which are primarily operated with renewable resources, is more decisive than the revised Renewable Energy Law (EEG) of 2012. The economic threshold is hardly attained with a grain price of more than 200 Euro/ton, so that the momentary stagnation in the building of biogas facilities can primarily be traced back to the currently high agricultural prices. In light of the increasing competition for land to grow feed or substrate, as well as for distributing additional nutrients in fermentation residues, a serious increase in leasing prices can be seen above all in milk and breeding regions. From a theoretical perspective, an impact of the increased biogas production can be assumed for the food and feedstuff industries. However these can only be quantified with difficulty and can hardly be validated.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report 2020Publisher:Kiel: Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW) Authors: Schmidt, Ulrich;Aktuelle Studien haben berechnet, dass das Elektroauto bereits beim jetzigen Strommix in Deutschland eine positive Klimabilanz besitzt. Der Autor stellt jedoch fest, dass diese Studien den erhöhten Stromverbrauch, der aus dem Ausbau der Elektromobilität resultiert, vernachlässigen. Er zeigt, dass bei Berücksichtigung des erhöhten Stromverbrauchs Elektroautos tatsächlich zu 73% höheren Treibhausgasemissionen führen als moderne Diesel-PKWs. Als Begründung führt er an, dass es umweltschonender ist, erneuerbare Energien zur Reduzierung der Verstromung von Kohle zu nutzen, als damit Elektroautos zu betanken. Recent studies have shown that electric cars have lower greenhouse gas emissions than conventional internal combustion engine automobiles already with the current German electricity mix. The author reveals that these studies however neglect the increased electricity demand resulting from electric cars. Taking into account this higher demand implies that electric cars have 73% more greenhouse gas emissions than modern Diesel vehicles. He argues that it is simply more climate-friendly to use renewable energies for reducing electricity generation with coal than for running electric cars.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book 2013Publisher:Verlag der ARL - Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung Hannover Authors: Arbach, Cora;Die Biogaserzeugung in Deutschland hat sich in den letzten Jahren sehr dynamisch entwickelt. Nicht nur die Anlagenzahl ist rasant gestiegen, auch Anlagengröße, Technologien und Betreiberkonzepte haben sich verändert. Dabei haben neue Kooperations- und Governance-Strukturen an Bedeutung gewonnen, die im Falle der Beteiligung lokaler Akteure die Akzeptanz für Biogasanlagen vor Ort verbessern und gleichzeitig ein Mehr an regionaler Wertschöpfung befördern können. In Germany, the production of biogas has developed very dynamically in recent years. Not only the number of biogas plants has been growing fast, but also installation size, technologies and operating concepts have been changed. In the course of this development, new cooperation and governance structures have grown in importance. When involving local actors such structures can help to improve the local acceptance of biogas plants and at the same time generate significant local economic effects.
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type , Research 2018Publisher:Unknown Schimmelpfenning, Sonja; Anter, Jano; Heidecke, Claudia; Lange, Stefan; Röttcher, Klaus; Bittner, Florian (Eds.); Schimmelpfenning, Sonja; Anter, Jano; Heidecke, Claudia; Lange, Stefan; Röttcher, Klaus; Bittner, Florian (Eds.);On September 11 and 12, 2017, a symposium on "Irrigation in agriculture", jointly organized by the Thünen Institute, the Julius-Kühn Institute and the University of Applied Sciences Ostfalia took place at the Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Campus Suderburg. For this purpose, experts from the field of irrigation were invited to give current assessments on the development of irrigation needs and the irrigation-worthiness of different crops at different locations in Ger-many as well as on the development of irrigation technology. The irrigation of crops in outdoor vegetables or special crops has long been a common practice. The profitability of irrigating agri-cultural crops in Germany has so far been limited to a few, dry locations. As a result of climate change, an increasing average annual temperature and changed precipitation patterns (in partic-ular lower rainfall at the beginning of the vegetation period in spring) have been observed in Germany for some years now. For the future, according to the results of climate models, a fur-ther increase in temperatures and further changes in the precipitation distribution such as a de-crease in the summer precipitation and an increase in winter precipitation are to be expected. The conference proceedings provide an overview of the latest research findings from the field of drought stress and discuss possible alternative sources for meeting the additional water require-ments of agricultural crops. Aspects of the landscape water balance and hydrological correlations in the agricultural landscape are addressed and solutions presented. Insights into possible con-flicts of water use and practical experience with the development of solutions are accompanied by the presentation of the legal framework for water use. The contributions are supplemented by reports of long-term irrigation field trials conducted by the LWK Lower Saxony. On the one hand, the experiments have shown that irrigation can increase the nutrient efficiency of crops and the quality of crops. On the other hand, the present state of the art of irrigation will be explained and limits and possibilities for increasing efficiency in the future will be presented. In order to in-crease the efficiency of irrigation, irrigation control is of great importance; its current status is presented and the trends for the future are shown. The profitability of investments in irrigation technology is presented in two contributions. Here, both the different techniques and their prof-itability in different crops are assessed economically. Possible developments of regional irrigation needs are exemplarily shown for the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The conference proceedings conclude with a chapter on the overview of previous projects in the field of water management and on irrigation of agricultural land in view of future climate change in Germany.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report 2018Publisher:Hannover: Verlag der ARL - Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung Authors: Stefansky, Andreas; Göb, Angelina;Die Jahrestagung des Jungen Forums der ARL vom 6. bis 8. Oktober 2016 in Leipzig beschäftigte sich mit dem Thema Energiewende - wann, wo, wie und warum? Das Junge Forum, Plattform aus Wissenschaftlern und Praktikern, kam für drei Tage zusammen, um sich über den komplexen Transformationsprozess der Energiewende aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln inter- und transdisziplinär auszutauschen. In Vorträgen und Diskussionsforen wurden nicht nur technische, rechtliche und planerische Aspekte in Bezug auf den Infrastrukturausbau sowie die Steuerung und Gestaltung der Energiewende vertieft, sondern auch deren Bedeutung für die Raumentwicklung. Die inhaltliche Ausrichtung der Jahrestagung lag in der Aktualität der Thematik begründet. Denn "die Wende" stellt als Prozess hin zu einer sicheren, umweltverträglichen und wirtschaftlich erfolgreichen Zukunft ein breites Spektrum an gesellschaftlichen, planerischen und wissenschaftlichen Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten dar, die es in diesem Zusammenhang näher zu betrachten und zu bearbeiten galt. Ausgangspunkt der Beiträge waren daher folgende Fragen: Welche Handlungsfelder sind für die Umsetzung der Energiewende zentral? Wie sehen Stadt und Land von morgen aus? Wie verhalten sich verschiedene Akteure und wie reagieren sie auf unterschiedliche Technologien? Wo und warum treten Konflikte und Konkurrenzen auf und wie kann mit Widerstand und Akzeptanz umgegangen werden? Diese Leitfragen bildeten den inhaltlichen Schwerpunkt der Jahrestagung und wurden auf die Themenfelder: Wie "smart" ist die Stadt der Zukunft?, Neue Mobilitätsformen auf der Pole-Position und "Wir sagen nein! - Bürgerproteste in der Energiewende übertragen. Die Präsentationen und Ergebnisse der Veranstaltung werden in diesem Band dokumentiert. The annual meeting of the ARL's Young Professionals Forum from 6th to 8th October in Leipzig tackled the topic of the energy transition - when, where, how and why? The Young Professionals Forum, involving both academics and practitioners, met for three days of discussion about the complex transformation process of the energy transition, adopting various inter- and transdisciplinary perspectives. Presentations and discussion groups considered not only technical, legal and planning aspects related to the development of infrastructure and the management and structuring of the energy transition, but also its significance for spatial development. The focus of the annual meeting was selected in view of the contemporary importance of the topic. "The transition" is a process intended to ensure a safe, environmentally friendly and economically successful future and as such involves a broad spectrum of social, planning and scientific challenges and opportunities that require more in-depth consideration and analysis. The following questions therefore provided starting points for the papers: Which fields of action are key for the implementation of the energy transition? What do the cities and countryside of the future look like? How do the various actors behave and how do they react to different technologies? Where and how do conflicts and competition emerge and how can resistance and acceptance be handled? These key questions represented the focuses of the annual meeting and were applied to a number of major themes: How smart is the city of the future?, New forms of mobility on the pole position, and "We say no!" - Public protests in the energy transition. The presentations and findings of the event may be found in the papers published here.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type , Report , Book 2016 GermanyPublisher:ifh, Volkswirtschaftliches Institut für Mittelstand und Handwerk an der Universität Göttingen Authors: Runst, Petrik;Die Energieintensität eines Unternehmens ist abhängig von der konkret benutzen Kennzahl. Die Energiekosten als Anteil am Umsatz und die Energiekosten als Anteil an den Gesamtkosten sind ein betriebswirtschaftlich wichtiges Maß. Leider wird diese Messgröße stark von den Personal- und Materialkosten beeinflusst. Ein Gewerk mit niedrigen Löhnen (z.B. Friseure, Kosmetiker) erscheint in diesem Lichte als sehr energieintensiv. Dies ist aber nicht zutreffend, wenn man den absoluten Verbrauch betrachtet. Die Variable „Energiekosten pro Mitarbeiter“ wird daher in dieser Studie vorrangig verwendet. Es ist ein gutes Maß für den absoluten Energieverbrauch eines Unternehmens und von hoher volkswirtschaftlicher und umweltpolitischer Relevanz. Handwerks-Unternehmen führen am häufigsten solche Effizienz-Einzelmaßnahmen durch, welche mit einer Kostenersparnis verbunden sind oder sich relativ leicht umsetzen lassen. Einzelmaßnahmen werden oft in Verbindung mit anderen Maßnahmen ausgeführt, die sich zu Maßnahmenpaketen zusammenfassen lassen. Die vier identifizierten Maßnahmenpakete sind Gebäude, Querschnittstechnologien der Anlagentechnik, Strom- und Wärmeerzeugung und Fuhrpark. Die Energiekosten eines Unternehmens innerhalb der einzelnen Gewerke haben nur einen sehr geringen Einfluss auf die Durchführung von Effizienzmaßnahmen. Es lässt sich vermuten, dass der Wettbewerb sehr ineffiziente Unternehmen bereits ausgefiltert hat und die Möglichkeiten zur Durchführung von betriebswirtschaftlich rentablen Effizienzmaßnahmen nicht mehr allzu groß sind. Auf der Gewerke-Ebene andererseits besteht ein relativ starker Zusammenhang zwischen diesen Variablen. Unternehmen in Gewerken mit hohen Energiekosten (Brauer und Mälzer, Bäcker etc.) führen häufiger Effizienzmaßnahmen durch als Unternehmen in Gewerken mit geringen Energiekosten (z.B. Friseure). Obwohl die Energieeinsparpotenziale der Firmen betriebswirtschaftlich nicht sehr relevant sind, stellen sie in Summe, eine gesamtgesellschaftlich bedeutende Größe dar. Der positive Einfluss der Betriebsgröße auf die Durchführung von Effizienzmaßnahmen ist nicht überraschend, ist jedoch besonders stark ausgeprägt im Bereich der Querschnittstechnologien Anlagentechnik. Schließlich haben Effizienzberatungen einen durchweg positiven, aber nur moderat starken Einfluss auf die Durchführung einer Maßnahme. Im Bereich der Gebäudes und des Fuhrparks hat eine Beratung den stärksten positiven Effekt. Die Interpretation des kausalen Zusammenhangs gestaltet sich aber nicht einfach. The energy intensity of a company is dependent on the specific energy cost indicator. Total energy costs as a share of total overall costs is an important measure for the purpose of internal business administration. Unfortunately, this variable is influenced strongly by the costs of materials and employees’ wages. A low wage trade (e.g. hair dresser) likely appears to be very energy intensive. This, however, is not true when looking at an absolute measure of energy use, such as the variable energy costs divided by the number of employees, which has also been use in this study. Crafts companies are most likely to implement energy efficiency measures that are cost effective. Certain efficiency measures are often combined with other measures, which can then be classified as bundles of energy efficiency measures. Four typical bundles have been identified in this paper: Building Retrofits, Cross-Sectional Technologies, Electricity and Heat Generation, and Transportation. The energy costs of small companies have very little effect on the implementation of energy efficiency measures. Perhaps, the competitive environment has eliminated very cost-inefficient companies already and there is little slack to be eliminated. On the level of trades, however, there is a strong association between energy costs the likelihood of implementing efficiency measures. The size of a company has a positive impact on implementation and this is particularly apparent for Cross-Sectional Technologies. Energy audits effect implementation positively but moderately. Göttinger Beiträge zur Handwerksforschung; Vol. 7
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Book , Other literature type , Report 2017Embargo end date: 01 Jan 2017 GermanyPublisher:Göttingen : ifh, Volkswirtschaftliches Institut für Mittelstand und Handwerk an der Universität Göttingen Authors: Runst, Petrik; Bettendorf, Axel;Die vorliegende Kurzstudie zur betrieblichen Energieeffizienz greift auf Daten zurück, welche in einer gemeinsamen Umfrage der Handwerkskammern Trier, Düsseldorf, Saarbrücken, Koblenz, Hamburg und Münster erhoben worden sind. Sie basiert auf Antworten von 203 Handwerksunternehmen. Es wurde gezeigt, dass für das Thema Energieeffizienz vorrangig der/die Inhaber/in verantwortlich ist. Über die Hälfte der Befragten kennen ihre Energiekosten; bei größeren Unternehmen steigt der Anteil auf über 75 %. Die Verantwortlichen informieren sich hauptsächlich über niedrigschwellige Angebote, wie Energieversorger, Herstellerangaben oder das Internet. Gebäudesanierungen stellen die häufigste Energieeffizienzmaßnahme (EEM) dar. Das Wissen über die eigenen Energiekosten hat einen Einfluss darauf, ob das Unternehmen überhaupt im EEM-Bereich aktiv wird. Es gibt außerdem einen Zusammenhang zwischen Immobilienbesitz und der Durchführung von EEMs, welcher auf die Existenz eines Mieter- Vermieter-Dilemmas hindeutet. Die Gründe für eine Nicht-Durchführung von EEMs sind hauptsächlich wirtschaftlicher Natur (mangelnde Rentabilität bzw. lange Amortisationszeiten). Es scheint hier auch ein Zusammenhang mit dem demografischen Wandel zu bestehen; Betriebsnachfolgeprobleme werden häufig als Grund für die Nicht-Umsetzung von EEMs angegeben. Außerdem geben die Unternehmen an, dass das Thema Energieeffizienz für sie wenig relevant ist, was sich durch den geringen Energiekostenanteil an den Gesamtkosten erklären könnte. Wenn EEMs durchgeführt werden, geschieht dies häufig im Zusammenhang mit Ersatz-Investitionen oder durch den Wunsch nach Werterhalt, selten aber durch betriebswirtschaftliches Kalkül oder eine ökologische Ausrichtung des Unternehmens. Die Nutzung von Fördermitteln, Energieberatern und Energiemanagement-Systemen sind stark von der Unternehmensgröße abhängig. Für die beiden erstgenannten Themen kann vermutet werden, dass der bürokratische Aufwand den Nutzen oft übersteigt. This study about energy efficiency in small crafts companies is based on a survey which was distributed via the crafts chambers of Trier, Düsseldorf, Saarbrücken, Koblenz, Hamburg and Münster. 203 companies have completed the questionnaire. In almost all cases, company owners are not relaying responsibility for the topic of energy efficiency to their employees but are personally in charge. More than 50 % of all companies know their energy costs; for larger companies the share increases to about 75 %. The responsible party gathers information about efficiency measures mostly through easy-toaccess channels such as the internet, energy suppliers, and providers of capital goods. Companies who are knowledgeable about their own energy costs are more likely to implement energy efficiency measures (EEMs). Real estate ownership is associated with a higher number of EEMs, which indicates the existence of an owner-tenant-problem. The low return on investment and long amortization periods are the primary reasons for not implementing EEMs. As firm succession is problematic for many small crafts companies, there is also little reason to increase the long term capital value of the firm by implementing EEMs. The survey responses show that energy efficiency is not a priority topic for most companies which could be explained by the low energy-cost-to-total-cost-ratio or by the low profitability of EEMs. When EEMs are implemented this often happens in conjunction with replacement investments. Only rarely do companies implement EEMs because of an overarching ecological strategy or profitability concerns. Göttinger Beiträge zur Handwerksforschung ; 16
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type , Research 2002Publisher:Unknown Authors: Wittmer, Heidi; Berger, Thomas; Wittmer, Heidi; Berger, Thomas;The agreement on the Clean Development Mechanism as a flexible instrument of emissions reduction within the Kyoto protocol opens up new perspectives for the implementation of regenerative energy projects in developing countries. Bioenergy presently covers about one third of the total energy demand in developing countries. Especially in many rural regions it constitutes the cheapest if not the only energy source, and although numerous technologies are available for increased and improved use, their application remains limited. The present study addresses the question as to why this technical potential has not yet been taken advantage of. It investigates the socio-economic and institutional challenges of increased use of renewable energy in developing countries. Based on this analysis suggestions for energy and climate protection policies are derived. The literature dealing with dissemination of technologies supports the assumption that non-technical barriers limit an increased use of renewable energy in developing countries, especially on the demand side. The study therefore parts from a system analysis of the energy sector, in which the decisions of the energy users stand in front. As a first step of this analysis, the context of the energy supply in developing countries is investigated. The study reveals that especially economic and political/institutional barriers are widespread and similar across different countries. Contrarily, ecological and socio-cultural conditions differ strongly between applications and between countries. It can be concluded that political barriers at present still limit an increased spread of renewable energy use. However, deregulation and market liberalisation processes currently under way can, if well conceived, open up considerable new potentials. An analysis of the role of the different barriers within the general context precedes their discussion with regard to the following renewable energy sources: 1) Solid combustibles are the most important energy source, based on their present use. They have the largest potential for increased use under corresponding economic and political/institutional conditions. This is especially true for modern forms of power generation. 2) Biogas has a significant ecological potential. However, it is more complex to utilise, so that a successful implementation is conditioned by many prerequisites. 3) Biofuels (non-fossil fuels) have a large implementation potential in some countries if their use is supported and subsidised. The advantages and disadvantages of such a subsidy must be carefully considered. The importance of biofuels world-wide is restricted and their utilisation potential compared to hydrogen-based fuel appears rather limited. Poorer population groups depend on renewable energy sources in a special way. Firstly, biomass is the most important, sometimes the only, energy source in these households. Secondly, many poor households earn a substantial amount of their income through the sale of biomass for energy use. It is shown that to improve the energy supply to poorer households, an expansion of commercial energy production is needed, especially of electricity. The optimal structure of subsidies is discussed. The study concludes that only those political measures that make renewable energy sources look more attractive from the view of the energy user, can contribute to taking advantage of the technical potential for the reduction of CO2. Accordingly, recommendations are derived at three different levels: 1) General opportunities for the promotion of bioenergy such as technology development, information dissemination and improvement of education. 2) Potentials at the national policy level, especially for enhancing the supply of modern energy carriers based on biomass. 3) Recommendations for the design of projects in the energy sector.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report 2013Publisher:Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut Braunschweig Authors: Gömann, Horst; de Witte, Thomas; Peter, Günter; Tietz, Andreas;In der Studie wurden die Auswirkungen der rasanten, regional sehr unterschiedlichen Ausdeh-nung der Biogaserzeugung und des dafür erforderlichen Energiepflanzenanbaus auf die innersektoralen Wechselwirkungen, die Boden- und Pachtmärkte sowie auf die Ernährungs- und Futtermittelindustrie untersucht und regionale Aspekte herausgearbeitet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Einfluss der Agrarpreise auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Biogasanlagen, die vorrangig mit nachwachsenden Rohstoffen betrieben werden, entscheidender ist als die Novellierung des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) von 2012. Die Wirtschaftlichkeitsschwelle wird bei Getreidepreisen von mehr als 200 Euro/t kaum erreicht, so dass die derzeitige Stagnation des Ausbaus von Biogasanlagen in erster Linie auf die momentan hohen Agrarpreise zurückzuführen ist. Angesichts der zunehmenden Konkurrenz um Fläche zur Futter- bzw. Substratproduktion sowie zur Ausbringung zusätzlicher Nährstoffe in Gärresten lässt sich vor allem in Milch- und Veredlungsregionen ein deutlicher Anstieg der Pachtpreise nachweisen. Für die Ernährungs- und Futtermittelindustrie kann aus theoretischer Sicht von Auswirkungen der gestiegenen Biogaserzeugung ausgegangen werden. Allerdings lassen sich diese nur schwer quantifizieren und kaum validieren. In this study, the impact of the rapid, regionally very different development of biogas production and the necessary energy plant crops will be considered in terms of interactions within the agricultural sector, land and leasing markets, as well as the food and feedstuff industries, and regional aspects will be defined. It could be shown that the influence of agricultural price development on the economic viability of biogas facilities, which are primarily operated with renewable resources, is more decisive than the revised Renewable Energy Law (EEG) of 2012. The economic threshold is hardly attained with a grain price of more than 200 Euro/ton, so that the momentary stagnation in the building of biogas facilities can primarily be traced back to the currently high agricultural prices. In light of the increasing competition for land to grow feed or substrate, as well as for distributing additional nutrients in fermentation residues, a serious increase in leasing prices can be seen above all in milk and breeding regions. From a theoretical perspective, an impact of the increased biogas production can be assumed for the food and feedstuff industries. However these can only be quantified with difficulty and can hardly be validated.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report 2020Publisher:Kiel: Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW) Authors: Schmidt, Ulrich;Aktuelle Studien haben berechnet, dass das Elektroauto bereits beim jetzigen Strommix in Deutschland eine positive Klimabilanz besitzt. Der Autor stellt jedoch fest, dass diese Studien den erhöhten Stromverbrauch, der aus dem Ausbau der Elektromobilität resultiert, vernachlässigen. Er zeigt, dass bei Berücksichtigung des erhöhten Stromverbrauchs Elektroautos tatsächlich zu 73% höheren Treibhausgasemissionen führen als moderne Diesel-PKWs. Als Begründung führt er an, dass es umweltschonender ist, erneuerbare Energien zur Reduzierung der Verstromung von Kohle zu nutzen, als damit Elektroautos zu betanken. Recent studies have shown that electric cars have lower greenhouse gas emissions than conventional internal combustion engine automobiles already with the current German electricity mix. The author reveals that these studies however neglect the increased electricity demand resulting from electric cars. Taking into account this higher demand implies that electric cars have 73% more greenhouse gas emissions than modern Diesel vehicles. He argues that it is simply more climate-friendly to use renewable energies for reducing electricity generation with coal than for running electric cars.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book 2013Publisher:Verlag der ARL - Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung Hannover Authors: Arbach, Cora;Die Biogaserzeugung in Deutschland hat sich in den letzten Jahren sehr dynamisch entwickelt. Nicht nur die Anlagenzahl ist rasant gestiegen, auch Anlagengröße, Technologien und Betreiberkonzepte haben sich verändert. Dabei haben neue Kooperations- und Governance-Strukturen an Bedeutung gewonnen, die im Falle der Beteiligung lokaler Akteure die Akzeptanz für Biogasanlagen vor Ort verbessern und gleichzeitig ein Mehr an regionaler Wertschöpfung befördern können. In Germany, the production of biogas has developed very dynamically in recent years. Not only the number of biogas plants has been growing fast, but also installation size, technologies and operating concepts have been changed. In the course of this development, new cooperation and governance structures have grown in importance. When involving local actors such structures can help to improve the local acceptance of biogas plants and at the same time generate significant local economic effects.
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