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Ce jeu de données a été produit dans le cadre de l "Atelier master" du programme de recherche Archival City. La liste détaillée des éléments du jeu de données est contenue dans le document ACP04_FA01_AP. Ce jeu de données est décrit dans le research paper suivant https://archivalcity.hypotheses.org/5455. This dataset was produced as part of the "Master Workshop" of the Archival City research programme. The detailed list of elements in the dataset is contained in document ACP04_FA01_AP. This dataset is described in the following research paper https://archivalcity.hypotheses.org/5455. https://archivalcity.hypotheses.org/5455

Generally speaking, the term benthos refers to all aquatic organisms (marine or freshwater) living in close relationship with the bottom of seas and oceans, lakes and rivers. A distinction is made between the plant benthos or phytobenthos (algae and phanerogams), and the animal benthos or zoobenthos (annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, fish, etc.). Furthermore, the fauna situated on the surface (or epifauna), which may be fixed or free, is different from that which lives inside the sediment (endofauna). Finally, in this section we are interested only in marine macrobenthos (organisms larger than a few mm), from the tidal zone to the abyssal depths. The smaller forms (meiofauna-flora and microfauna-flora), which are practically not documented, are not taken into account in this chapter on the bottoms of the St-Paul and Amsterdam Islands. The area has been explored only sporadically during the passage of a few vessels on scientific expeditions focused on other interests. Only one of them, dedicated to the exploration of the zone from 0 to 3000 m of depth ("Jasus"), took place in 1985, on board the Marion-Dufresne. The purpose of this chapter is to make an assessment of the situation in 2022, in the context of a fishing zone within a marine protected area. {"references": ["F\u00e9ral (J.-P.) 2023. Les composantes biologiques : flore et faune marines subtropicales de l'h\u00e9misph\u00e8re sud \u2013 Le benthos, In: G. Duhamel (coord.) Les \u00eeles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam (Oc\u00e9an Indien sud) : environnement marin et p\u00eacheries. Mus\u00e9um national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, pp. 51-85 (Patrimoines naturels : 84), \u27e8hal-03575176\u27e9, doi : 10.5281/zenodo.7768288"]}

Pollen and fungal spore concentrations in outdoor air are partly dependent on atmospheric conditions. Since the climate is changing, there is a growing body of research on the effects of climate change on aeroallergens. The present article provides a rapid review of this literature, highlighting the points of agreement, but also drawing attention to the main mistakes to be avoided.For pollen, the prevailing view is that rising temperatures lead to an earlier start to the pollen season, a longer season, increased allergenic potential and higher concentrations. However, there are exceptions: what is true for one taxon, in one place and at one time, can almost never be generalised. For fungal spores, it is even more difficult to state universal rules.Four priorities can be set for future research: (1) to look for trends only on sufficiently long series and not to neglect possible trend reversals; (2) to give priority to the local scale and the separate consideration of the various pollen and mycological taxa; (3) not to limit oneself to temperature as an element of explanation, but also to consider the other elements of the climate; (4) not to try to explain any evolution in the abundance or seasonality of aeroallergens by climate change alone.Many more analytical studies giving precedence to observation over reasoning are still required, without any preconceptions, before it is possible to synthesise the impacts of climate change on pollen and, even more so, on fungal spores.

L'article se propose de réfléchir sur l'existence des collections dans les écomusées. En faisant tout d'abord une introduction sur l'évolution des concepts de la muséologie et sur ce qu'il faut entendre par écomusée, on verra que le rapport à l'objet a toujours été pris en compte. L'écomusée est une façon de concevoir le territoire et de faire face aux problèmes à travers la culture. L'écomusée travaille justement dans ce sens, du moment que la collection, ainsi que les autres activités proposées, témoignent de l'existence d'un patrimoine culturel local, qui est étroitement lié aux vocations économiques du territoire, au paysage et aux changements survenus dans le temps. This paper aims to reflect about the presence of collections in ecomuseums. We will start with a brief introduction on the evolution of museums studies and ecomuseology, which will show us that the relationship between objects and ecomuseums it has being considered since the beginning. The ecomuseum approach focuses on the recreation of territorial knowledge, which is based on the interconnection of know-hows and on the promotion of cultural heritage by individuals who reinterpret them as a collective resource. Using cultural heritage as an instrument of social and democratic action gives people the tools to understand their own cultural heritage, considered in its evolution, and helps to strengthen the local identity by increasing the population's awareness of the importance of taking action to safeguard its territory.

Extreme weather events (EWE) are the most direct and visible example of how climate change threatens human health. Notwithstanding the diversity of EWEs, they all have recurrent impacts on mortality, morbidity and mental health. These impacts largely depend on exposure conditions, on the response measures implemented, and on socio-economic determinants. Forest fires and heat waves are the EWEs in all likelihood presenting the highest risks for respiratory health, and they are likely to rapidly evolve over the coming years. Since 2004, more than 10,000 excess deaths have been recorded during heat waves in France, 76 % of them after 2015. Pronounced synergies between extreme heat and air pollution are now documented in the literature. In addition to appropriate behaviours and medical care during EWEs, adaptation must now focus on long-term interventions, the objectives being to reduce exposure, to improve the quality of our environment and to reinforce social ties.

En France, la gouvernance de l'espace se conçoit et se concrétise quasi exclusivement au prisme de l'idéologie du territoire. Phagocyté par des processus géopolitiques, le territoire est également débordé par les enjeux de durabilité. L'espace, coincé entre le territoire et le réseau, est dans l'impasse. Il se doit d'être à la fois un support pour le développement durable et un vecteur de lien, de proximité démocratique. Notre communication vise à réactiver les termes du débat sur la gouvernance des métropoles au prisme du développement durable, dont les enjeux semblent peu, ou pas, se plier à une approche locale simplificatrice voire approximative à laquelle la figure du territoire se prête néanmoins bien mieux que celle du réseau. Nous discuterons l'usage potentiel de l'aire urbaine pour la gouvernance des métropoles avec l'idée selon laquelle la gestion de l'espace, par le biais du territoire, tend à empêcher l'émergence au sein du débat de ces nouveaux défis de la durabilité. In France, the governance of space is implemented through the ideology of the territory. Distorted by geopolitical processes, the concept of territory cannot handle critical sustainability issues. Our common space is neither territory nor network: it suffers from a lack of manageable representations. It should be a catalyst for sustainability, democracy and help bring people together at the same time. This communication aims to rethink the terms of the debate on metropolitan governance in regard to sustainability, which is too big an issue to be approximated by simplified, local approaches, though these are better managed through territories than networks. We will discuss the use of the «urban area» as a governance tool for metropolitan governance, and argue that the management of space through territories prevents the emergence of the complex challenges of sustainability in the public debate. Martial Vialleix, Clarence Bluntz - L'espace dans l'impasse : le développement durable des métropoles françaises en question(s)

[ES] Este trabajo presenta una parte de los resultados obtenidos durante el proyecto de cooperación internacional PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financiado por el Programa Interreg EFA (España-Francia-Andorra). Entre 2018 y 2021, el proyecto PIRAGUA abordó, mediante la cooperación transfronteriza, la evaluación del ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos en los Pirineos, en el presente y en futuro, en el contexto del cambio climático. Para ello, los socios del proyecto unificaron y homogeneizaron la información hidrológica existente, propusieron indicadores hidrológicos, analizaron las tendencias observadas en dichos indicadores, desarrollaron modelos de simulación para conocer en detalle los distintos componentes del balance hídrico, y realizaron simulaciones numéricas a partir de proyecciones climáticas bajo distintos escenarios de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero para evaluar las consecuencias del cambio climático sobre el ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos. El objetivo de este volumen es realizar una caracterización de los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos de los Pirineos, así como de la gestión y uso de dichos recursos (Capítulo 1); analizar los registros de caudal, niveles de acuíferos e inundaciones para determinar patrones espaciales y determinar las tendencias temporales observadas en las últimas décadas (Capítulo 2); aplicar herramientas de simulación para ampliar el conocimiento sobre los distintos componentes del balance hídrico de los Pirineos (Capítulo 3); y realizar una serie de experimentos de simulación numérica para determinar los posibles cambios del balance hídrico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos a lo largo del siglo XXI, en un contexto de cambio climático (Capítulo 4). [FR] Ce travail présente une partie des résultats d'un projet de coopération internationale du Programme Interreg EFA (Espagne-France-Andorre). Entre 2018 et 2021, le projet PIRAGUA (EFA210/16) a abordé, par le biais de la coopération transfrontalière, l'évaluation du cycle hydrologique et des ressources hydriques dans les Pyrénées, pour le présent et l'avenir, dans le contexte du changement climatique. Pour cela, les partenaires du projet ont unifié et homogénéisé les informations hydrologiques existantes, proposé des indicateurs hydrologiques, analysé les tendances observées pour ces indicateurs, développé des modèles de simulation pour connaître les détails du bilan hydrique et réalisé des expériences de simulation numérique, afin d'évaluer les conséquences de scénarios de changement climatique sur le cycle hydrologique et les ressources hydriques des Pyrénées. L'objectif de ce volume est de réaliser une caractérisation des ressources hydriques de surface et souterraines des Pyrénées, de la gestion et de l'emploi des ressources (Chapitre 1) ; analyser les registres de débit, le niveau des aquifères et les inondations afin de déterminer des schémas spatiaux ainsi que les tendances temporelles observées ces dernières décennies (Chapitre 2) ; appliquer des outils de simulation pour réaliser un diagnostic des différents éléments du bilan hydrique des Pyrénées (Chapitre 3); réaliser une série d'expériences de simulation pour déterminer les éventuels changements du bilan hydrique et des ressources hydriques des Pyrénées tout au long du XXIᵉ siècle, dans un contexte de changement climatique (Chapitre 4). [EN] This volume presents part of the results obtained during the international cooperation project PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financed by the Interreg EFA Program (Spain-France-Andorra). Between 2018 and 2021, the PIRAGUA project addressed, through cross-border cooperation, the evaluation of the hydrological cycle and water resources in the Pyrenees, in the present and in the future, in the context of climate change. To do this, the project partners unified and homogenized the existing hydrological information, proposed hydrological indicators, analyzed the trends observed in said indicators, developed simulation models to know in detail the different components of the water balance, and carried out numerical simulations based on projections under different scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions to assess the consequences of climate change on the hydrological cycle and the water resources of the Pyrenees. The objective of this volume is to carry out a characterization of the surface and underground water resources of the Pyrenees, as well as the management and use of said resources (Chapter 1); analyze flow records, aquifer levels, and floods to determine spatial patterns and determine temporal trends observed in recent decades (Chapter 2); apply simulation tools to expand knowledge about the different components of the water balance of the Pyrenees (Chapter 3); and carry out a series of numerical simulation experiments to determine possible changes in the water balance and water resources of the Pyrenees throughout the 21st century, in a context of climate change (Chapter 4). This report was developed within the project EFA210/16 PIRAGUA (“Evaluación y prospectiva de los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos en un contexto de cambio climático, y medidas de adaptación con impacto en el territorio / Evaluation et prospective des ressources en eau des Pyrénées dans un contexte de changement climatique, et mesures d’adaptation avec un impact sur le territoire”), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain France Andorra program (POCTEFA 2014-2020) (65%) and the project’s partners: CSIC, UPV/EHU, UB, OE, IGME, CNRS, BRGM, INRAE and OBSA (35%). [FR] Un fichier PDF avec la version pré-imprimée du document; [EN] One PDF files with the pre-print version of the document; [ES] Un archivo PDF con la versión de pre-impresión del documento. Peer reviewed

The municipality of Djilor is marked by a tendency to degradation of resources. They are subject to the effects of climate change. This degradation is manifested by salinization of agricultural land, reduction of vegetation cover, reduction of grazing etc. Thus, the study of the vulnerability of the commune of Djilor to climate change and adaptation strategies of communities is the subject of this contribution. It allows us to understand the adaptation systems of local populations to the effects of climate change. The approach integrates the tools of vulnerability and adaptive capacity analysis to climate change (AVCA) and identification of risks at the community level - adaptation and livelihoods (CRiSTAL). This allowed for a participatory diagnosis of threats, constraints and opportunities related to climate change and endogenous knowledge on adaptation measures. The results show the existence of five categories of resources: natural resources, physical resources, human resources, financial resources and social resources. The analysis of vulnerability reveals that hazards directly or indirectly linked to climate change are present and are manifested more by salinization, rainfall variability, drought and floods. These hazards negatively influence these resources and have consequences on agriculture, livestock, fishing, forestry and trade. Faced with this situation, the populations are adopting adaptation strategies. Nevertheless, the situation persists and its effects are still remarkable.

La macro��conomie keyn��sienne a connu depuis les ann��es 2000 des d��veloppements importants sur la th��matique du r��chauffement climatique et des contraintes environnementales pesant sur l�����conomie. L���objet de cet article est de r��aliser une synth��se des enseignements de ces principaux mod��les qui partent pour la plupart d���une critique radicale de l���approche n��oclassique sur la question ��cologique. Les post-keyn��siens mettent en ��vidence la n��cessit�� d���une intervention publique forte pour modifier notre mod��le de croissance actuel. Les autres keyn��siens soulignent la modification des effets des politiques ��conomiques lorsqu���elles sont coupl��es �� une politique climatique. Keynesian macroeconomics has known since the 2000s important developments on the theme of global warming and more broadly environmental constraints weighing on the economy. The purpose of this article is to synthesize the lessons learned from these main models which mostly start from a radical critique of the neoclassical approach on the ecological question. Post-Keynesians highlight the need for strong public intervention to modify our current growth model. The other Keynesians underline the modification of the effects of economic policies when they are coupled with a climate policy.

Cet article s’intéresse aux méthodes de comptabilités socio-environnementales (CSE) afin de contribuer à éclairer le choix des praticiens comme du normalisateur. Au travers d’une analyse comparée des principales approches de CSE, ce papier met en exergue leurs différentes représentations du monde et ce que cela implique en matière de soutenabilité. Nous montrons alors que les choix de techniques comptables sont le reflet de représentations sous-jacentes du monde et configurent la nature de la responsabilité. This paper focuses on socio-environmental accounting (SEA) methods in order to help inform the choice of both practitioners and standard setters. Through a comparative analysis of the main SES approaches, this paper highlights their different representations of the world and their implications for sustainability. We then show that the choices of accounting techniques reflect underlying representations of the world and shape the nature of accountability.