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ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF BUILDING AS A MITIGATION ACTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE. CASE STUDY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KINDERGARTEN BUILDING IN SIERAKOWICE VILLAGE. Abstract This article is an attempt to present the complex issue of energy efficiency in the field of architectural design, which was presented on the basis of a case study - a kindergarten in the village of Sierakowice. The building was realized in wooden technology, to minimize its impact on the natural environment. The facility is equipped with a number of devices for obtaining renewable energy (photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, heat pumps and ground heat exchangers). The author's analysis of the data in the author's opinion shows that the energy balance is not only the issue of the efficiency of energy-producing devices and energy consumption in the use phase. The content of the paper attempts to show that efficiency is rather the sum of energy generated and consumed in the use phase, but also in the phase of materials production, building implementation and its utilization. While in these periods of "life" of the building we deal mostly with the use of energy (negative balance), in the phase of use, energy can be produced. In this context, it can be assumed that the energy balance is not constant for a specific investment; it may change depending on the amount of energy produced and the variable efficiency of the devices used. The conclusion from the presented research is therefore the statement that the energy efficiency of the building is a variable function over time, and consequently, a building with zero energy consumption in a holistic approach can be easily implemented.

The aim of the study was to compare the status and prospects of the development of renewable energy in Poland and Ukraine. The source of the data used in this study were available reports, yearbooks and statistical studies Polish and Ukrainian, and literature on the issue of renewable energy development in these countries. Both in Poland and Ukraine, there is an increase in the production of energy from renewable sources. The share of renewables in the energy balance of Ukraine is much lower than in Poland. A significant problem for the development of renewable energy in Ukraine is the current political and economic situation.

Flyer - Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Efficient Buildings.

The aim of this article is to present the environmental and economic aspects of the production and use of liquid biofuels of the first generation. To this end it was made analysis of literature. Based on the analysis, it was found that the use of liquid biofuels of the first generation speak both economic aspects (sense of energy security, rural development, increase agricultural income, job creation) and environmental (reduction of extraction of non-renewable resources, reduction of emissions). Unfortunately, you must also take into account the negative economic aspects („land hunger”, the increase in prices of agricultural commodities and food, impoverishment of the population) and ecological (questionable environmental protection, increase the greenhouse effect, monoculture crops, low calorific value) the production and use of liquid biofuels of the first generation.

Wood waste in Europe is produced on a large scale. Production from all 28 European Union countries accounts for around 50.2 Mt. In many countries, wood waste management does not fully utilize this potential, which is in part due to the lack of proper law and regulations. Currently there is no uniform policy on wood waste in the European Union. There is also a lack of accurate statistics on the production and use of this waste. The aim of the study was to estimate the spatial distribution of wood waste from three different sources in the NUTS−2 regions. The total potential of wood waste from i) municipal waste is 24.33 Mt, ii) from wood industry – 5.6 Mt, and iii) from demolition and construction – 19.17 Mt. The total potential of this waste is about 7,85% of estimated waste biomass and by−products of the European Union, which is a significant fraction that can be recycled or used in biofuel production. Proper use of this potential can have a significant impact on the development of the bio−economy sector in all associated countries, which directly translates into the achievement of climate change mitigation targets. Sylwan 162 (7): 563-571

The study highlighted problems associated with the establishment of plantations of energy crops, the biomass of which is earmarked for energy purposes. Many experts share the view that organisation of the source of raw materials promotes the development of scattered local energy centres. However, the important question is whether or not it is reasonable to produce biomass from agricultural raw materials and stimulate the development of this sector. It appears that the question may be answered through the determination of appropriate relationships between self-sufficiency and food security on the one hand, and the need for supporting the energy security and climate change mitigation on the other hand. The aim of the study was to identify conditioning of organisation of the source of raw materials intended for the production of energy from biomass at the local level. Opinions on this issue were obtained in 2014 through telephone interviews carried out with 66 farm owners who declared that they cultivated crops intended for energy purposes in Warmińsko-Mazurskie province.

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Stahl (red.), Problemy pogranicza prawa administracyjnego i prawa ochrony \u015brodowiska, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2017, s. 267-282.", "Plan Rozwoju Systemu Przesy\u0142owego do 2030 roku zatwierdzony przez URE, https://www.pse.pl/-/plan-rozwojusystemu- przesylowego-do-2030-roku-zatwierdzony-przez-ure [dost\u0119p: 11.07.2020].", "Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, , https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ t2020_31/default/table?lang=en [dost\u0119p: 11.07.2021].", "Zawieszanie post\u0119powa\u0144 dotycz\u0105cych pozwole\u0144 lokalizacyjnych w polskich obszarach morskich, do czasu przyj\u0119cia w drodze rozporz\u0105dzenia plan\u00f3w zagospodarowania przestrzennego dla tych obszar\u00f3w, https://gospodarkamorska.bip.gov.pl/ gospodarka-morska-ogloszenia-i-obwieszczenia/zawieszanie-postepowan-dotyczacych-pozwolen-lokalizacyjnychw- polskich-obszarach-morskich-do-czasu-przyjecia-w-drodze-rozporzadzenia-planow-zagospodarowaniaprzestrzennego- dla-tych-obszarow.html [dost\u0119p: 11.07.2021]."]} In the Polish Energy Policy until 2040, the development of renewable energy sources was indicated as one of the aims for development and implementation of its goals. The development is inevitable, particularly considering Polish commitments towards the European Union, such as the obligation introduced by the RES Directive with respect to the share of energy from renewable sources reaching a level of at least 32% of the Union’s gross final consumption of energy in 2030. PEP 2040 indicates that offshore wind farms will play a special role in achieving the renewable energy target. The purpose of this study was therefore to verify whether, and to what extent, the measures adopted by the Polish legislator in the context of offshore wind energy development would allow Poland to achieve the EU obligations. The paper presents the results of analysis of selected elements of the complex investment process in the case of offshore wind farms. As part of the study of this issue, an attempt was made to identify obstacles and restrictions in the investment process, including issues of the process of issuing decisions and permits or spatial development plan for Polish maritime areas. Forms of support for offshore wind energy were also critically analyzed.

The article focuses on the European energy politics (incl. EU politics), particularly on the question of energy solidarity which is opposed to egoistic political actions. The energy solidarity which is a subsequent factor, which can reinforce the energy security, i.e., most of all, the decrease in energy dependence, decrease in inner demand for energy, diversification of energy resources, as well as counteracting energy ,,mono culture". The article presents the main trends in EU energy policy, i.e.: competitiveness, diversity in energy forms, solidarity, security of energy and raw material supply, stable development, innovations and new technologies, common foreign policy, market reform, renewable energy, energy productivity, energy security, crisis counteracting. The article also refers to the ambiguity of the concepts of energy solidarity and energy security. In order to identify these notions and the very EU energy policy, the analysis of key documents regarding energy policy has been presented (the basis are the so called “energy green papers”), as well as the analysis of countries' actions, which in common perception are referred to as ,,political”. The article determines major problems concerning EU energy policy, which, among others, relate to: the multitude of businesses of EU members, bilateralness of relations between some of the member countries and raw material suppliers (eg. Russia), lack of uniform foreign policy (which also influences the formation of EU energy security), treatment of energy security from the national perspective, different structures of energy markets in the EU Member States, occurrence on the energy market of the private subjects realizing their own policy, technological differences in power infrastructure of the EU Member States.

The development and construction of the first nuclear power plants became the basis for the emergence of a new branch of the economy, an economy based on the use of radioactive means. Threats of a radiological nature generated by this new qualitative branch of the economy are not related solely to the operation of the nuclear power plant. Transport, decontamination or the process of recovering spent nuclear fuel for reuse in special reactors are also a source of potential threats. And these hazards do not only apply to persons working in nuclear power plants or having contact with nuclear fuel. They also affect the security of the population in a wider scope, becoming the subject of interest for specialists dealing with common security. The aim of the article is an attempt to systematize and approximate the issue of radiation hazards related to the construction and operation of nuclear power plants. The tragedies of 1986 in the USSR and 2011 in Japan show the magnitude of losses and human suffering in the event of a radiation event with signs of a catastrophe. In article, author explained the concept and the essence of radiation hazards, including the risk assessment of this type of threats in Poland, presented the general principles of employee protection and defense against failures used in nuclear power plants, as well as the concept of the so-called defense in depth.