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This paper proposes a home health care location-routing problem with a mixed fleet of electric and conventional vehicles that considers battery swapping stations. It aims to simultaneously determine the locations of HHC centers, the scheduling of caregivers with respect to skill requirements, and a routing plan for a mixed fleet under specific time windows, load capacities, synchronized visits, and driving ranges. To address this problem, the paper proposes a novel competitive simulated annealing (CSA) algorithm in which a series of problem-specific effective local search operators expand the solution space of the CSA algorithm, with a competitive mechanism to adaptively adjust these operators to accelerate convergence speed and improve exploration ability. To enhance the exploitation ability, it employs a modified simulated annealing algorithm with a heating strategy and variable neighborhood descent. The code of competitive simulated annealing algorithm is provided here in order to address home health care location-routing problem with a mixed fleet and battery swapping stations

As global warming progresses, plants may be forced to adapt to drastically changing environmental conditions. Arctic-alpine plants have been among the first to experience the effects of climate change. As a result, cold acclimation and freezing tolerance may become increasingly crucial for the survival as winter warming events and earlier snowmelt will cause increased exposure to occasional frost. The tribe Cochlearieae in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) offers an instructive system for studying cold adaptation in evolutionary terms, as the two sister genera Ionopsidium and Cochlearia are distributed among different ecological habitats throughout the European continent and the far north into circumarctic regions. By applying an electrolyte leakage assay to leaves obtained from plants cultivated under controlled temperature regimes in growth chambers, the freezing tolerance of different Ionopsidium and Cochlearia species was assessed measuring lethal freezing temperature values (LT50 and LT100), thereby allowing for a comparison across different species and accessions in their responses to cold. We hypothesized that, owing to varying selection pressures, geographically distant species would differ in freezing tolerance. Despite Ionopsidium occurring under warm and dry Mediterranean conditions and Cochlearia species distributed often at cold habitats, all accessions exhibited similar cold responses. The results may indicate that physiological adaptations of primary metabolic pathways to different stressors, such as salinity and drought, may confer an additional tolerance to cold; this is because all these stressors induce osmotic challenges. Data can be accessed using microsoft word office and excel.Funding provided by: Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659Award Number: KO2302/23-2 Electrolyte leakage analysis of single leafs.

The code in this release reproduces the analysis in the following journal publication: Mislan, K. A. S., C. A. Deutsch, R. W. Brill, J. P. Dunne, and J. L. Sarmiento. (2017) Projections of climate driven changes in tuna vertical habitat based on species-specific differences in blood oxygen affinity. Global Change Biology. The CMIP5 P50 Tuna Analysis calculates metrics related to blood-oxygen binding, which is a mechanism determining hypoxia tolerance in the ocean. Blood-oxygen binding is measured as the oxygen pressure in the blood at which whole blood is 50% oxygenated, called P50. A low P50 means that respiratory pigments in the blood of an organism equilibrate to 100% oxygenation at lower oxygen pressures, and the organism is more hypoxia tolerant. Temperature alters hypoxia tolerance by shifting the P50 of organisms. According to results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) RCP 8.5, temperature and oxygen are projected to change by 2100. This analysis calculates the effects of these changes on the blood-oxygen binding and hypoxia tolerance of tuna species. Comparisons are made among tuna species with different physiological adaptations. We thank Hartmut Frenzel for regridding the CMIP5 results. K.A.S. was supported by the Washington Research Foundation Fund for Innovation in Data-Intensive Discovery and the Moore/Sloan Data Science Environments Project at the University of Washington. C.A.D. was supported by grant OCE-1458967 from the National Science Foundation.

The effect of thread severing frequency on thread production rate and growth of Mytilus trossulus was investigated in a field setting over 1 month in autumn 2013 (mid October to mid November) and in spring 2014 (late April to late May). Mytilus trossulus, ranging approximately 2-3 cm length (~80 to 200 mg dry weight tissue), were collected from Argyle Creek on San Juan Island, WA (Lat 48.521652°N and Long 123.014061°W) and transported to Friday Harbor Laboratories (Lat. 48.525350°N, Long. 123.012521°W). The pre-existing byssal threads were severed from each mussel using scissors before the mussel was placed in a flexible mesh enclosure (10 cm x 22 cm, HDPE vexar plastic, 1 cm2 mesh size) suspended from a floating dock at ~1m depth. The three treatments differed in the frequency at which the newly produced byssal threads were severed during the experiment: never, weekly or daily (or 0, 1 and 7 times per week, respectively). Fifteen mussels were distributed evenly among three replicate enclosures for each treatment. Mussels in the "daily" treatment group were monitored for byssus production every day by counting and severing newly produced byssal threads. New byssal threads were also counted and severed for mussels in the "weekly" treatment group, but at a lower frequency of once per week. New byssal threads of the mussels in the "never" treatment group were not severed and were counted at the end of the 4-week experimental period. Thread production of each individual mussel was counted in all treatments, however in the "never" control group in spring only the total number of byssal threads produced by the group was recorded. This value was divided by sample size to obtain an average thread production for each individual in this single group. Shell growth was calculated as the change in shell length, measured with calipers (±0.1 mm). Buoyant weight (±0.001 g) was determined at the beginning and end of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, gonad and somatic tissues were removed from the shell and dried at 60°C to a constant weight, and the dried shell weight was measured (±0.01 g). Condition index (CI) was calculated by dividing dry tissue weight (g) by shell length cubed (mm3). 1. Specialized mechanical structures produced by organisms provide crucial fitness advantages. The energetic cost associated with producing these structural materials and the resulting energetic trade-off with growth, however, is rarely quantified. We evaluate resource allocation to structural material production within the context of an energetic framework by combining an experimental manipulation with an energetic model. 2. Mytilid bivalves produce byssus, a network of collagen-like threads that tethers individuals to hard substrate. We hypothesized that a manipulation that induces the production of more byssal threads would result in increased energetic cost and decreased growth. 3. In month-long field experiments in spring and autumn, we severed byssal threads across a range of frequencies (never, weekly, daily), and measured shell and tissue growth. We then quantified the costs associated with the production of byssal threads using a Scope for Growth model. 4. We found that byssal thread removal increased byssal thread production and decreased growth. The cost calculated per byssal thread was similar in the spring and autumn (~1 J/thread), but energy budget calculations differed by season, and depended on thread quantity and seasonal differences in assumptions of metabolic costs. 5. This work demonstrates that the cost of producing a structural material has a substantial effect on mussel energetic state. The energetic cost of producing byssal threads was 2-8% percent of the energy budget in control groups that had low byssal thread production, and increased 6 to 11-fold (up to 47%) in mussels induced to produce threads daily. 6. We propose that characterizing the trade-off between the cost of biomaterial production and growth has implications for understanding the role of trade-offs in adaptive evolution, and improved natural resource management and conservation practices. In the spring experiment seven mussels either were lost from the field enclosure or died during this experiment and were not included in the analysis (ID's 11, 31, 3, 44, 54, 88, 19). In the autumn experiment two mussels died and their final length and tissue mass at 29 days was estimated from their 14 - 21 day growth rate, and the relationship between tissue weight and length cubed for the population (ID's 22, 37). In the spring experiment a single thread count was determined for the 'never' treatment population rather than for each individual (ID's 9 - 59, "thread_count"). Funding provided by: National Science FoundationCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001Award Number: 1068839Funding provided by: National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000192Award Number: NA14OAR4170078