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Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. To collect information on current energy use in council houses, concentrating on families in the Hull area, and to relate technical and behavioural data concerning domestic energy use. Main Topics: Variables Data was obtained on three types of house: pre-war improved, modern gas-fired radiators, and modern gas-fired warm air. Data collected included central heating usage, other heating, water system use, behavioural aspects of energy use, window opening and general ventilation, insulation appliance ownership, estimated fuel expenditure, patterns of home use, socio-economic details, temperature and weather data, and actual fuel expenditure. The data were analysed to obtain the main factors causing variations in fuel expenditure, and combined with technical data on house types in order to construct a predictive model of household energy use. Simple random sample Face-to-face interview Temperature measurements

Global warming has become an increasingly important issue around the world today due to the rise of anthropogenic greenhouse gases emission, which gives several negative impacts on human life. There are some techniques have been studied and assessed i.e. physical mechanism by injected CO2 to the geological formations, chemical mechanism with artificial tree technology and biological mechanism by increasing the primary production through iron enrichment in high nutrient-low chlorophyll (HNLC) waters as well as mixing of water column below the sea surface. Those technologies, which are well known as Carbon Capture Storage ‘(CCS) technology, are expected to be applied to reduce the oncentration of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere and to minimize the global warming. The Center of Environmental Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) will carry out a research concerning CO2 reduction by a phytoplankton culture in a photobioreactor in three years. The main objective of this research is to assess the CO2 uptake capability of tropical phytoplankton. In this paper, we would showed the creteria and design to assembly a photobioreactor esspesially a air lift photobioreactor. To improve performance photobioreaktor, the materials included design criteria and the dynamics of fluids in fotobioreaktor have to considered propoerly. Other the hand, the selection of the most productive species and selection of appropriate media and economically also important to be done.

This study considered the current situation of solid and liquid biomass fuels in Finland. The fact that industry consumes more than half of the total primary energy, widely applied combined heat and power production and a high share of solid biomass fuels in the total energy consumption are specific to the Finnish energy system. Wood is the most important source of bioenergy in Finland, representing 20% of the total energy consumption in 2007. Almost 80% of the woodbased energy is recovered from industrial by-products and residues. As a member of the European Union, Finland has committed itself to the Union’s climate and energy targets, such as reducing its overall emissions of green house gases to at least 20% below 1990 levels by 2020, and increasing the share of renewable energy in the gross final consumption. The renewable energy target approved for Finland is 38%. The present National Climate and Energy Strategy was introduced in November 2008. The strategy covers climate and energy policy measures up to 2020, and in brief thereafter, up to 2050. In recent years, the actual emissions have exceeded the Kyoto commitment and the trend of emissions is on the increase. In 2007, the share of renewable energy in the gross final energy consumption was approximately 25% (360 PJ). Without new energy policy measures, the final consumption of renewable energy would increase to 380 PJ, which would be approximately only 31% of the final energy consumption. In addition, green house gas emissions would exceed the 1990 levels by 20%. Meeting the targets will need the adoption of more active energy policy measures in coming years. The international trade of biomass fuels has a substantial importance for the utilisation of bioenergy in Finland. In 2007, the total international trading of solid and liquid biomass fuels was approximately 77 PJ, of which import was 62 PJ. Most of the import is indirect and takes place within the forest industry’s raw wood imports. In 2007, as much as 21% of wood energy was based on foreign-origin wood. Wood pellets and tall oil form the majority of export streams of biomass fuels. The indirect import of wood fuels peaked in 2006 to 61 PJ. The foreseeable decline in raw wood import to Finland will decrease the indirect import of wood fuels. In 2004– 2007, the direct trade of solid and liquid biomass fuels has been on a moderate growth path. In 2007, the import of palm oil and export of bio-diesel emerged, as a large, 170 000 t/yr biodiesel plant came into operation in Porvoo.

The third policy brief from the Energy system development pathways for Ethiopia (PATHWAYS) Project. This brief focuses on the importance of governance structures, in theory and practice, to support the roll out of necessary technology options identified under different scenarios for future energy access in Ethiopian.

Abstract Body: Metal-halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the most promising photovoltaic (PV) technology owing to their cost-effective processing, tunable energy band-gaps, long carrier diffusion lengths, unique defect tolerance, and ���self-healing��� capabilities. Despite considerable efforts, the physical mechanisms for the inferior stability of PSCs are not well understood. Some researchers propose that structural defects are the main source of deterioration because they serve as a channel for moisture/oxygen stressors. Others claim that grain boundaries are benign, and the degradation is attributed to trapped charges in the perovskite absorber itself. A robust measurement approach that can characterize individual microstructures (e.g., grain, grain boundary, interface) is required. Focused ion beam (FIB) milling is a well-established sample preparation method that can remove the surface roughness of polycrystalline thin-films. An atomically-smooth surface allows local optoelectronic measurements of a microstructured PV with minimum artifacts from its innate rough surface. While extremely useful, high-energy ion beams (< 30 keV) irradiated on a hybrid organic-inorganic PSC may induce structural damage and/or chemical degradation. In this work, we investigate possible beam damage on PSCs prepared by focused argon (Ar) ion-beam at various doses. In addition, we use Monte-Carlo simulations to estimate the thickness of the damage layer. Our PSC devices were fabricated in a multilayer configuration: Au (60 nm) / Spiro-OMeTAD (220 nm) / MAPbI3 (550 nm) / MoOx (5 nm) / ITO (200 nm). Here, MA is methylammonium, and Spiro-OMeTAD stands for 2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis [N, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl) amino]-9,9'- spirobifluorene. We performed a series of Ar ion milling processes at room temperature (Fischione Model 1060), with the incident beam irradiated at shallow angles of 1�� and 3��. The beam voltage was fixed at 4 kV, and the PSCs were milled for 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, and 20 min. At a first glance, we did not observe any notable changes with the samples milled at an incident beam angle of 1��. In contrast, the 3�� milled PSCs showed color changes with an increase of milling time. We are currently working on quantitative EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) analysis to obtain the evolution of I/Pb ratio at different ion beam doses. It has been reported in the literature that the decrease of the I/Pb from 3 to a lower value indicates compositional deterioration (i.e., MAPbI3 is partially converted to PbI2). To gain a deep understanding into the interaction of the Ar ion beam with PSCs, we performed Monte-Carlo Simulations. In our model, 20,000 Ar ions at 4 keV were irradiated into MAPbI3 layer at a shallow angle of 3�� and 30�� from the surface. The estimated damage layer was calculated based on the substrate displacement density. Using a constant contour representing 5 % of the peak damage density, we obtained the damage depth of 8 nm and 13 nm for the incident Ar+ beam angle of and, respectively. The integrated analysis based on the simulations and the EDS measurements are in progress. Our results provide qualitative information of possible beam damage of PSCs that can occur during sample preparation. We will discuss the mitigation strategies to minimize the beam damage while characterizing the microstructural properties of PSCs. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy���s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under the DE-FOA-0002064 program award number DE-EE0008985. The assistance of Utah Nanofab is also acknowledged.

Water scarcity is a current problem in many parts of the planet and there is a worldwide concern about water availability to meet future water demand. In countries like Brazil, where most of the electricity is produced by hydroelectric power plants, water scarcity directly impacts energy production. The water–energy nexus is directly related and impacted by CO2 emissions and its climate consequences, which calls to a broader approach: energy–carbon–water nexus. In this context, the Sustainable Water and Energy Consumption (SWEC) Program was developed to mitigate water and energy supply problems in a railway company in Brazil. The actions took place in four main areas: (a) users conscientization, (b) consumption diagnosis, (c) indicators for evaluating water and energy consumption, and (d) evaluation of implementing alternative cleaner water and energy sources. The per capita consumption of water and energy were reduced by 10% and 19%, respectively. Permanent results were achieved by the SWEC Program, such as the acquisition of two photovoltaic systems with a total capacity of 96.5 kWp. The investment made provided an average monthly reduction in energy consumption of 56% in 2022. This work contributed to the UN Agenda 2030 and the findings may help companies and industries, and other institutions, such as universities and schools, to improve their water and electricity consumption.

This paper addresses the problem of energy consumption prediction using neural networks over a set of public buildings. Since energy consumption in the public sector comprises a substantial share of overall consumption, the prediction of such consumption represents a decisive issue in the achievement of energy savings. In our experiments, we use the data provided by an energy consumption monitoring system in a compound of faculties and research centers at the University of Granada, and provide a methodology to predict future energy consumption using nonlinear autoregressive (NAR) and the nonlinear autoregressive neural network with exogenous inputs (NARX), respectively. Results reveal that NAR and NARX neural networks are both suitable for performing energy consumption prediction, but also that exogenous data may help to improve the accuracy of predictions. Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence of the University of Granada TIC111 TIN201564776-C3-1-R

Population growth and economic development, aggravated by climate change, will increase pressure on energy and water resources. Integrated planning can make the most of these two essential and scarce resources. Thirsty Energy, a World Bank initiative, helps countries address these issues and ensure sustainable development of both resources. This note focuses on the water needs of the power sector and particularly answers the following questions: Why is this issue important? Do power plants need all that much water? What about other types of plants? What are the challenges? and, What are our options?

Now and in the future we will consider more and more ecological aspects. The car industry already has a strong commitment to environmental care, but I have decided to investigate how we can go a step further. Imagine a car taking advantage of new and upcoming technologies to reduce its footprint. This vehicle will demonstrate a new method to mass produce cars by simplifying the workflow and reduce the amount of component. The main idea is to be energy efficient while you build it and drive it.