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  • Energy Research
  • 2016-2025
  • 15. Life on land
  • 14. Life underwater
  • French

  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao

    Generally speaking, the term benthos refers to all aquatic organisms (marine or freshwater) living in close relationship with the bottom of seas and oceans, lakes and rivers. A distinction is made between the plant benthos or phytobenthos (algae and phanerogams), and the animal benthos or zoobenthos (annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, fish, etc.). Furthermore, the fauna situated on the surface (or epifauna), which may be fixed or free, is different from that which lives inside the sediment (endofauna). Finally, in this section we are interested only in marine macrobenthos (organisms larger than a few mm), from the tidal zone to the abyssal depths. The smaller forms (meiofauna-flora and microfauna-flora), which are practically not documented, are not taken into account in this chapter on the bottoms of the St-Paul and Amsterdam Islands. The area has been explored only sporadically during the passage of a few vessels on scientific expeditions focused on other interests. Only one of them, dedicated to the exploration of the zone from 0 to 3000 m of depth ("Jasus"), took place in 1985, on board the Marion-Dufresne. The purpose of this chapter is to make an assessment of the situation in 2022, in the context of a fishing zone within a marine protected area. {"references": ["F\u00e9ral (J.-P.) 2023. Les composantes biologiques : flore et faune marines subtropicales de l'h\u00e9misph\u00e8re sud \u2013 Le benthos, In: G. Duhamel (coord.) Les \u00eeles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam (Oc\u00e9an Indien sud) : environnement marin et p\u00eacheries. Mus\u00e9um national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, pp. 51-85 (Patrimoines naturels : 84), \u27e8hal-03575176\u27e9, doi : 10.5281/zenodo.7768288"]}

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ZENODOarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    ZENODO
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2023
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Part of book or chapter of book . 2023
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    Other literature type . 2023
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ZENODOarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • Authors: M, Thibaudon; J-P, Besancenot;

    Pollen and fungal spore concentrations in outdoor air are partly dependent on atmospheric conditions. Since the climate is changing, there is a growing body of research on the effects of climate change on aeroallergens. The present article provides a rapid review of this literature, highlighting the points of agreement, but also drawing attention to the main mistakes to be avoided.For pollen, the prevailing view is that rising temperatures lead to an earlier start to the pollen season, a longer season, increased allergenic potential and higher concentrations. However, there are exceptions: what is true for one taxon, in one place and at one time, can almost never be generalised. For fungal spores, it is even more difficult to state universal rules.Four priorities can be set for future research: (1) to look for trends only on sufficiently long series and not to neglect possible trend reversals; (2) to give priority to the local scale and the separate consideration of the various pollen and mycological taxa; (3) not to limit oneself to temperature as an element of explanation, but also to consider the other elements of the climate; (4) not to try to explain any evolution in the abundance or seasonality of aeroallergens by climate change alone.Many more analytical studies giving precedence to observation over reasoning are still required, without any preconceptions, before it is possible to synthesise the impacts of climate change on pollen and, even more so, on fungal spores.

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  • Authors: M, Pascal;

    Extreme weather events (EWE) are the most direct and visible example of how climate change threatens human health. Notwithstanding the diversity of EWEs, they all have recurrent impacts on mortality, morbidity and mental health. These impacts largely depend on exposure conditions, on the response measures implemented, and on socio-economic determinants. Forest fires and heat waves are the EWEs in all likelihood presenting the highest risks for respiratory health, and they are likely to rapidly evolve over the coming years. Since 2004, more than 10,000 excess deaths have been recorded during heat waves in France, 76 % of them after 2015. Pronounced synergies between extreme heat and air pollution are now documented in the literature. In addition to appropriate behaviours and medical care during EWEs, adaptation must now focus on long-term interventions, the objectives being to reduce exposure, to improve the quality of our environment and to reinforce social ties.

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  • Authors: Puschiasis, Ornella;

    Les Sherpa de la région de l'Everest au Népal expérimentent des transformations importantes de leur environnement et notamment des variations du climat. Notre ambition est de comprendre les perceptions que les habitants ont des modifications des phénomènes atmosphériques et météorologiques, et de voir s'ils relient ces variations locales à un changement climatique plus global. Notre recherche en géographie humaine, menée en immersion longue sur un terrain himalayen et basée sur des données qualitatives recueillies lors d'entretiens, fait ressortir des grandes tendances au niveau des transformations environnementales ressenties autour de la diminution de la neige, de la plus grande variabilité des pluies de mousson et de l'augmentation d'événements extrêmes. Ces observations, collectées au niveau du territoire de Pangboche sur le sentier de l'Everest, varient selon l'âge des personnes interrogées, et font apparaître des problèmes d'échelle et de temps avec un décalage entre la vision alarmiste globale du changement climatique et son appréhension locale. Le climat est à considérer en interaction avec d'autres facteurs de changements socio-économiques dans une région profondément marquée par le tourisme, la présence d'étrangers, les échanges et la circulation des discours. Mots clés : Perception du climat, perception de la météorologie, changement climatique, facteurs de changement, distinction générationnelle, marqueurs environnementaux, Sherpa, Everest. A wind of change is blowing on Everest : the multiple facets of Sherpa perceptions of weather and climate. Sherpa people of the Everest region in Nepal are experiencing local environmental change and particularly climatic variation. Our objective is better to understand how villagers perceive atmospheric and meteorological changes, and how they relate local phenomena to possibly global climate change. Our research in human geography, carried out through long-term immersion in a Himalayan area and based on qualitative data collected during interviews, reveals major trends in relation to the decreasing amount of snow, the greater variability in monsoon rains, and the increase of extreme weather events. These observations, gathered in Pangboche territory on the trail to Everest, vary according to the age of the respondents and reveal problems of scale and time, with a gap between the global alarmist vision of climate change and its local understanding. Thus, we argue, climate should be viewed in interaction with other factors of (socio-economic) change in a region deeply marked by tourism, the presence of foreigners, and the exchange and circulation of discourse on nature and the environment. Keywords : Perception of climate, perception of meteorology, climate change, drivers of change, generational differences , environmental indicators, Sherpa, Everest.

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  • Authors: Armand Chancelin Soh Fogwa Pogha; Joël Sotamenou;

    Cet article évalue la durabilité agro-écologique, socio-territoriale et économique de l’agropole d’ananas de Nlohe au Cameroun. L’outil utilisé est la méthode de diagnostic IDEA. Les scores de la durabilité économique de ces exploitations sont faibles (compris entre 54% et 58%) ; des efforts doivent donc être faits pour améliorer la viabilité économique des exploitations. Ceci passe par la diversification du système de production et l'amélioration de l’autonomie financière au sein de l’agropole de Nlohe. This article assesses the agro-ecological, socio-territorial and economic sustainability of 23 farms in the agropole for pineapple in Nlohe-Cameroon. The tool used is the IDEA diagnostic method. The economic sustainability scores of these farms are low (between 54% and 58%); efforts therefore should be made to improve the economic viability of farms. This involves the diversification of the production system and the improvement of financial autonomy within the Nlohe agropole.

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  • Authors: Lydie, Lescarmontier;

    Rising greenhouse gas levels due to human activity are already having an impact on climate by increasing the atmospheric temperature. The current concentration of carbon dioxide released by industrial activity is the highest it has been for more than one million years. The oceans are warming and becoming more acidic. This climate change is causing radical changes to ecosystems, plants, marine life and wildlife, not to mention humans for whom agricultural resources and fresh water are becoming scarcer and coastal homes are under threat. There is still time for us to change our lifestyles.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Beguería, Santiago; Caballero, Yvan; Le Cointe, Pierre; Palazón Tabuenca, Leticia; +13 Authors

    [ES] Este trabajo presenta una parte de los resultados obtenidos durante el proyecto de cooperación internacional PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financiado por el Programa Interreg EFA (España-Francia-Andorra). Entre 2018 y 2021, el proyecto PIRAGUA abordó, mediante la cooperación transfronteriza, la evaluación del ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos en los Pirineos, en el presente y en futuro, en el contexto del cambio climático. Para ello, los socios del proyecto unificaron y homogeneizaron la información hidrológica existente, propusieron indicadores hidrológicos, analizaron las tendencias observadas en dichos indicadores, desarrollaron modelos de simulación para conocer en detalle los distintos componentes del balance hídrico, y realizaron simulaciones numéricas a partir de proyecciones climáticas bajo distintos escenarios de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero para evaluar las consecuencias del cambio climático sobre el ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos. El objetivo de este volumen es realizar una caracterización de los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos de los Pirineos, así como de la gestión y uso de dichos recursos (Capítulo 1); analizar los registros de caudal, niveles de acuíferos e inundaciones para determinar patrones espaciales y determinar las tendencias temporales observadas en las últimas décadas (Capítulo 2); aplicar herramientas de simulación para ampliar el conocimiento sobre los distintos componentes del balance hídrico de los Pirineos (Capítulo 3); y realizar una serie de experimentos de simulación numérica para determinar los posibles cambios del balance hídrico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos a lo largo del siglo XXI, en un contexto de cambio climático (Capítulo 4). [FR] Ce travail présente une partie des résultats d'un projet de coopération internationale du Programme Interreg EFA (Espagne-France-Andorre). Entre 2018 et 2021, le projet PIRAGUA (EFA210/16) a abordé, par le biais de la coopération transfrontalière, l'évaluation du cycle hydrologique et des ressources hydriques dans les Pyrénées, pour le présent et l'avenir, dans le contexte du changement climatique. Pour cela, les partenaires du projet ont unifié et homogénéisé les informations hydrologiques existantes, proposé des indicateurs hydrologiques, analysé les tendances observées pour ces indicateurs, développé des modèles de simulation pour connaître les détails du bilan hydrique et réalisé des expériences de simulation numérique, afin d'évaluer les conséquences de scénarios de changement climatique sur le cycle hydrologique et les ressources hydriques des Pyrénées. L'objectif de ce volume est de réaliser une caractérisation des ressources hydriques de surface et souterraines des Pyrénées, de la gestion et de l'emploi des ressources (Chapitre 1) ; analyser les registres de débit, le niveau des aquifères et les inondations afin de déterminer des schémas spatiaux ainsi que les tendances temporelles observées ces dernières décennies (Chapitre 2) ; appliquer des outils de simulation pour réaliser un diagnostic des différents éléments du bilan hydrique des Pyrénées (Chapitre 3); réaliser une série d'expériences de simulation pour déterminer les éventuels changements du bilan hydrique et des ressources hydriques des Pyrénées tout au long du XXIᵉ siècle, dans un contexte de changement climatique (Chapitre 4). [EN] This volume presents part of the results obtained during the international cooperation project PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financed by the Interreg EFA Program (Spain-France-Andorra). Between 2018 and 2021, the PIRAGUA project addressed, through cross-border cooperation, the evaluation of the hydrological cycle and water resources in the Pyrenees, in the present and in the future, in the context of climate change. To do this, the project partners unified and homogenized the existing hydrological information, proposed hydrological indicators, analyzed the trends observed in said indicators, developed simulation models to know in detail the different components of the water balance, and carried out numerical simulations based on projections under different scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions to assess the consequences of climate change on the hydrological cycle and the water resources of the Pyrenees. The objective of this volume is to carry out a characterization of the surface and underground water resources of the Pyrenees, as well as the management and use of said resources (Chapter 1); analyze flow records, aquifer levels, and floods to determine spatial patterns and determine temporal trends observed in recent decades (Chapter 2); apply simulation tools to expand knowledge about the different components of the water balance of the Pyrenees (Chapter 3); and carry out a series of numerical simulation experiments to determine possible changes in the water balance and water resources of the Pyrenees throughout the 21st century, in a context of climate change (Chapter 4). This report was developed within the project EFA210/16 PIRAGUA (“Evaluación y prospectiva de los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos en un contexto de cambio climático, y medidas de adaptación con impacto en el territorio / Evaluation et prospective des ressources en eau des Pyrénées dans un contexte de changement climatique, et mesures d’adaptation avec un impact sur le territoire”), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain France Andorra program (POCTEFA 2014-2020) (65%) and the project’s partners: CSIC, UPV/EHU, UB, OE, IGME, CNRS, BRGM, INRAE and OBSA (35%). [FR] Un fichier PDF avec la version pré-imprimée du document; [EN] One PDF files with the pre-print version of the document; [ES] Un archivo PDF con la versión de pre-impresión del documento. Peer reviewed

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
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    Digital.CSIC
    Book . 2023
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Digital.CSIC
    Book . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Book . 2023
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      Book . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Adeline Fayolle; Jean-Joël Loumeto; Jean-Louis Doucet; Grace Jopaul Loubota Panzou; +2 Authors

    Introduction. Quantifier les stocks de biomasse et de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales est devenu une priorité internationale dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du mécanisme REDD+. La biomasse forestière est estimée à trois échelles spatiales successives : l’arbre, le peuplement et la région. Cet article propose une synthèse des connaissances sur l’estimation de la biomasse et des stocks de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales africaines.Littérature. Cette synthèse bibliographique démontre que peu d’équations allométriques, équations qui permettent d’estimer la biomasse de l’arbre à partir de mesures non destructives (diamètre, hauteur), ont été établies pour les forêts tropicales africaines. Au niveau du peuplement, cette synthèse met en exergue les variations spatiales et temporelles connues de la biomasse entre les types de forêts d’Afrique tropicale. Si la reconstitution de la biomasse après une perturbation (l’exploitation forestière, par exemple) est relativement rapide, il existe encore beaucoup d’incertitudes sur les variations spatiales de la biomasse et il n’y a pas de consensus sur une cartographie régionale de la biomasse. La qualité de la cartographie de la biomasse dépend fortement des différents capteurs utilisés (optique, RADAR ou LiDAR) et de l’équation allométrique utilisée pour convertir les données d’inventaires forestiers en biomasse.Conclusions. Considérant le manque de précision des équations allométriques disponibles et des données d’inventaires forestiers à large échelle spatiale, il y a encore beaucoup d’incertitudes sur les estimations de la biomasse et des stocks de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales africaines. Biomass and carbon stocks of tropical African forests. A reviewIntroduction. Quantifying the biomass and carbon stocks contained in tropical forests has become an international priority for the implementation of the REDD+ mechanism. Forest biomass is estimated at three successive levels: the tree, the stand and the region level. This paper reviews the state of the art regarding the estimation of biomass and carbon stocks in tropical African forests.Literature. This review highlights the fact that very few allometric equations, equations used for estimating the biomass of the tree using non-destructive measurements (diameter, height), have been established for tropical African forests. At the stand level, the review highlights the spatial and temporal variations in biomass between forest types in Central and Eastern Africa. While biomass recovery after a disturbance (logging, for instance) is rather quick, a great deal of uncertainty still remains regarding the spatial variation in biomass, and there is no consensus on a regional biomass map. The quality of biomass mapping in tropical Africa strongly depends on the type of remotely-sensed data being used (optical, RADAR or LIDAR), and the allometric equation used to convert forest inventory data into biomass.Conclusions. Based on the lack of precision of the available allometric equations and forest inventory data and the large spatial scale involved, many uncertainties persist in relation to the estimation of the biomass and carbon stocks contained in African tropical forests.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ayitre Akpakouma; Macomba Bétidé Adjayi; Bériname Badjaré; Dabitora Koumantiga; +3 Authors

    Description du sujet. Au Nord-Togo, particulièrement en milieu rural, les populations utilisent des biens d’espèces ligneuses et des services écosystémiques pour satisfaire des besoins multiples. Dans un environnement marqué par une déforestation accrue, se développe une pression anthropique croissante avec une incidence sur la vulnérabilité et la valorisation de ces ressources. Objectifs. Cette étude sur la diversité et les usages des ligneux permet d’apprécier la richesse floristique des terroirs et d’évaluer, à partir de quatre paramètres, la vulnérabilité des espèces répertoriées et connues des populations en zone de savane sèche. Méthode. L’approche méthodologique est basée sur des enquêtes ethnobotaniques et socio-économiques menées auprès de 14 groupes ethniques par interview individuel et au sein de « focus groups ». Les analyses ont porté sur des calculs de fréquences et d’indices de valeurs d’usage et d’importance des espèces répertoriées. Résultats. Au total, 149 espèces ligneuses utiles ont été identifiées et réparties en 45 familles. Neuf principaux usages reconnus sont relevés : alimentaire (69 espèces), médicinal (91 espèces), bois-énergie (57 espèces), fourrager (57 espèces), artisanal (37 espèces), soins hygiéniques (36 espèces), bois de service (40 espèces), rituel ou magico-spirituel (35 espèces) et cosmétique (26 espèces). Ces usages portent essentiellement sur les feuilles, racines, fruits, graines, fleurs, bois et écorces. Sur l’ensemble des espèces répertoriées, 42 (28 %) présentent un risque élevé de vulnérabilité, celle-ci étant évaluée sur base de quatre paramètres : la fréquence de citation, le nombre d’usages différents, l’organe collecté et le mode de collecte. Conclusions. L’étude montre que l’utilisation des espèces ligneuses varie selon le milieu géographique et la valeur d’importance des espèces explique la vulnérabilité de celles-ci dans la savane sèche.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
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  • Authors: SOW, El Hadji;

    The municipality of Djilor is marked by a tendency to degradation of resources. They are subject to the effects of climate change. This degradation is manifested by salinization of agricultural land, reduction of vegetation cover, reduction of grazing etc. Thus, the study of the vulnerability of the commune of Djilor to climate change and adaptation strategies of communities is the subject of this contribution. It allows us to understand the adaptation systems of local populations to the effects of climate change. The approach integrates the tools of vulnerability and adaptive capacity analysis to climate change (AVCA) and identification of risks at the community level - adaptation and livelihoods (CRiSTAL). This allowed for a participatory diagnosis of threats, constraints and opportunities related to climate change and endogenous knowledge on adaptation measures. The results show the existence of five categories of resources: natural resources, physical resources, human resources, financial resources and social resources. The analysis of vulnerability reveals that hazards directly or indirectly linked to climate change are present and are manifested more by salinization, rainfall variability, drought and floods. These hazards negatively influence these resources and have consequences on agriculture, livestock, fishing, forestry and trade. Faced with this situation, the populations are adopting adaptation strategies. Nevertheless, the situation persists and its effects are still remarkable.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao

    Generally speaking, the term benthos refers to all aquatic organisms (marine or freshwater) living in close relationship with the bottom of seas and oceans, lakes and rivers. A distinction is made between the plant benthos or phytobenthos (algae and phanerogams), and the animal benthos or zoobenthos (annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, fish, etc.). Furthermore, the fauna situated on the surface (or epifauna), which may be fixed or free, is different from that which lives inside the sediment (endofauna). Finally, in this section we are interested only in marine macrobenthos (organisms larger than a few mm), from the tidal zone to the abyssal depths. The smaller forms (meiofauna-flora and microfauna-flora), which are practically not documented, are not taken into account in this chapter on the bottoms of the St-Paul and Amsterdam Islands. The area has been explored only sporadically during the passage of a few vessels on scientific expeditions focused on other interests. Only one of them, dedicated to the exploration of the zone from 0 to 3000 m of depth ("Jasus"), took place in 1985, on board the Marion-Dufresne. The purpose of this chapter is to make an assessment of the situation in 2022, in the context of a fishing zone within a marine protected area. {"references": ["F\u00e9ral (J.-P.) 2023. Les composantes biologiques : flore et faune marines subtropicales de l'h\u00e9misph\u00e8re sud \u2013 Le benthos, In: G. Duhamel (coord.) Les \u00eeles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam (Oc\u00e9an Indien sud) : environnement marin et p\u00eacheries. Mus\u00e9um national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, pp. 51-85 (Patrimoines naturels : 84), \u27e8hal-03575176\u27e9, doi : 10.5281/zenodo.7768288"]}

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • Authors: M, Thibaudon; J-P, Besancenot;

    Pollen and fungal spore concentrations in outdoor air are partly dependent on atmospheric conditions. Since the climate is changing, there is a growing body of research on the effects of climate change on aeroallergens. The present article provides a rapid review of this literature, highlighting the points of agreement, but also drawing attention to the main mistakes to be avoided.For pollen, the prevailing view is that rising temperatures lead to an earlier start to the pollen season, a longer season, increased allergenic potential and higher concentrations. However, there are exceptions: what is true for one taxon, in one place and at one time, can almost never be generalised. For fungal spores, it is even more difficult to state universal rules.Four priorities can be set for future research: (1) to look for trends only on sufficiently long series and not to neglect possible trend reversals; (2) to give priority to the local scale and the separate consideration of the various pollen and mycological taxa; (3) not to limit oneself to temperature as an element of explanation, but also to consider the other elements of the climate; (4) not to try to explain any evolution in the abundance or seasonality of aeroallergens by climate change alone.Many more analytical studies giving precedence to observation over reasoning are still required, without any preconceptions, before it is possible to synthesise the impacts of climate change on pollen and, even more so, on fungal spores.

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  • Authors: M, Pascal;

    Extreme weather events (EWE) are the most direct and visible example of how climate change threatens human health. Notwithstanding the diversity of EWEs, they all have recurrent impacts on mortality, morbidity and mental health. These impacts largely depend on exposure conditions, on the response measures implemented, and on socio-economic determinants. Forest fires and heat waves are the EWEs in all likelihood presenting the highest risks for respiratory health, and they are likely to rapidly evolve over the coming years. Since 2004, more than 10,000 excess deaths have been recorded during heat waves in France, 76 % of them after 2015. Pronounced synergies between extreme heat and air pollution are now documented in the literature. In addition to appropriate behaviours and medical care during EWEs, adaptation must now focus on long-term interventions, the objectives being to reduce exposure, to improve the quality of our environment and to reinforce social ties.

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  • Authors: Puschiasis, Ornella;

    Les Sherpa de la région de l'Everest au Népal expérimentent des transformations importantes de leur environnement et notamment des variations du climat. Notre ambition est de comprendre les perceptions que les habitants ont des modifications des phénomènes atmosphériques et météorologiques, et de voir s'ils relient ces variations locales à un changement climatique plus global. Notre recherche en géographie humaine, menée en immersion longue sur un terrain himalayen et basée sur des données qualitatives recueillies lors d'entretiens, fait ressortir des grandes tendances au niveau des transformations environnementales ressenties autour de la diminution de la neige, de la plus grande variabilité des pluies de mousson et de l'augmentation d'événements extrêmes. Ces observations, collectées au niveau du territoire de Pangboche sur le sentier de l'Everest, varient selon l'âge des personnes interrogées, et font apparaître des problèmes d'échelle et de temps avec un décalage entre la vision alarmiste globale du changement climatique et son appréhension locale. Le climat est à considérer en interaction avec d'autres facteurs de changements socio-économiques dans une région profondément marquée par le tourisme, la présence d'étrangers, les échanges et la circulation des discours. Mots clés : Perception du climat, perception de la météorologie, changement climatique, facteurs de changement, distinction générationnelle, marqueurs environnementaux, Sherpa, Everest. A wind of change is blowing on Everest : the multiple facets of Sherpa perceptions of weather and climate. Sherpa people of the Everest region in Nepal are experiencing local environmental change and particularly climatic variation. Our objective is better to understand how villagers perceive atmospheric and meteorological changes, and how they relate local phenomena to possibly global climate change. Our research in human geography, carried out through long-term immersion in a Himalayan area and based on qualitative data collected during interviews, reveals major trends in relation to the decreasing amount of snow, the greater variability in monsoon rains, and the increase of extreme weather events. These observations, gathered in Pangboche territory on the trail to Everest, vary according to the age of the respondents and reveal problems of scale and time, with a gap between the global alarmist vision of climate change and its local understanding. Thus, we argue, climate should be viewed in interaction with other factors of (socio-economic) change in a region deeply marked by tourism, the presence of foreigners, and the exchange and circulation of discourse on nature and the environment. Keywords : Perception of climate, perception of meteorology, climate change, drivers of change, generational differences , environmental indicators, Sherpa, Everest.

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  • Authors: Armand Chancelin Soh Fogwa Pogha; Joël Sotamenou;

    Cet article évalue la durabilité agro-écologique, socio-territoriale et économique de l’agropole d’ananas de Nlohe au Cameroun. L’outil utilisé est la méthode de diagnostic IDEA. Les scores de la durabilité économique de ces exploitations sont faibles (compris entre 54% et 58%) ; des efforts doivent donc être faits pour améliorer la viabilité économique des exploitations. Ceci passe par la diversification du système de production et l'amélioration de l’autonomie financière au sein de l’agropole de Nlohe. This article assesses the agro-ecological, socio-territorial and economic sustainability of 23 farms in the agropole for pineapple in Nlohe-Cameroon. The tool used is the IDEA diagnostic method. The economic sustainability scores of these farms are low (between 54% and 58%); efforts therefore should be made to improve the economic viability of farms. This involves the diversification of the production system and the improvement of financial autonomy within the Nlohe agropole.

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  • Authors: Lydie, Lescarmontier;

    Rising greenhouse gas levels due to human activity are already having an impact on climate by increasing the atmospheric temperature. The current concentration of carbon dioxide released by industrial activity is the highest it has been for more than one million years. The oceans are warming and becoming more acidic. This climate change is causing radical changes to ecosystems, plants, marine life and wildlife, not to mention humans for whom agricultural resources and fresh water are becoming scarcer and coastal homes are under threat. There is still time for us to change our lifestyles.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Beguería, Santiago; Caballero, Yvan; Le Cointe, Pierre; Palazón Tabuenca, Leticia; +13 Authors

    [ES] Este trabajo presenta una parte de los resultados obtenidos durante el proyecto de cooperación internacional PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financiado por el Programa Interreg EFA (España-Francia-Andorra). Entre 2018 y 2021, el proyecto PIRAGUA abordó, mediante la cooperación transfronteriza, la evaluación del ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos en los Pirineos, en el presente y en futuro, en el contexto del cambio climático. Para ello, los socios del proyecto unificaron y homogeneizaron la información hidrológica existente, propusieron indicadores hidrológicos, analizaron las tendencias observadas en dichos indicadores, desarrollaron modelos de simulación para conocer en detalle los distintos componentes del balance hídrico, y realizaron simulaciones numéricas a partir de proyecciones climáticas bajo distintos escenarios de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero para evaluar las consecuencias del cambio climático sobre el ciclo hidrológico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos. El objetivo de este volumen es realizar una caracterización de los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos de los Pirineos, así como de la gestión y uso de dichos recursos (Capítulo 1); analizar los registros de caudal, niveles de acuíferos e inundaciones para determinar patrones espaciales y determinar las tendencias temporales observadas en las últimas décadas (Capítulo 2); aplicar herramientas de simulación para ampliar el conocimiento sobre los distintos componentes del balance hídrico de los Pirineos (Capítulo 3); y realizar una serie de experimentos de simulación numérica para determinar los posibles cambios del balance hídrico y los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos a lo largo del siglo XXI, en un contexto de cambio climático (Capítulo 4). [FR] Ce travail présente une partie des résultats d'un projet de coopération internationale du Programme Interreg EFA (Espagne-France-Andorre). Entre 2018 et 2021, le projet PIRAGUA (EFA210/16) a abordé, par le biais de la coopération transfrontalière, l'évaluation du cycle hydrologique et des ressources hydriques dans les Pyrénées, pour le présent et l'avenir, dans le contexte du changement climatique. Pour cela, les partenaires du projet ont unifié et homogénéisé les informations hydrologiques existantes, proposé des indicateurs hydrologiques, analysé les tendances observées pour ces indicateurs, développé des modèles de simulation pour connaître les détails du bilan hydrique et réalisé des expériences de simulation numérique, afin d'évaluer les conséquences de scénarios de changement climatique sur le cycle hydrologique et les ressources hydriques des Pyrénées. L'objectif de ce volume est de réaliser une caractérisation des ressources hydriques de surface et souterraines des Pyrénées, de la gestion et de l'emploi des ressources (Chapitre 1) ; analyser les registres de débit, le niveau des aquifères et les inondations afin de déterminer des schémas spatiaux ainsi que les tendances temporelles observées ces dernières décennies (Chapitre 2) ; appliquer des outils de simulation pour réaliser un diagnostic des différents éléments du bilan hydrique des Pyrénées (Chapitre 3); réaliser une série d'expériences de simulation pour déterminer les éventuels changements du bilan hydrique et des ressources hydriques des Pyrénées tout au long du XXIᵉ siècle, dans un contexte de changement climatique (Chapitre 4). [EN] This volume presents part of the results obtained during the international cooperation project PIRAGUA (EFA210/16), co-financed by the Interreg EFA Program (Spain-France-Andorra). Between 2018 and 2021, the PIRAGUA project addressed, through cross-border cooperation, the evaluation of the hydrological cycle and water resources in the Pyrenees, in the present and in the future, in the context of climate change. To do this, the project partners unified and homogenized the existing hydrological information, proposed hydrological indicators, analyzed the trends observed in said indicators, developed simulation models to know in detail the different components of the water balance, and carried out numerical simulations based on projections under different scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions to assess the consequences of climate change on the hydrological cycle and the water resources of the Pyrenees. The objective of this volume is to carry out a characterization of the surface and underground water resources of the Pyrenees, as well as the management and use of said resources (Chapter 1); analyze flow records, aquifer levels, and floods to determine spatial patterns and determine temporal trends observed in recent decades (Chapter 2); apply simulation tools to expand knowledge about the different components of the water balance of the Pyrenees (Chapter 3); and carry out a series of numerical simulation experiments to determine possible changes in the water balance and water resources of the Pyrenees throughout the 21st century, in a context of climate change (Chapter 4). This report was developed within the project EFA210/16 PIRAGUA (“Evaluación y prospectiva de los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos en un contexto de cambio climático, y medidas de adaptación con impacto en el territorio / Evaluation et prospective des ressources en eau des Pyrénées dans un contexte de changement climatique, et mesures d’adaptation avec un impact sur le territoire”), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain France Andorra program (POCTEFA 2014-2020) (65%) and the project’s partners: CSIC, UPV/EHU, UB, OE, IGME, CNRS, BRGM, INRAE and OBSA (35%). [FR] Un fichier PDF avec la version pré-imprimée du document; [EN] One PDF files with the pre-print version of the document; [ES] Un archivo PDF con la versión de pre-impresión del documento. Peer reviewed

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    Digital.CSIC
    Book . 2023
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      Digital.CSIC
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    Authors: Adeline Fayolle; Jean-Joël Loumeto; Jean-Louis Doucet; Grace Jopaul Loubota Panzou; +2 Authors

    Introduction. Quantifier les stocks de biomasse et de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales est devenu une priorité internationale dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du mécanisme REDD+. La biomasse forestière est estimée à trois échelles spatiales successives : l’arbre, le peuplement et la région. Cet article propose une synthèse des connaissances sur l’estimation de la biomasse et des stocks de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales africaines.Littérature. Cette synthèse bibliographique démontre que peu d’équations allométriques, équations qui permettent d’estimer la biomasse de l’arbre à partir de mesures non destructives (diamètre, hauteur), ont été établies pour les forêts tropicales africaines. Au niveau du peuplement, cette synthèse met en exergue les variations spatiales et temporelles connues de la biomasse entre les types de forêts d’Afrique tropicale. Si la reconstitution de la biomasse après une perturbation (l’exploitation forestière, par exemple) est relativement rapide, il existe encore beaucoup d’incertitudes sur les variations spatiales de la biomasse et il n’y a pas de consensus sur une cartographie régionale de la biomasse. La qualité de la cartographie de la biomasse dépend fortement des différents capteurs utilisés (optique, RADAR ou LiDAR) et de l’équation allométrique utilisée pour convertir les données d’inventaires forestiers en biomasse.Conclusions. Considérant le manque de précision des équations allométriques disponibles et des données d’inventaires forestiers à large échelle spatiale, il y a encore beaucoup d’incertitudes sur les estimations de la biomasse et des stocks de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales africaines. Biomass and carbon stocks of tropical African forests. A reviewIntroduction. Quantifying the biomass and carbon stocks contained in tropical forests has become an international priority for the implementation of the REDD+ mechanism. Forest biomass is estimated at three successive levels: the tree, the stand and the region level. This paper reviews the state of the art regarding the estimation of biomass and carbon stocks in tropical African forests.Literature. This review highlights the fact that very few allometric equations, equations used for estimating the biomass of the tree using non-destructive measurements (diameter, height), have been established for tropical African forests. At the stand level, the review highlights the spatial and temporal variations in biomass between forest types in Central and Eastern Africa. While biomass recovery after a disturbance (logging, for instance) is rather quick, a great deal of uncertainty still remains regarding the spatial variation in biomass, and there is no consensus on a regional biomass map. The quality of biomass mapping in tropical Africa strongly depends on the type of remotely-sensed data being used (optical, RADAR or LIDAR), and the allometric equation used to convert forest inventory data into biomass.Conclusions. Based on the lack of precision of the available allometric equations and forest inventory data and the large spatial scale involved, many uncertainties persist in relation to the estimation of the biomass and carbon stocks contained in African tropical forests.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ayitre Akpakouma; Macomba Bétidé Adjayi; Bériname Badjaré; Dabitora Koumantiga; +3 Authors

    Description du sujet. Au Nord-Togo, particulièrement en milieu rural, les populations utilisent des biens d’espèces ligneuses et des services écosystémiques pour satisfaire des besoins multiples. Dans un environnement marqué par une déforestation accrue, se développe une pression anthropique croissante avec une incidence sur la vulnérabilité et la valorisation de ces ressources. Objectifs. Cette étude sur la diversité et les usages des ligneux permet d’apprécier la richesse floristique des terroirs et d’évaluer, à partir de quatre paramètres, la vulnérabilité des espèces répertoriées et connues des populations en zone de savane sèche. Méthode. L’approche méthodologique est basée sur des enquêtes ethnobotaniques et socio-économiques menées auprès de 14 groupes ethniques par interview individuel et au sein de « focus groups ». Les analyses ont porté sur des calculs de fréquences et d’indices de valeurs d’usage et d’importance des espèces répertoriées. Résultats. Au total, 149 espèces ligneuses utiles ont été identifiées et réparties en 45 familles. Neuf principaux usages reconnus sont relevés : alimentaire (69 espèces), médicinal (91 espèces), bois-énergie (57 espèces), fourrager (57 espèces), artisanal (37 espèces), soins hygiéniques (36 espèces), bois de service (40 espèces), rituel ou magico-spirituel (35 espèces) et cosmétique (26 espèces). Ces usages portent essentiellement sur les feuilles, racines, fruits, graines, fleurs, bois et écorces. Sur l’ensemble des espèces répertoriées, 42 (28 %) présentent un risque élevé de vulnérabilité, celle-ci étant évaluée sur base de quatre paramètres : la fréquence de citation, le nombre d’usages différents, l’organe collecté et le mode de collecte. Conclusions. L’étude montre que l’utilisation des espèces ligneuses varie selon le milieu géographique et la valeur d’importance des espèces explique la vulnérabilité de celles-ci dans la savane sèche.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: SOW, El Hadji;

    The municipality of Djilor is marked by a tendency to degradation of resources. They are subject to the effects of climate change. This degradation is manifested by salinization of agricultural land, reduction of vegetation cover, reduction of grazing etc. Thus, the study of the vulnerability of the commune of Djilor to climate change and adaptation strategies of communities is the subject of this contribution. It allows us to understand the adaptation systems of local populations to the effects of climate change. The approach integrates the tools of vulnerability and adaptive capacity analysis to climate change (AVCA) and identification of risks at the community level - adaptation and livelihoods (CRiSTAL). This allowed for a participatory diagnosis of threats, constraints and opportunities related to climate change and endogenous knowledge on adaptation measures. The results show the existence of five categories of resources: natural resources, physical resources, human resources, financial resources and social resources. The analysis of vulnerability reveals that hazards directly or indirectly linked to climate change are present and are manifested more by salinization, rainfall variability, drought and floods. These hazards negatively influence these resources and have consequences on agriculture, livestock, fishing, forestry and trade. Faced with this situation, the populations are adopting adaptation strategies. Nevertheless, the situation persists and its effects are still remarkable.

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