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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2021Publisher:Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Costa Rica Authors: Torres-Torres, Jhon Jerley; Mena Mosquera, Víctor Eleazar; Rueda Sánchez, Melissa Niyet;Introducción: A pesar de la amplia biodiversidad que se presenta en el Chocó, es poco lo que se ha documentado sobre la influencia de la altitud en la composición florística, estructura, diversidad, biomasa y carbono arbóreo. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de la altitud sobre la composición florística, estructura y carbono almacenado en bosques del gradiente altitudinal Quibdó (QDO)-Carmen de Atrato (CA) en el Chocó biogeográfico. Métodos: Establecimos 18 parcelas (20×20m) distribuidas en un gradiente de 100–1700m de altitud comprendida entre QDO y CA, Chocó. La composición florística fue analizada mediante el método de Ward y se realizó una regresión lineal simple para observar la relación entre la altitud y las variables estructurales y de biomasa. La diversidad fue estimada a través de los índices de Shannon y Simpson. Se calculó la biomasa empleando una ecuación alométrica desarrollada para este tipo de bosque. El carbono fue estimado con una fracción de carbono de 0,5. Resultados: Encontramos un total de 773 individuos, comprendido en 90 especies y 33 familias botánicas. Los sitios de menor altitud presentaron mayor riqueza. Las familias con mayor número de especies arbóreas fueron: Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Lauraceae y Clusiaceae. El análisis de Ward permitió separar los sitios en dos grupos diferentes estadísticamente (p ˂ 0,05), el primero de menor altitud dominado por las especies Iryanthera tricornis Ducke, Brosimum utile (Kunth) Pittier. y Pithecellobium sp. y el segundo de mayor altitud dominado por Aniba puchury-minor (Mart.) Mez. A nivel de densidad se observaron pocas diferencias entre los sitios, mientras que el área basal se reduce conforme aumenta la altitud. Para las variables riqueza de especie, área basal, diversidad y biomasa se obtuvieron relaciones y correlaciones negativas con la altitud, mientras que para la densidad esta fue positiva. En promedio se obtuvo un carbono almacenado en la biomasa aérea de 68,28Mg h-1 para el gradiente altitudinal QDO– CA (100-1700msnm), el cual disminuye conforme aumenta la altitud y difiere estadísticamente entre los sitios muestreados (p ˂ 0,05). Conclusión: La altitud ejerce una fuerte influencia negativa en la composición florística (riqueza de especie y recambio florístico), la estructura (área basal e Índice de Valor de Importancia) biomasa y carbono de los ecosistemas estudiados. Introduction: Despite the wide biodiversity found in the Chocó, little has been documented on the influence of altitude on floristic composition, structure, diversity, biomass and tree carbon. Objective: To evaluate the influence of altitude on the floristic composition, structure and carbon stored in forests of the Quibdó (QDO)-Carmen de Atrato (CA) altitudinal gradient in the biogeographic Choco. Methods: Eighteen plots (20×20m) were established in a gradient of 100-1700m altitude between QDO and CA, Choco. The floristic composition was analyzed using Ward's method and a simple linear regression was performed to observe the relationship between altitude and structural and biomass variables. Diversity was estimated using Shannon's and Simpson's indices. Biomass was calculated using an allometric equation developed for this forest type. Carbon was estimated with a carbon fraction of 0,5. Results: A total of 773 individuals were found, comprising 90 species and 33 botanical families. The sites at lower altitudes presented greater richness. The families with the highest number of tree species were: Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Lauraceae and Clusiaceae. Ward's analysis allowed separating the sites into two statistically different groups (p ˂ 0,05), the first of lower altitude dominated by the species Iryanthera tricornis Ducke, Brosimum utile (Kunth) Pittier. and Pithecellobium sp. and the second of higher altitude dominated by Aniba puchury-minor (Mart.) Mez. At the density level, few differences were observed between sites, while the basal area decreased with increasing altitude. For the variables species richness, basal area, diversity and biomass, negative relationships and correlations were obtained with altitude, while for density this was positive. On average, carbon stored in aboveground biomass was 68.28Mg h-1 for the QDO- CA altitudinal gradient (100-1700masl), which decreases as altitude increases and differs statistically among the sites sampled (p ˂ 0,05). Conclusion: Altitude exerts a strong negative influence on the floristic composition (species richness and floristic turnover), structure (basal area and Importance Value Index), biomass and carbon of the ecosystems studied.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2021Publisher:Universidad de Costa Rica Authors: Podestá, Jorge; Barona, Daniel;Introducción: La familia Scolopacidae (Orden: Charadriiformes) es una de las familias más abundantes en los humedales costeros. El Humedal Costero Poza de la Arenilla cuenta con un registro histórico de 20 especies de escolopácidos; los eventos climáticos podrían afectar la distribución y migración de varias especies de esta familia taxonómica, reduciendo su riqueza y abundancia. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la riqueza y la abundancia de las especies pertenecientes a la familia Scolopacidae y la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) y el índice costero El Niño (ICEN) en el Humedal Costero Poza de la Arenilla. Métodos: Se realizaron muestreos dos veces por mes entre enero 2013 y enero 2019 utilizando el método del conteo total para determinar la abundancia de las especies (N = 292). Se realizó un análisis de correlación de Spearman entre la abundancia, riqueza, TSM e ICEN, y se procedió a calcular la diversidad beta a través del índice de Whittaker, tanto para analizar el recambio anual para cada estación como el recambio estacional dentro de cada año. Resultados: Se obtuvieron dos correlaciones significativas: entre TSM y abundancia y entre ICEN y riqueza. Por otro lado, la prueba ANOSIM arrojó diferencias estacionales en las abundancias de las especies, y la prueba SIMPER arrojó que la mayor diferencia en las abundancias entre estaciones fue entre otoño y primavera (disimilitud de Bray-Curtis = 81.57 %), y la mínima entre invierno y primavera (disimilitud de Bray-Curtis = 49.86 %). Conclusiones: Las dinámicas ecológicas de las comunidades de escolopácidos en La Arenilla se ven modificadas de manera importante en función a las variaciones de los parámetros térmicos ambientales relacionados al cambio climático. Introduction: Scolopacidae family (Order: Charadriiformes) is one of the most abundant families found in coastal wetlands. La Arenilla coastal wetland has a historical record of 20 scolopacid species; climatic events could affect the distribution and migration of the several species of this taxonomic family, reducing their species richness and abundance. Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between richness and abundance of the species belonging to the Scolopacidae family and both Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and the coastal El Niño index (ICEN) in La Arenilla Coastal Wetland, La Punta, Callao. Methods: Sampling were carried out twice a month, between January 2013 and January 2019 using the Total Count Method in order to determine species abundance (N = 292). A Spearman correlation analysis between abundance, species richness, SST and ICEN was performed, and beta diversity was calculated through the Whittaker index (βw) to analyze both the annual turnover for each season and the seasonal turnover within each year. Results: Two significant correlations were obtained: between SST and abundance and between ICEN and species richness. On the other hand, the ANOSIM test showed seasonal differences in abundance, and the SIMPER test showed that the greatest difference in abundance between seasons was between autumn and spring (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity = 81.57 %), and the minimum difference between winter and spring (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity = 49.86 %). Conclusions: The ecological dynamics of scolopacid communities in La Arenilla coastal wetland face important changes according to the variations in the environmental thermal parameters related to climate change.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2021Publisher:Escuela de Acuicultura y Pesquería, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Técnica de Manabí Authors: Silva-Acosta, Jorge; Canales Valenzuela, Christian; Rodríguez Leal, Sergio;La acuicultura industrial ha crecido rápidamente debido al aumento en la demanda mundial de pescados y mariscos, lo que ha estimulado el desarrollo de sistemas acuícolas de cultivo de especies marinas. La necesidad de mantener altos niveles de productividad los convierte en sistemas complejos e inestables, propensos a sufrir perturbaciones con riesgo potencial de causar problemas de contaminación del ambiente natural. En las operaciones de acuicultura intensiva se estima que en los procesos de transformación para el desarrollo y crecimiento de la biomasa, aproximadamente el 75% del alimento es liberado en forma de nitrógeno y fósforo. Durante las últimas décadas se han realizado esfuerzos para el desarrollo de procesos de eliminación de estos nutrientes-contaminantes, que de otra manera serían liberados a los cuerpos de agua natural, causando eutrofización. El sistema de acuicultura con recirculación (RAS) es el sistema convencional de cultivo; incluye una etapa de remoción de nutrientes con biofiltros de bacterias aerobias que favorecen el proceso de nitrificación, aunque la tecnología de biofiltros tiene dificultades operacionales tales como la disminución en la concentración de oxígeno, acumulación de materia orgánica y dificultad de retroenjuague, entre otras. Así, han surgido opciones basadas en la actividad de organismos fotoautotróficos aprovechando la capacidad de plantas acuáticas, macro y microalgas, de eliminar con eficacia nutrientes-contaminantes (fitodepuración), consumiendo además de carbono y nitrógeno, también el fosforo, este último sin capacidad de ser removido con biofiltros nitrificantes. Sin embargo, esta estrategia de tratamiento no se ha utilizado en acuicultura intensiva debido a la alta disponibilidad de superficie demandada y que supera la requerida por los compactos equipos de para biofiltración nitrificante. La fitodepuración mixotrófica, que corresponde a la integración de dos tecnologías de tratamiento terciario de aguas residuales (biofiltración-autotrófica y fitodepuración), podrían ser una respuesta eficiente para el tratamiento de aguas residuales acuícolas, dada la interacción entre los organismos involucrados. Por ello, esta revisión se enfoca al potencial uso de los cultivos mixotróficos para el control de nutrientes-contaminantes en “RAS” o aguas residuales acuícolas, además de aportar al desarrollo de economía circular. Industrial aquaculture has grown rapidly due to the increase in world demand for fish and shellfish, which has stimulated the development of aquaculture systems for the cultivation of marine species. The need to maintain high levels of productivity makes them complex unstable systems, prone to disturbances with the potential risk of causing problems of contamination of the natural environment. In intensive aquaculture operations, it is estimated that in the transformation processes for the development and growth of biomass, approximately 75% of the feed is released in the form of nitrogen and phosphorus. During the last decades, efforts have been made to develop processes for the elimination of these nutrients-pollutants, which would otherwise be released into natural water bodies causing eutrophication. The recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is the conventional culture system; it includes a nutrient removal stage with biofilters of aerobic bacteria that favor the nitrification process, although the biofilter technology has operational difficulties such as the decrease in oxygen concentration, accumulation of organic matter and difficulty of back-rinsing, among others. Thus, options have emerged based on the activity of photoautotrophic organisms, taking advantage of the ability of aquatic plants, macro and microalgae, to effectively eliminate nutrients-pollutants (phytodepuration), consuming in addition to carbon and nitrogen, also phosphorus, the latter without the ability to be removed with nitrifying biofilters. However, this treatment strategy has not been used in intensive aquaculture due to the high availability of the area in demand, which exceeds that required by compact equipment for nitrifying biofiltration. Mixotrophic phytodepuration, which corresponds to the integration of two tertiary wastewater treatment technologies (biofiltration-autotrophic and phytodepuration), could be an efficient response for the treatment of aquaculture wastewater, given the interaction between the organisms involved. For this reason, this review focuses on the potential use of mixotrophic cultivation for the control of nutrients-pollutants in "RAS" or aquaculture wastewater, in addition to contributing to the development of circular economy.
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2021Publisher:Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Costa Rica Authors: Torres-Torres, Jhon Jerley; Mena Mosquera, Víctor Eleazar; Rueda Sánchez, Melissa Niyet;Introducción: A pesar de la amplia biodiversidad que se presenta en el Chocó, es poco lo que se ha documentado sobre la influencia de la altitud en la composición florística, estructura, diversidad, biomasa y carbono arbóreo. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de la altitud sobre la composición florística, estructura y carbono almacenado en bosques del gradiente altitudinal Quibdó (QDO)-Carmen de Atrato (CA) en el Chocó biogeográfico. Métodos: Establecimos 18 parcelas (20×20m) distribuidas en un gradiente de 100–1700m de altitud comprendida entre QDO y CA, Chocó. La composición florística fue analizada mediante el método de Ward y se realizó una regresión lineal simple para observar la relación entre la altitud y las variables estructurales y de biomasa. La diversidad fue estimada a través de los índices de Shannon y Simpson. Se calculó la biomasa empleando una ecuación alométrica desarrollada para este tipo de bosque. El carbono fue estimado con una fracción de carbono de 0,5. Resultados: Encontramos un total de 773 individuos, comprendido en 90 especies y 33 familias botánicas. Los sitios de menor altitud presentaron mayor riqueza. Las familias con mayor número de especies arbóreas fueron: Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Lauraceae y Clusiaceae. El análisis de Ward permitió separar los sitios en dos grupos diferentes estadísticamente (p ˂ 0,05), el primero de menor altitud dominado por las especies Iryanthera tricornis Ducke, Brosimum utile (Kunth) Pittier. y Pithecellobium sp. y el segundo de mayor altitud dominado por Aniba puchury-minor (Mart.) Mez. A nivel de densidad se observaron pocas diferencias entre los sitios, mientras que el área basal se reduce conforme aumenta la altitud. Para las variables riqueza de especie, área basal, diversidad y biomasa se obtuvieron relaciones y correlaciones negativas con la altitud, mientras que para la densidad esta fue positiva. En promedio se obtuvo un carbono almacenado en la biomasa aérea de 68,28Mg h-1 para el gradiente altitudinal QDO– CA (100-1700msnm), el cual disminuye conforme aumenta la altitud y difiere estadísticamente entre los sitios muestreados (p ˂ 0,05). Conclusión: La altitud ejerce una fuerte influencia negativa en la composición florística (riqueza de especie y recambio florístico), la estructura (área basal e Índice de Valor de Importancia) biomasa y carbono de los ecosistemas estudiados. Introduction: Despite the wide biodiversity found in the Chocó, little has been documented on the influence of altitude on floristic composition, structure, diversity, biomass and tree carbon. Objective: To evaluate the influence of altitude on the floristic composition, structure and carbon stored in forests of the Quibdó (QDO)-Carmen de Atrato (CA) altitudinal gradient in the biogeographic Choco. Methods: Eighteen plots (20×20m) were established in a gradient of 100-1700m altitude between QDO and CA, Choco. The floristic composition was analyzed using Ward's method and a simple linear regression was performed to observe the relationship between altitude and structural and biomass variables. Diversity was estimated using Shannon's and Simpson's indices. Biomass was calculated using an allometric equation developed for this forest type. Carbon was estimated with a carbon fraction of 0,5. Results: A total of 773 individuals were found, comprising 90 species and 33 botanical families. The sites at lower altitudes presented greater richness. The families with the highest number of tree species were: Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Lauraceae and Clusiaceae. Ward's analysis allowed separating the sites into two statistically different groups (p ˂ 0,05), the first of lower altitude dominated by the species Iryanthera tricornis Ducke, Brosimum utile (Kunth) Pittier. and Pithecellobium sp. and the second of higher altitude dominated by Aniba puchury-minor (Mart.) Mez. At the density level, few differences were observed between sites, while the basal area decreased with increasing altitude. For the variables species richness, basal area, diversity and biomass, negative relationships and correlations were obtained with altitude, while for density this was positive. On average, carbon stored in aboveground biomass was 68.28Mg h-1 for the QDO- CA altitudinal gradient (100-1700masl), which decreases as altitude increases and differs statistically among the sites sampled (p ˂ 0,05). Conclusion: Altitude exerts a strong negative influence on the floristic composition (species richness and floristic turnover), structure (basal area and Importance Value Index), biomass and carbon of the ecosystems studied.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2021Publisher:Universidad de Costa Rica Authors: Podestá, Jorge; Barona, Daniel;Introducción: La familia Scolopacidae (Orden: Charadriiformes) es una de las familias más abundantes en los humedales costeros. El Humedal Costero Poza de la Arenilla cuenta con un registro histórico de 20 especies de escolopácidos; los eventos climáticos podrían afectar la distribución y migración de varias especies de esta familia taxonómica, reduciendo su riqueza y abundancia. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la riqueza y la abundancia de las especies pertenecientes a la familia Scolopacidae y la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) y el índice costero El Niño (ICEN) en el Humedal Costero Poza de la Arenilla. Métodos: Se realizaron muestreos dos veces por mes entre enero 2013 y enero 2019 utilizando el método del conteo total para determinar la abundancia de las especies (N = 292). Se realizó un análisis de correlación de Spearman entre la abundancia, riqueza, TSM e ICEN, y se procedió a calcular la diversidad beta a través del índice de Whittaker, tanto para analizar el recambio anual para cada estación como el recambio estacional dentro de cada año. Resultados: Se obtuvieron dos correlaciones significativas: entre TSM y abundancia y entre ICEN y riqueza. Por otro lado, la prueba ANOSIM arrojó diferencias estacionales en las abundancias de las especies, y la prueba SIMPER arrojó que la mayor diferencia en las abundancias entre estaciones fue entre otoño y primavera (disimilitud de Bray-Curtis = 81.57 %), y la mínima entre invierno y primavera (disimilitud de Bray-Curtis = 49.86 %). Conclusiones: Las dinámicas ecológicas de las comunidades de escolopácidos en La Arenilla se ven modificadas de manera importante en función a las variaciones de los parámetros térmicos ambientales relacionados al cambio climático. Introduction: Scolopacidae family (Order: Charadriiformes) is one of the most abundant families found in coastal wetlands. La Arenilla coastal wetland has a historical record of 20 scolopacid species; climatic events could affect the distribution and migration of the several species of this taxonomic family, reducing their species richness and abundance. Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between richness and abundance of the species belonging to the Scolopacidae family and both Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and the coastal El Niño index (ICEN) in La Arenilla Coastal Wetland, La Punta, Callao. Methods: Sampling were carried out twice a month, between January 2013 and January 2019 using the Total Count Method in order to determine species abundance (N = 292). A Spearman correlation analysis between abundance, species richness, SST and ICEN was performed, and beta diversity was calculated through the Whittaker index (βw) to analyze both the annual turnover for each season and the seasonal turnover within each year. Results: Two significant correlations were obtained: between SST and abundance and between ICEN and species richness. On the other hand, the ANOSIM test showed seasonal differences in abundance, and the SIMPER test showed that the greatest difference in abundance between seasons was between autumn and spring (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity = 81.57 %), and the minimum difference between winter and spring (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity = 49.86 %). Conclusions: The ecological dynamics of scolopacid communities in La Arenilla coastal wetland face important changes according to the variations in the environmental thermal parameters related to climate change.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2021Publisher:Escuela de Acuicultura y Pesquería, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Técnica de Manabí Authors: Silva-Acosta, Jorge; Canales Valenzuela, Christian; Rodríguez Leal, Sergio;La acuicultura industrial ha crecido rápidamente debido al aumento en la demanda mundial de pescados y mariscos, lo que ha estimulado el desarrollo de sistemas acuícolas de cultivo de especies marinas. La necesidad de mantener altos niveles de productividad los convierte en sistemas complejos e inestables, propensos a sufrir perturbaciones con riesgo potencial de causar problemas de contaminación del ambiente natural. En las operaciones de acuicultura intensiva se estima que en los procesos de transformación para el desarrollo y crecimiento de la biomasa, aproximadamente el 75% del alimento es liberado en forma de nitrógeno y fósforo. Durante las últimas décadas se han realizado esfuerzos para el desarrollo de procesos de eliminación de estos nutrientes-contaminantes, que de otra manera serían liberados a los cuerpos de agua natural, causando eutrofización. El sistema de acuicultura con recirculación (RAS) es el sistema convencional de cultivo; incluye una etapa de remoción de nutrientes con biofiltros de bacterias aerobias que favorecen el proceso de nitrificación, aunque la tecnología de biofiltros tiene dificultades operacionales tales como la disminución en la concentración de oxígeno, acumulación de materia orgánica y dificultad de retroenjuague, entre otras. Así, han surgido opciones basadas en la actividad de organismos fotoautotróficos aprovechando la capacidad de plantas acuáticas, macro y microalgas, de eliminar con eficacia nutrientes-contaminantes (fitodepuración), consumiendo además de carbono y nitrógeno, también el fosforo, este último sin capacidad de ser removido con biofiltros nitrificantes. Sin embargo, esta estrategia de tratamiento no se ha utilizado en acuicultura intensiva debido a la alta disponibilidad de superficie demandada y que supera la requerida por los compactos equipos de para biofiltración nitrificante. La fitodepuración mixotrófica, que corresponde a la integración de dos tecnologías de tratamiento terciario de aguas residuales (biofiltración-autotrófica y fitodepuración), podrían ser una respuesta eficiente para el tratamiento de aguas residuales acuícolas, dada la interacción entre los organismos involucrados. Por ello, esta revisión se enfoca al potencial uso de los cultivos mixotróficos para el control de nutrientes-contaminantes en “RAS” o aguas residuales acuícolas, además de aportar al desarrollo de economía circular. Industrial aquaculture has grown rapidly due to the increase in world demand for fish and shellfish, which has stimulated the development of aquaculture systems for the cultivation of marine species. The need to maintain high levels of productivity makes them complex unstable systems, prone to disturbances with the potential risk of causing problems of contamination of the natural environment. In intensive aquaculture operations, it is estimated that in the transformation processes for the development and growth of biomass, approximately 75% of the feed is released in the form of nitrogen and phosphorus. During the last decades, efforts have been made to develop processes for the elimination of these nutrients-pollutants, which would otherwise be released into natural water bodies causing eutrophication. The recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is the conventional culture system; it includes a nutrient removal stage with biofilters of aerobic bacteria that favor the nitrification process, although the biofilter technology has operational difficulties such as the decrease in oxygen concentration, accumulation of organic matter and difficulty of back-rinsing, among others. Thus, options have emerged based on the activity of photoautotrophic organisms, taking advantage of the ability of aquatic plants, macro and microalgae, to effectively eliminate nutrients-pollutants (phytodepuration), consuming in addition to carbon and nitrogen, also phosphorus, the latter without the ability to be removed with nitrifying biofilters. However, this treatment strategy has not been used in intensive aquaculture due to the high availability of the area in demand, which exceeds that required by compact equipment for nitrifying biofiltration. Mixotrophic phytodepuration, which corresponds to the integration of two tertiary wastewater treatment technologies (biofiltration-autotrophic and phytodepuration), could be an efficient response for the treatment of aquaculture wastewater, given the interaction between the organisms involved. For this reason, this review focuses on the potential use of mixotrophic cultivation for the control of nutrients-pollutants in "RAS" or aquaculture wastewater, in addition to contributing to the development of circular economy.
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