Geo-energies, such as geothermal energy, CO2 storage and underground energy storage, have a great potential to contribute to meet the Paris Agreement targets on climate change. Yet, their deployment has been hindered by a lack of a full understanding of the processes that are induced in the subsurface by large-scale fluid injection/extraction. The various processes involved (e.g., fluid flow, geomechanical, geochemical and thermal effects) imply complex interactions that cannot be predicted without considering the dominant coupled processes, which is rarely done. As a result, some early geo-energy projects have occasionally developed unpredicted consequences, such as felt and damaging induced earthquakes, gas leakage and aquifer contamination, dampening public perception on geo-energies. SMILE aims at overcoming these challenges in developing geo-energy solutions by training a new generation of young researchers that will become experts in understanding and predicting coupled processes. Thus, they will be capable of proposing innovative solutions for the successful deployment of subsurface low-carbon energy sources while protecting groundwater and related ecosystems. To achieve this ambitious goal, the early-stage researchers will be exposed to an interdisciplinary training on experimental, mathematical and numerical modelling of coupled processes, upscaling techniques and ground deformation monitoring using field data from highly instrumented pilot tests and industrial sites. The training in SMILE has been designed by both academic and industrial partners to train competitive researchers with both technical-scientific and transferable skills to enhance their employability in academia, industry and public sector. The outputs of the project will be largely disseminated. Outreach to society will be achieved through a conspicuous series of initiatives. SMILE will make a significant contribution to the societal challenges of securing clean and low-carbon energy sources.

The development of nuclear weapons and energy programmes since the 1940s have created a legacy of nuclear waste and contamination worldwide. In 2012, Sellafield Limited (named as the most hazardous nuclear site in the UK) hit the national press/media when a report by the National Audit Office highlighted the considerable challenges and spiralling costs faced by the UKs Nuclear Decommissioning Authority in taking forward the cleanup of this site. In 2012, the Fukushima Daiichi power plant and surrounding contaminated area (650 km2) also recently hit international news headlines when Tokyo Electric Power Company confirmed the accidental release of 300 tonnes of highly radioactive and concentrated waste water into the Pacific Ocean. An ice wall costing £300m has been pledged to prevent groundwater flow through the most contaminated reactor site but there are still plumes of contaminated groundwater that need to be treated and the decontamination of soil (estimated at 60 Mt) will produce even more complex liquid waste. British Nuclear Fuels invested in 30 years supply of naturally occurring zeolites (clinoptilolite) to remove aqueous Cs+ and Sr2+ from fuel cooling ponds. However, legacy and accidental waste is more complex (e.g. saline wastewater, complex and high organic soil decontamination solutions from Fukushima; and lower radionuclides concentrations and high background competing ions in Sellafield groundwater). Zeolites are inefficient under these conditions (e.g. lower sorption capacity and/or low mechanical strength), therefore, new innovative technologies are required for the safe remediation (cleanup) and entrapment (lockup) of radionuclides from these complex contaminated waters. Under complex chemical conditions, microbially-generated, rapidly produced biominerals have high metal adsorption capacity/functionality compared to natural zeolites and commercially available/laboratory grade materials, arising from their unique morphology and nanoscale properties. For example, biogenic hydroxyapatite materials (HA mass more than ten times the mass of the bacteria that produced it) have durable radionuclide adsorption capacity (up to 30 %wt for radionuclides tested: Actinides (U, Am), Sr and Co under simulated groundwater conditions, against high concentrations of competing ions (0.1-2000 mmol/L Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+) and at wide ranging pH conditions (3-9.5); the specific nanostructured morphology of Bio-HA was shown to underlie these advantages. Bio-HA also has proven superior stability against metal remobilisation, economics, & function as compared to commercially available materials and, being biogenic will never run out or require procurement or import from other countries (enabling stable-supply and rapid-response). Additionally we have produced a new Bio-CeP material that shows great promise for Cs remediation. However, both biominerals have not been tested or applied as a permeable reactive barrier or ion exchange technology using environmental conditions found at contaminated sites. The grant will be held at the University of Birmingham, which has an established track record in nuclear research dating back to 1950s, (specifically, nowadays, in remediation, decommissioning, health monitoring and residual life prediction for existing nuclear power stations) and recently led a Policy Commission into the future of nuclear energy in the UK. The grant will also be supported by the National Nuclear Laboratory and the Japanese Atomic Energy Authority enabling the achievement of technology readiness level four, rapid worldwide dissemination of research outcomes and increased societal impact.

Together with industrial partners, we have established that there is a strong unmet demand for individuals with expertise in the combination of statistics, applied mathematics, computation, and the collaborative problem solving skills required to acquire application area knowledge. Consider, for example, aircraft structural design, where statistical methods have recently been approved in the certification of aircraft, complementing traditional experimental testing. This ushers in a change in possible design methodology, but creates a corresponding gap for the necessary talent in the workforce: scientists with knowledge of materials, computational methods and statistics. Such individuals are needed to sustain the UK's global competitive advantage, industrially and academically. We propose a world leading and innovative cohort-driven centre for doctoral training at the interface of Statistics and Applied Mathematics: Statistical Applied Mathematics at Bath (SAMBa). Modern mathematical models describing real world applications must incorporate randomness and data in a variety of ways in order to improve their ability to predict complex behaviour and describe empirical observations. Traditionally, deterministic applied mathematics and statistical methods have taken different approaches in modelling observed phenomena. More recently, we have seen that this is proving to be a hindrance to the competitiveness of British mathematics, especially when taking account of the enormous scope for research with genuine real-world impact. SAMBa will create a new generation of interdisciplinary mathematicians, both for academic careers as well as for insertion into British industry. Their primary strengths will be their problem solving ability and their fearlessness of barriers separating mathematical modelling and modern statistics. Moreover, the implementation of this CDT will promote a novel way of educating UK PhD students within the mathematical sciences, in which there is horizontal cross-disciplinary and industrial integration through CDT activities. The central mechanism by which this horizontal integration will occur will be through week-long Integrative Think Tanks (ITT), which share similarities with sandpits. These ITTs will be supported by an array of new courses that span a spectrum including statistics, stochastic simulation and applied mathematics. SAMBa will enrol ten students per year on a four-year study programme. The first year will focus on the new courses and in the formation of research themes, as well as developing cohort integration. ITTs will occur at the end of the first and second semesters during the first year of study, and will give students the opportunity to learn how to formulate problems and structure their approach to problem solving. ITTs will be intensive activities, managed by academic staff together with interdisciplinary and industrial leaders. Students in later years will participate in one ITT per year with a view to enhancing the PhD cohort experience. The expected outcomes of the ITTs will be: to provide real experiences in approaches to problem solving, to promote cross-fertilisation of ideas and expertise through horizontal integration, to build a cohesive PhD student cohort, to catalyse new collaborations, and to provide a source of PhD thesis projects. It is expected that most, but not all, PhD thesis problems and supervisory teams will emerge from ITTs. PhD students will also run a symposium series to prepare for, and subsequently reinforce, the ITT experience as well as to develop the students' sense of research empowerment. Students in SAMBa will be awarded an M.Res. after one year, subject to successful assessment. In addition, we will strongly encourage three month industrial or cross-disciplinary academic placements. These placements will enhance the horizontal integration and are a natural extension of our long-standing and thriving BSc an MSc placement scheme.

The overall objective of the project is to develop and test the tools necessary for the assessment of the hydro-mechanical evolution of an installed bentonite barrier and its resulting performance. This will be achieved by cooperation between design and engineering, science and performance assessment. The evolution from an installed engineered system to a fully functioning barrier will be assessed. One of the challenges is to take into account initial heterogeneities introduced in the system by conception with a combination of block and pellets or due to the size of the bentonite component (several 100 m3). It will require a more detailed understanding of material properties, of the fundamental processes that lead to homogenisation, of the role of scale effects and improved capabilities for numerical modelling. The goal is to verify the performance of current designs for buffers, backfills, seals and plugs. The overall driver for the project is the assessment cases that will be defined at the onset of the project (WP1). The quantitative models currently available are not fully able to represent all the complexities of the evolution of an installed bentonite. A substantial effort is needed to improve both the conceptual approaches and the numerical solutions in the current models (WP3). The updated/newly developed models need to be tested and verified using available data (WP5). There are some areas where fundamental data and the understanding of materials are incomplete. An efficient experimental programme will support model development and testing (WP4). There is already a large database from experiments performed within EC projects and national programmes, both laboratory and Underground Research Laboratory (URL) experiments. Many of the tests have been performed with other purposes in mind, but the results can be used in the Beacon project. The objective of WP2 is to collect the relevant information and process it to a level where it can be used in this project