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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book , Other literature type 2023Publisher:Zenodo Authors: Féral, Jean-Pierre;Generally speaking, the term benthos refers to all aquatic organisms (marine or freshwater) living in close relationship with the bottom of seas and oceans, lakes and rivers. A distinction is made between the plant benthos or phytobenthos (algae and phanerogams), and the animal benthos or zoobenthos (annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, fish, etc.). Furthermore, the fauna situated on the surface (or epifauna), which may be fixed or free, is different from that which lives inside the sediment (endofauna). Finally, in this section we are interested only in marine macrobenthos (organisms larger than a few mm), from the tidal zone to the abyssal depths. The smaller forms (meiofauna-flora and microfauna-flora), which are practically not documented, are not taken into account in this chapter on the bottoms of the St-Paul and Amsterdam Islands. The area has been explored only sporadically during the passage of a few vessels on scientific expeditions focused on other interests. Only one of them, dedicated to the exploration of the zone from 0 to 3000 m of depth ("Jasus"), took place in 1985, on board the Marion-Dufresne. The purpose of this chapter is to make an assessment of the situation in 2022, in the context of a fishing zone within a marine protected area. {"references": ["F\u00e9ral (J.-P.) 2023. Les composantes biologiques : flore et faune marines subtropicales de l'h\u00e9misph\u00e8re sud \u2013 Le benthos, In: G. Duhamel (coord.) Les \u00eeles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam (Oc\u00e9an Indien sud) : environnement marin et p\u00eacheries. Mus\u00e9um national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, pp. 51-85 (Patrimoines naturels : 84), \u27e8hal-03575176\u27e9, doi : 10.5281/zenodo.7768288"]}
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Thesis , Doctoral thesis 2017Publisher:Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Authors: Jacotot, Adrien;doi: 10.6098/2017ncal0004
La mangrove est un écosystème complexe qui se développe sur les zones intertidales, le long des littoraux (sub)tropicaux. Dû à sa production primaire élevée, couplée à une grande capacité de séquestration du carbone organique, la mangrove a été nommée écosystème à « Carbone Bleu ». Toutefois, le changement climatique à venir, et particulièrement les augmentations en CO2 atmosphérique et en température ainsi que la hausse du niveau marin, pourraient modifier son fonctionnement. Dans de ce contexte, les objectifs étaient de (i) comprendre comment les variations eustatiques passées ont pu impacter les stocks de carbone enfouis dans les sols de mangrove, afin de mieux prévoir l’effet de la future hausse du niveau marin, (ii) caractériser les émissions de CO2 et de CH4 depuis les sols et la colonne d’eau dans la mangrove, et (iii) évaluer l’impact de la hausse des concentrations en CO2 atmosphérique et de la durée d’immersion sur la physiologie de plantules de palétuviers. L’augmentation des concentrations CO2 atmosphérique modifiera la productivité des palétuviers, notamment en stimulant leur activité photosynthétique, facilitant ainsi leurs capacités à coloniser de nouveaux espaces disponibles du fait de la hausse des océans. Cette hausse aura également un effet conséquent sur les stocks de carbone dans les sols, comme nous l’avons montré pour les variations eustatiques de l’Holocène tardif, impliquant également une migration des strates de mangrove. Finalement, les émissions de CO2 et de CH4 vers l’atmosphère sont non négligeables, tout particulièrement celles émises depuis la colonne d’eau, qui devront être pris en compte dans les futurs bilans carbone de l’écosystème. Mangroves are complex and unique ecosystems that develop on intertidal areas along (sub)tropical coastlines. Due to their position, they are considered as major ecosystems in the coastal carbon cycle. Thanks to their high primary productivity, coupled with a high carbon sequestrating capacity in both biomass and soils, mangroves have been called “Blue Carbon” ecosystems. However, future climate change, and particularly increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, temperatures and sea-level rise, may alter its functioning. Within this context, the objectives were to (i) understand how eustatic variations may have impacted soil carbon stocks by the past, in order to better predict the effects of future sea-level rise, (ii) characterize CO2 and CH4 emissions from the soil and also from the water column within the mangrove forest, and (iii) evaluate the impact of future increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and in sea-level may affect the physiology of young mangrove seedlings. Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations will modify either the seedlings productivity and photosynthetic activity, therefore facilitating their ability to colonize new accommodation spaces due to the rising sea-level. This increase in sea-level will also have a consequent impact on soil carbon stocks, as we showed for the past eustatic variations of the late Holocene, also implying a migration of mangroves stands. Eventually, CO2 and CH4 emissions to the atmosphere were non-neglectable, particularly the one emitted from the water column.
Hyper Article en Lig... arrow_drop_down Mémoires en Sciences de l'Information et de la CommunicationDoctoral thesis . 2017add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Hyper Article en Lig... arrow_drop_down Mémoires en Sciences de l'Information et de la CommunicationDoctoral thesis . 2017add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2021Publisher:Universit�� de La R��union Authors: Micha��l, Goujon; Hoarau, Jean-Fran��ois; Santoni, Olivier;L���objectif de cet article est d�����valuer de mani��re synth��tique la vuln��rabilit�� des petites ��conomies insulaires (PEI) aux cons��quences du changement climatique. Nous utilisons un indicateur composite de vuln��rabilit�� physique au changement climatique (PVCCI pour Physical vulnerability to climate change index), d��velopp�� �� la Ferdi, que nous appliquons �� un ��chantillon large de 250 ��conomies dont 100 PEI souveraines ou affili��es. Nos r��sultats refl��tent bien que les PEI sont structurellement expos��es aux cons��quences du changement climatique mais de mani��re h��t��rog��ne. Une illustration des r��sultats est donn��e sur les PEI du Sud-Ouest de l���oc��an Indien. The objective of this paper is to synthetically assess the vulnerability of small island economies (SIEs) to the consequences of climate change. We use a composite indicator of physical vulnerability to climate change (PVCCI), developed at Ferdi, which we apply to a large sample of 250 economies, including 100 sovereign or affiliated SIEs. Our results show that SEIs are structurally exposed to the consequences of climate change but in a heterogeneous way. An illustration of the results is given on the southwest Indian Ocean SEIs.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Thesis 2021Publisher:Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Authors: Malik, Soane;doi: 10.6098/2021ncal0004
La dégradation des habitats naturels, les espèces exotiques envahissantes et la surexploitation sont les trois principales menaces pesant sur la biodiversité à ce jour. Nous présentons ici des travaux sur 1'état des populations de deux espèces de roussettes sympatriques, Pteropus ornatus (endémique) et P. tonganus (native) et l'impact de la chasse et de la prédation par le chat haret Felis catus, en Nouvelle-Calédonie. L'étude de l'occupation des gîtes de roussettes en province Nord met en évidence une disparition de 33% en 40 ans. La population de roussettes sur la Grande Terre est estimée à environ 735 000 individus (des deux espèces confondues) et le taux de prélèvement de chasse annuel à 7%. La modélisation stochastique intégrée de cette population suggère que les prélèvements actuels pourraient conduire à un déclin de près de 80% dans les 30 prochaines années. Les mises en place de moratoires temporaires et/ou de zones protégées apparaissent, en plus d'être combinables, comme les options de gestion les plus acceptables pour les chasseurs mais aussi la plus efficaces. Une analyse des données disponibles au niveau mondial montre que toutes les formes de chats s'attaquent aux chauves-souris dans l'ensemble des habitats et que cette menace est sans doute largement sous-estimée. Enfin, des premiers résultats suggèrent un taux prédation des roussettes par les chats harets en Nouvelle-Calédonie de même ordre de grandeur que celui de la chasse. Cette étude propose un cadre d'évaluation de la soutenabilité à la chasse d'espèces gibier dans une démarche de gestion adaptative intégrée en prenant en compte d'autres facteurs de menace tels que les espèces invasives. Habitat degradation, invasive species and overexploitation are currently tbe three main threats to biodiversity. Here we present a study on tbe population status oftwo sympatric flying fox species, Pteropus ornatus (endemie) and P. tonganus (native), and the impact of hunting and predation by the ferai catFelis catus in New Caledonia. The study offlying fox roost occupancy in the North Province shows a 33% disapearance in 40 years. The flying fox population on Grande Terre is estimated at about 735,000 individuals (ofboth species) and the annual hunting rate at 7%. Integrated stochastic modelling of this population suggests tbat current harvesting levels could lead to a decline of up to 80% in the next 30 years. Temporary hunting ban and/or protected areas appear, in addition to being combinable, to be the most acceptable and effective management options for hunters. An analysis of tbe data available worldwide shows that ali forms of cats prey on bats in all habitats and tbat this tbreat is probably largely underestimated. Finally, initial results suggest tbat flying fox predation by ferai cats in New Caledonia is ofthe same order of magnitude as hunting. This study proposes a framework for assessing the sustainability of hunting game species in an integrated adaptive management approach, taking into account other threat factors such as invasive species.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Thesis 2021Publisher:Universit�� de la Nouvelle-Cal��donie Authors: Hue, Thomas;doi: 10.6098/2021ncal0008
Les infestations des ��toiles de mer corallivores du genre Acanthaster repr��sentent une des menaces les plus importantes qui p��sent actuellement sur les r��cifs coralliens de la zone Indopacifique. En d��pit d���efforts de recherche cons��quents ces trois derni��res d��cennies, les facteurs d���initiation de ces infestations restent m��connus. Des travaux r��cents proposent que les processus li��s au changement climatique, notamment le r��chauffement et l���acidification des oc��ans, pourraient favoriser certains stades de vie des acanthasters, en particulier la phase larvaire p��lagique qui est consid��r��e comme un goulot d�����tranglement pour la dynamique des populations. Dans ce contexte, nous avons ��tudi�� les effets du r��chauffement et de l���acidification des oc��ans pr��vus d���ici la fin du si��cle suivant le sc��nario classique business-as-usual du GIEC (+2 ��C ; pH 7,75) sur les performances de reproduction des acanthasters apr��s les avoir acclimat�� aux diff��rentes conditions. Les reproductions in vitro ont ��t�� effectu��es avant d�����tudier les processus biologiques suivants, de la fertilisation aux derniers stades larvaires. R��pliquer les exp��riences deux ann��es cons��cutives a permis de pr��ciser la p��riode optimale de reproduction en Nouvelle-Cal��donie, qui semble se situer en d��cembre quand la temp��rature de l���eau d��passe 26 ��C. Nos r��sultats ont montr�� que les futures modifications des param��tres physico-chimiques de l���eau pourraient avoir des effets contrast��s suivant les stades de vie et surtout suivant la saisonnalit�� de reproduction. A mesure que l���on s�����loigne de la p��riode de reproduction optimale, les effets deviennent particuli��rement n��fastes, avec un succ��s de fertilisation divis�� par trois dans les conditions chauff��es, associ�� �� une augmentation de la mortalit�� (+25%) ainsi que du taux d���anormalit�� (jusqu����� 100%) des larves dans les conditions acidifi��es. Nos r��sultats sugg��rent que le r��chauffement climatique pourrait entrainer un avancement de la p��riode de reproduction des acanthasters, puis un allongement pour se rapprocher de la p��riode observ��e aux latitudes plus basses. En revanche, lors de la p��riode optimale de reproduction, nous avons observ�� des effets faibles �� mod��r��s de la temp��rature sur les ��ufs, les RGS, les taux de fertilisation, et la taille des premiers stades larvaires. Nous avons aussi montr�� que toutes les larves ��taient syst��matiquement plus grandes dans les traitements acidifi��s, quel que soit le stade larvaire. De plus, nous avons d��tect�� des retards de d��veloppement larvaire provoqu��s par la temp��rature et par le pH, qui pourraient se traduire par un allongement du cycle larvaire dans la nature, associ�� avec une diminution du nombre de recrues. N��anmoins, aucune mortalit�� significative n���a ��t�� montr��e sur les larves issues des reproductions faites en p��riode optimale, sugg��rant une possible acclimatation des adultes aux conditions futures. Ajouter une phase d���acclimatation �� des conditions modifi��es de temp��rature et de pH n���avait jamais ��t�� fait sur les acanthasters, et les diff��rences de r��sultats entre le projet doctoral et les ��tudes pr��c��dentes ayant omis cette phase d���acclimatation soulignent l���importance de cette phase pour de futurs travaux. Bien que nos travaux aient ��t�� r��alis��s sur une p��riode sp��cifique dans des conditions contr��l��es, qui sont diff��rentes des conditions naturelles, il semble que les acanthasters se soient acclimat�� aux conditions modifi��es et ont produit des larves r��sistantes. Le changement climatique ��tant un ph��nom��ne lent, il est tr��s probable que les acanthasters s���acclimatent aux conditions futures et que la dynamique des populations ne soit pas affect��e. Nos travaux ont permis d���augmenter les connaissances des effets du changement climatique sur les acanthasters et de pr��ciser la p��riode optimale de reproduction en Nouvelle-Cal��donie. Outbreaks of the coral-eating starfish Acanthaster sp. represent one of the most severe threats to coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific zone. Despite significant research efforts over the last three decades, the factors behind the initiation of these outbreaks remain poorly understood. Recent work proposes that processes related to climate change, notably ocean warming and acidification, could favour certain life stages in particular the pelagic larval phase, which is considered a bottleneck for population dynamics. In this context, we studied the effects of ocean warming and acidification predicted by the end of the century according to the classical IPCC business-as-usual scenario (+2��C; pH 7.75) on the reproductive performances of acanthasters after exposing the adults to different conditions. The reproductions were carried out in vitro before studying the following biological processes from fertilization to the final larval stages. Replicating the experiments two years in a row made it possible to specify the optimal reproduction period in New Caledonia, which seems to be in December when the water temperature exceeds 26��C. Our results showed that future modifications of the physico-chemical parameters of the water could have contrasting effects according to the life stages and especially according to the seasonality of reproduction. As one moves away from the optimal reproduction period, the effects become particularly deleterious, with a fertilization success divided by three under heated conditions, associated with an increase in mortality (+25%) as well as in the abnormality rate (up to 100%) of the larvae under acidified conditions. Our results suggest that global warming could lead to an advancement of the breeding period of acanthasters, then a lengthening to approach the period observed at lower latitudes. On the other hand, during the optimal breeding period, we observed weak to moderate effects of temperature on eggs, RGS, fertilization rates, and size of early larval stages. We also showed that all larvae were consistently larger in acidified treatments, regardless of larval stage. In addition, we detected delays in larval development caused by temperature and pH, which could result in a lengthening of the larval cycle in nature, associated with a decrease in the number of recruits. Nevertheless, no significant mortality was shown on larvae resulting from breeding during the optimal period, suggesting possible acclimation of adults to future conditions. Adding an acclimation phase to modified temperature and pH conditions had never been done on acanthasters, and the differences in results between the doctoral project and previous studies that omitted this phase underline its importance for future work. Although our work was carried out over a specific period of time under controlled conditions, which are different from natural conditions, it seems that the acanthasters acclimatized to the modified conditions and produced resistant larvae. Since climate change is a slow phenomenon, it is very likely that acanthasters will acclimatize to future conditions and that population dynamics will not be affected. Our work has increased knowledge of the effects of climate change on acanthasters and clarified the optimal breeding period in New Caledonia.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book , Other literature type 2023Publisher:Zenodo Authors: Féral, Jean-Pierre;The St-Paul and Amsterdam (SPA) islands are surrounded by giant kelp of which the most abundant is Macrocystis pyrifera, a monospecific genus widely spread in both hemispheres. In SPA, the species is at the northern limit of its southern distribution. M. pyrifera is limited by the winter isotherm 3°C (lethality at 2°C) and the summer isotherm 18°C (lethality between 21 and 25°C). The average temperature of the sea water in SPA fluctuates between 12.5°C in winter and 19.5°C in summer. It is likely that the species may be threatened by the effects of climate change as observed in Tasmania. The problem would be related to the consequences of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), notably a decrease in precipitation and an increase in sea surface temperatures as well as mortality due to storms. {"references": ["F\u00e9ral (J.-P.) 2023. Les composantes biologiques : flore et faune marines subtropicales de l'h\u00e9misph\u00e8re sud \u2013 Les ceintures de Phaeophyceae. In: G. Duhamel (coord.) Les \u00eeles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam (Oc\u00e9an Indien sud) : environnement marin et p\u00eacheries. Mus\u00e9um national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, pp. 44-50 (Patrimoines naturels : 84) \u27e8hal-03575185\u27e9, doi : 10.5281/zenodo.7768595"]}
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visibility 14visibility views 14 download downloads 3 Powered bymore_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Thesis 2018Publisher:Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Authors: Le Duff, Matthieu;doi: 10.6098/2018ncal0005
La stratégie métropolitaine de prévention des risques naturels s’est construite autour d’un outil central, le Plan de Prévention des Risques. Les autres dimensions de la prévention apparaissent secondaires, en particulier le volet relatif à l’information des populations. Ce dernier semble ne pas mobiliser toute l’attention qu’il devrait malgré les différents dispositifs réglementaires construits au cours du temps, comme en attestent les rapports d’évaluation de la stratégie nationale de gestion des risques majeurs. La thèse interroge la pertinence d’une transposition de ce modèle de prévention en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Un territoire dont les spécificités historiques, politiques, sociales, culturelles et environnementales sont telles que les outils structurants de la politique métropolitaine apparaissent peu adaptés voire simplement inapplicables. Mise en pratique aux îles Loyauté, où la tenure foncière relève principalement du droit coutumier, notre démarche vise à appréhender la prévention des risques davantage à l’échelle d’un espace, le littoral, qu’au travers d’un aléa donné et ce, en impliquant les populations et les acteurs territoriaux. Nous étudierons les différents types de pression pouvant s’y exercer, comme l’érosion du trait de côte et les submersions marine, tout en cherchant à intégrer la vision autochtone rattachée tant à ces « risques naturels » qu’à cet espace particulier qu’est le littoral. Enfin, la thèse propose des pistes et des outils qui pourraient être adoptés et développés par les autorités de la Nouvelle-Calédonie pour conduire à la construction d’un modèle de prévention des risques devenu un véritable outil de développement durable des territoires. The metropolitan strategy for the prevention of natural risks was built around a central tool, the Risk Prevention Plan. The other dimensions of prevention appear secondary, in particular, the aspect relating to the information of the population. The latter does not seem to receive the attention that it should despite the different regulatory frameworks built over time, as evidenced by the evaluation reports of the national major risk management strategy. The thesis questions the relevance of transposing this prevention model in New Caledonia. A territory whose historical, political, social, cultural and environmental specificities are such that the structuring tools of metropolitan policy appear to be poorly adapted or simply inapplicable. Put into practice in the Loyalty Islands, where land tenure is mainly governed by customary law, our approach aims to understand risk prevention more on the scale of an area, namely the coast, than through a given hazard, by involving populations and territorial actors. We will study the different types of pressure that can be exerted there, such as shoreline erosion and marine submersions. All this will be done while seeking to integrate the Aboriginal vision associated with both of these "natural hazards", as well as the particular space that is the shoreline. Finally, the thesis proposes avenues and tools that could be adopted and developed by the authorities of New Caledonia, in order to lead to the construction of a risk prevention model that has become a real tool for the sustainable development of territories.
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book , Other literature type 2023Publisher:Zenodo Authors: Féral, Jean-Pierre;Generally speaking, the term benthos refers to all aquatic organisms (marine or freshwater) living in close relationship with the bottom of seas and oceans, lakes and rivers. A distinction is made between the plant benthos or phytobenthos (algae and phanerogams), and the animal benthos or zoobenthos (annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, fish, etc.). Furthermore, the fauna situated on the surface (or epifauna), which may be fixed or free, is different from that which lives inside the sediment (endofauna). Finally, in this section we are interested only in marine macrobenthos (organisms larger than a few mm), from the tidal zone to the abyssal depths. The smaller forms (meiofauna-flora and microfauna-flora), which are practically not documented, are not taken into account in this chapter on the bottoms of the St-Paul and Amsterdam Islands. The area has been explored only sporadically during the passage of a few vessels on scientific expeditions focused on other interests. Only one of them, dedicated to the exploration of the zone from 0 to 3000 m of depth ("Jasus"), took place in 1985, on board the Marion-Dufresne. The purpose of this chapter is to make an assessment of the situation in 2022, in the context of a fishing zone within a marine protected area. {"references": ["F\u00e9ral (J.-P.) 2023. Les composantes biologiques : flore et faune marines subtropicales de l'h\u00e9misph\u00e8re sud \u2013 Le benthos, In: G. Duhamel (coord.) Les \u00eeles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam (Oc\u00e9an Indien sud) : environnement marin et p\u00eacheries. Mus\u00e9um national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, pp. 51-85 (Patrimoines naturels : 84), \u27e8hal-03575176\u27e9, doi : 10.5281/zenodo.7768288"]}
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visibility 18visibility views 18 download downloads 2 Powered bymore_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Thesis , Doctoral thesis 2017Publisher:Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Authors: Jacotot, Adrien;doi: 10.6098/2017ncal0004
La mangrove est un écosystème complexe qui se développe sur les zones intertidales, le long des littoraux (sub)tropicaux. Dû à sa production primaire élevée, couplée à une grande capacité de séquestration du carbone organique, la mangrove a été nommée écosystème à « Carbone Bleu ». Toutefois, le changement climatique à venir, et particulièrement les augmentations en CO2 atmosphérique et en température ainsi que la hausse du niveau marin, pourraient modifier son fonctionnement. Dans de ce contexte, les objectifs étaient de (i) comprendre comment les variations eustatiques passées ont pu impacter les stocks de carbone enfouis dans les sols de mangrove, afin de mieux prévoir l’effet de la future hausse du niveau marin, (ii) caractériser les émissions de CO2 et de CH4 depuis les sols et la colonne d’eau dans la mangrove, et (iii) évaluer l’impact de la hausse des concentrations en CO2 atmosphérique et de la durée d’immersion sur la physiologie de plantules de palétuviers. L’augmentation des concentrations CO2 atmosphérique modifiera la productivité des palétuviers, notamment en stimulant leur activité photosynthétique, facilitant ainsi leurs capacités à coloniser de nouveaux espaces disponibles du fait de la hausse des océans. Cette hausse aura également un effet conséquent sur les stocks de carbone dans les sols, comme nous l’avons montré pour les variations eustatiques de l’Holocène tardif, impliquant également une migration des strates de mangrove. Finalement, les émissions de CO2 et de CH4 vers l’atmosphère sont non négligeables, tout particulièrement celles émises depuis la colonne d’eau, qui devront être pris en compte dans les futurs bilans carbone de l’écosystème. Mangroves are complex and unique ecosystems that develop on intertidal areas along (sub)tropical coastlines. Due to their position, they are considered as major ecosystems in the coastal carbon cycle. Thanks to their high primary productivity, coupled with a high carbon sequestrating capacity in both biomass and soils, mangroves have been called “Blue Carbon” ecosystems. However, future climate change, and particularly increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, temperatures and sea-level rise, may alter its functioning. Within this context, the objectives were to (i) understand how eustatic variations may have impacted soil carbon stocks by the past, in order to better predict the effects of future sea-level rise, (ii) characterize CO2 and CH4 emissions from the soil and also from the water column within the mangrove forest, and (iii) evaluate the impact of future increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and in sea-level may affect the physiology of young mangrove seedlings. Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations will modify either the seedlings productivity and photosynthetic activity, therefore facilitating their ability to colonize new accommodation spaces due to the rising sea-level. This increase in sea-level will also have a consequent impact on soil carbon stocks, as we showed for the past eustatic variations of the late Holocene, also implying a migration of mangroves stands. Eventually, CO2 and CH4 emissions to the atmosphere were non-neglectable, particularly the one emitted from the water column.
Hyper Article en Lig... arrow_drop_down Mémoires en Sciences de l'Information et de la CommunicationDoctoral thesis . 2017add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Hyper Article en Lig... arrow_drop_down Mémoires en Sciences de l'Information et de la CommunicationDoctoral thesis . 2017add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2021Publisher:Universit�� de La R��union Authors: Micha��l, Goujon; Hoarau, Jean-Fran��ois; Santoni, Olivier;L���objectif de cet article est d�����valuer de mani��re synth��tique la vuln��rabilit�� des petites ��conomies insulaires (PEI) aux cons��quences du changement climatique. Nous utilisons un indicateur composite de vuln��rabilit�� physique au changement climatique (PVCCI pour Physical vulnerability to climate change index), d��velopp�� �� la Ferdi, que nous appliquons �� un ��chantillon large de 250 ��conomies dont 100 PEI souveraines ou affili��es. Nos r��sultats refl��tent bien que les PEI sont structurellement expos��es aux cons��quences du changement climatique mais de mani��re h��t��rog��ne. Une illustration des r��sultats est donn��e sur les PEI du Sud-Ouest de l���oc��an Indien. The objective of this paper is to synthetically assess the vulnerability of small island economies (SIEs) to the consequences of climate change. We use a composite indicator of physical vulnerability to climate change (PVCCI), developed at Ferdi, which we apply to a large sample of 250 economies, including 100 sovereign or affiliated SIEs. Our results show that SEIs are structurally exposed to the consequences of climate change but in a heterogeneous way. An illustration of the results is given on the southwest Indian Ocean SEIs.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Thesis 2021Publisher:Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Authors: Malik, Soane;doi: 10.6098/2021ncal0004
La dégradation des habitats naturels, les espèces exotiques envahissantes et la surexploitation sont les trois principales menaces pesant sur la biodiversité à ce jour. Nous présentons ici des travaux sur 1'état des populations de deux espèces de roussettes sympatriques, Pteropus ornatus (endémique) et P. tonganus (native) et l'impact de la chasse et de la prédation par le chat haret Felis catus, en Nouvelle-Calédonie. L'étude de l'occupation des gîtes de roussettes en province Nord met en évidence une disparition de 33% en 40 ans. La population de roussettes sur la Grande Terre est estimée à environ 735 000 individus (des deux espèces confondues) et le taux de prélèvement de chasse annuel à 7%. La modélisation stochastique intégrée de cette population suggère que les prélèvements actuels pourraient conduire à un déclin de près de 80% dans les 30 prochaines années. Les mises en place de moratoires temporaires et/ou de zones protégées apparaissent, en plus d'être combinables, comme les options de gestion les plus acceptables pour les chasseurs mais aussi la plus efficaces. Une analyse des données disponibles au niveau mondial montre que toutes les formes de chats s'attaquent aux chauves-souris dans l'ensemble des habitats et que cette menace est sans doute largement sous-estimée. Enfin, des premiers résultats suggèrent un taux prédation des roussettes par les chats harets en Nouvelle-Calédonie de même ordre de grandeur que celui de la chasse. Cette étude propose un cadre d'évaluation de la soutenabilité à la chasse d'espèces gibier dans une démarche de gestion adaptative intégrée en prenant en compte d'autres facteurs de menace tels que les espèces invasives. Habitat degradation, invasive species and overexploitation are currently tbe three main threats to biodiversity. Here we present a study on tbe population status oftwo sympatric flying fox species, Pteropus ornatus (endemie) and P. tonganus (native), and the impact of hunting and predation by the ferai catFelis catus in New Caledonia. The study offlying fox roost occupancy in the North Province shows a 33% disapearance in 40 years. The flying fox population on Grande Terre is estimated at about 735,000 individuals (ofboth species) and the annual hunting rate at 7%. Integrated stochastic modelling of this population suggests tbat current harvesting levels could lead to a decline of up to 80% in the next 30 years. Temporary hunting ban and/or protected areas appear, in addition to being combinable, to be the most acceptable and effective management options for hunters. An analysis of tbe data available worldwide shows that ali forms of cats prey on bats in all habitats and tbat this tbreat is probably largely underestimated. Finally, initial results suggest tbat flying fox predation by ferai cats in New Caledonia is ofthe same order of magnitude as hunting. This study proposes a framework for assessing the sustainability of hunting game species in an integrated adaptive management approach, taking into account other threat factors such as invasive species.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Thesis 2021Publisher:Universit�� de la Nouvelle-Cal��donie Authors: Hue, Thomas;doi: 10.6098/2021ncal0008
Les infestations des ��toiles de mer corallivores du genre Acanthaster repr��sentent une des menaces les plus importantes qui p��sent actuellement sur les r��cifs coralliens de la zone Indopacifique. En d��pit d���efforts de recherche cons��quents ces trois derni��res d��cennies, les facteurs d���initiation de ces infestations restent m��connus. Des travaux r��cents proposent que les processus li��s au changement climatique, notamment le r��chauffement et l���acidification des oc��ans, pourraient favoriser certains stades de vie des acanthasters, en particulier la phase larvaire p��lagique qui est consid��r��e comme un goulot d�����tranglement pour la dynamique des populations. Dans ce contexte, nous avons ��tudi�� les effets du r��chauffement et de l���acidification des oc��ans pr��vus d���ici la fin du si��cle suivant le sc��nario classique business-as-usual du GIEC (+2 ��C ; pH 7,75) sur les performances de reproduction des acanthasters apr��s les avoir acclimat�� aux diff��rentes conditions. Les reproductions in vitro ont ��t�� effectu��es avant d�����tudier les processus biologiques suivants, de la fertilisation aux derniers stades larvaires. R��pliquer les exp��riences deux ann��es cons��cutives a permis de pr��ciser la p��riode optimale de reproduction en Nouvelle-Cal��donie, qui semble se situer en d��cembre quand la temp��rature de l���eau d��passe 26 ��C. Nos r��sultats ont montr�� que les futures modifications des param��tres physico-chimiques de l���eau pourraient avoir des effets contrast��s suivant les stades de vie et surtout suivant la saisonnalit�� de reproduction. A mesure que l���on s�����loigne de la p��riode de reproduction optimale, les effets deviennent particuli��rement n��fastes, avec un succ��s de fertilisation divis�� par trois dans les conditions chauff��es, associ�� �� une augmentation de la mortalit�� (+25%) ainsi que du taux d���anormalit�� (jusqu����� 100%) des larves dans les conditions acidifi��es. Nos r��sultats sugg��rent que le r��chauffement climatique pourrait entrainer un avancement de la p��riode de reproduction des acanthasters, puis un allongement pour se rapprocher de la p��riode observ��e aux latitudes plus basses. En revanche, lors de la p��riode optimale de reproduction, nous avons observ�� des effets faibles �� mod��r��s de la temp��rature sur les ��ufs, les RGS, les taux de fertilisation, et la taille des premiers stades larvaires. Nous avons aussi montr�� que toutes les larves ��taient syst��matiquement plus grandes dans les traitements acidifi��s, quel que soit le stade larvaire. De plus, nous avons d��tect�� des retards de d��veloppement larvaire provoqu��s par la temp��rature et par le pH, qui pourraient se traduire par un allongement du cycle larvaire dans la nature, associ�� avec une diminution du nombre de recrues. N��anmoins, aucune mortalit�� significative n���a ��t�� montr��e sur les larves issues des reproductions faites en p��riode optimale, sugg��rant une possible acclimatation des adultes aux conditions futures. Ajouter une phase d���acclimatation �� des conditions modifi��es de temp��rature et de pH n���avait jamais ��t�� fait sur les acanthasters, et les diff��rences de r��sultats entre le projet doctoral et les ��tudes pr��c��dentes ayant omis cette phase d���acclimatation soulignent l���importance de cette phase pour de futurs travaux. Bien que nos travaux aient ��t�� r��alis��s sur une p��riode sp��cifique dans des conditions contr��l��es, qui sont diff��rentes des conditions naturelles, il semble que les acanthasters se soient acclimat�� aux conditions modifi��es et ont produit des larves r��sistantes. Le changement climatique ��tant un ph��nom��ne lent, il est tr��s probable que les acanthasters s���acclimatent aux conditions futures et que la dynamique des populations ne soit pas affect��e. Nos travaux ont permis d���augmenter les connaissances des effets du changement climatique sur les acanthasters et de pr��ciser la p��riode optimale de reproduction en Nouvelle-Cal��donie. Outbreaks of the coral-eating starfish Acanthaster sp. represent one of the most severe threats to coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific zone. Despite significant research efforts over the last three decades, the factors behind the initiation of these outbreaks remain poorly understood. Recent work proposes that processes related to climate change, notably ocean warming and acidification, could favour certain life stages in particular the pelagic larval phase, which is considered a bottleneck for population dynamics. In this context, we studied the effects of ocean warming and acidification predicted by the end of the century according to the classical IPCC business-as-usual scenario (+2��C; pH 7.75) on the reproductive performances of acanthasters after exposing the adults to different conditions. The reproductions were carried out in vitro before studying the following biological processes from fertilization to the final larval stages. Replicating the experiments two years in a row made it possible to specify the optimal reproduction period in New Caledonia, which seems to be in December when the water temperature exceeds 26��C. Our results showed that future modifications of the physico-chemical parameters of the water could have contrasting effects according to the life stages and especially according to the seasonality of reproduction. As one moves away from the optimal reproduction period, the effects become particularly deleterious, with a fertilization success divided by three under heated conditions, associated with an increase in mortality (+25%) as well as in the abnormality rate (up to 100%) of the larvae under acidified conditions. Our results suggest that global warming could lead to an advancement of the breeding period of acanthasters, then a lengthening to approach the period observed at lower latitudes. On the other hand, during the optimal breeding period, we observed weak to moderate effects of temperature on eggs, RGS, fertilization rates, and size of early larval stages. We also showed that all larvae were consistently larger in acidified treatments, regardless of larval stage. In addition, we detected delays in larval development caused by temperature and pH, which could result in a lengthening of the larval cycle in nature, associated with a decrease in the number of recruits. Nevertheless, no significant mortality was shown on larvae resulting from breeding during the optimal period, suggesting possible acclimation of adults to future conditions. Adding an acclimation phase to modified temperature and pH conditions had never been done on acanthasters, and the differences in results between the doctoral project and previous studies that omitted this phase underline its importance for future work. Although our work was carried out over a specific period of time under controlled conditions, which are different from natural conditions, it seems that the acanthasters acclimatized to the modified conditions and produced resistant larvae. Since climate change is a slow phenomenon, it is very likely that acanthasters will acclimatize to future conditions and that population dynamics will not be affected. Our work has increased knowledge of the effects of climate change on acanthasters and clarified the optimal breeding period in New Caledonia.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book , Other literature type 2023Publisher:Zenodo Authors: Féral, Jean-Pierre;The St-Paul and Amsterdam (SPA) islands are surrounded by giant kelp of which the most abundant is Macrocystis pyrifera, a monospecific genus widely spread in both hemispheres. In SPA, the species is at the northern limit of its southern distribution. M. pyrifera is limited by the winter isotherm 3°C (lethality at 2°C) and the summer isotherm 18°C (lethality between 21 and 25°C). The average temperature of the sea water in SPA fluctuates between 12.5°C in winter and 19.5°C in summer. It is likely that the species may be threatened by the effects of climate change as observed in Tasmania. The problem would be related to the consequences of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), notably a decrease in precipitation and an increase in sea surface temperatures as well as mortality due to storms. {"references": ["F\u00e9ral (J.-P.) 2023. Les composantes biologiques : flore et faune marines subtropicales de l'h\u00e9misph\u00e8re sud \u2013 Les ceintures de Phaeophyceae. In: G. Duhamel (coord.) Les \u00eeles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam (Oc\u00e9an Indien sud) : environnement marin et p\u00eacheries. Mus\u00e9um national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, pp. 44-50 (Patrimoines naturels : 84) \u27e8hal-03575185\u27e9, doi : 10.5281/zenodo.7768595"]}
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5281/zenodo.7768594&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
visibility 14visibility views 14 download downloads 3 Powered bymore_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5281/zenodo.7768594&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Thesis 2018Publisher:Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Authors: Le Duff, Matthieu;doi: 10.6098/2018ncal0005
La stratégie métropolitaine de prévention des risques naturels s’est construite autour d’un outil central, le Plan de Prévention des Risques. Les autres dimensions de la prévention apparaissent secondaires, en particulier le volet relatif à l’information des populations. Ce dernier semble ne pas mobiliser toute l’attention qu’il devrait malgré les différents dispositifs réglementaires construits au cours du temps, comme en attestent les rapports d’évaluation de la stratégie nationale de gestion des risques majeurs. La thèse interroge la pertinence d’une transposition de ce modèle de prévention en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Un territoire dont les spécificités historiques, politiques, sociales, culturelles et environnementales sont telles que les outils structurants de la politique métropolitaine apparaissent peu adaptés voire simplement inapplicables. Mise en pratique aux îles Loyauté, où la tenure foncière relève principalement du droit coutumier, notre démarche vise à appréhender la prévention des risques davantage à l’échelle d’un espace, le littoral, qu’au travers d’un aléa donné et ce, en impliquant les populations et les acteurs territoriaux. Nous étudierons les différents types de pression pouvant s’y exercer, comme l’érosion du trait de côte et les submersions marine, tout en cherchant à intégrer la vision autochtone rattachée tant à ces « risques naturels » qu’à cet espace particulier qu’est le littoral. Enfin, la thèse propose des pistes et des outils qui pourraient être adoptés et développés par les autorités de la Nouvelle-Calédonie pour conduire à la construction d’un modèle de prévention des risques devenu un véritable outil de développement durable des territoires. The metropolitan strategy for the prevention of natural risks was built around a central tool, the Risk Prevention Plan. The other dimensions of prevention appear secondary, in particular, the aspect relating to the information of the population. The latter does not seem to receive the attention that it should despite the different regulatory frameworks built over time, as evidenced by the evaluation reports of the national major risk management strategy. The thesis questions the relevance of transposing this prevention model in New Caledonia. A territory whose historical, political, social, cultural and environmental specificities are such that the structuring tools of metropolitan policy appear to be poorly adapted or simply inapplicable. Put into practice in the Loyalty Islands, where land tenure is mainly governed by customary law, our approach aims to understand risk prevention more on the scale of an area, namely the coast, than through a given hazard, by involving populations and territorial actors. We will study the different types of pressure that can be exerted there, such as shoreline erosion and marine submersions. All this will be done while seeking to integrate the Aboriginal vision associated with both of these "natural hazards", as well as the particular space that is the shoreline. Finally, the thesis proposes avenues and tools that could be adopted and developed by the authorities of New Caledonia, in order to lead to the construction of a risk prevention model that has become a real tool for the sustainable development of territories.
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You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.6098/2018ncal0005&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
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