Our Solar System is the only planetary system that can be thoroughly explored by spacecrafts and by the analysis of planetary samples in the laboratory. It provides a unique glance at the mechanisms leading to stars and planets formation, a vision that is complementary to that derived from remote observations of nascent planetary systems. Chemical, dynamical and chronological information is trapped in the more primitive bodies that escaped extensive planetary evolution, as asteroids, comets and Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs). The composition of these so-called small bodies then constitutes a major and outstanding issue. VNIR spectro-photometry allows for systematic surveys and therefore provides a global appraisal of the compositional diversity of the small body population as a whole. However, the composition of dark small bodies remains poorly known and presently, a number of fundamental issues are still pending : • What composition is associated with each taxonomic spectral class ? • Does space weathering play a role in the definition of taxonomic spectral classes ? • How are they linked with available cosmomaterials ? The interpretation of VNIR spectra is the angular stone of all these issues and the central objective of CLASSY. Our proposal arises in the general context of a wealth of data collected by the space missions ROSETTA, DAWN and NEW HORIZONS. We benefit from high quality and high spatial resolution multi-angular VNIR observations with unprecedented photometric accuracy. The interpretation of these data will lead to major results on the composition of a comet (67P/CG), the type C asteroid Ceres and KBO 2017 MU 69, and this will will shade new light on the interpretation of the taxonomic spectral classes in term of composition, and on the asteroid-comet continuum. However, this interpretation requires experimental data that have not been measured so far. CLASSY aims at conducting these experiments and meanwhile using them for interpreting the spectral data from the space missions mentioned above. We will study experimentally the effects of the first stages of space weathering (ions irradiation) on the VNIR spectra of dark analogs. We will also conduct experiments that will investigate the composition and textural parameters that control VNIR spectra, through multi-angular radio-spectro-goniometric measurements on sub-micrometric organics-minerals assemblages. The CLASSY consortium is multidisciplinary and includes 5 laboratories : Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG, Grenoble), IAS (Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay), Unite Materiaux et Transformations (UMET, Lille), Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et Instrumentations en Astrophysique (LESIA, Meudon) and Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), and gathers a broad range of fields as Planetary and Space sciences, Surface sciences, Material Sciences, Meteoritics, Mineralogy, Irradiation physics and Data science. Most of researchers belonging to this consortium have been used to collaborate together, and they share many common publications. Classy offers the opportunity to strengthen these collaborations, and to provide innovative interpretations and breakthrough of data collected by space missions of primary interest. It will also form a internationally competitive team that will apply for grains that will be returned back to Earth by the Hayabusa 2 and Osiris-Rex missions.

The project UPSACLAY@ANR_CSTI20, entitled "Re-enchanting the perception of science", aims to highlight, through scientific mediation and communication, the 42ANR projects carried out by scientists from several institutions and organizations. Led by the University of Paris-Saclay, with the Diagonale (department of culture, arts, sciences, society), the project consists in building with the ANR PIs (and their team if necessary) actions adapted to their themes and desires (writing, comics, public events, sound, video, etc.) with a training component. The actions envisaged with mediation and communication professionals are numerous, and can fall into these categories: - video reports, including live broadcasts - writing of popularization articles - communication and outreach via our organizations - public events or face to face with the school public or the general public - prior training if needed. With this panel of actions (and professional actors already identified) our project will allow the PIs and their teams to find the right format for them. In addition, we are considering grouped actions by lab and/or science or technical themes when possible, or possibly by grouping several themes according to certain societal issues. This project is consistent with the strategy of the University of Paris-Saclay in science-society as well as with the partners. It perfectly complements the strategy of the SAPS label and the actions of the PIA4 ExcellenceS project and in continuity o fthe awarded UPSACLAY@ANR_CSTI1819. Our project is elaborated with a strong coordination with the CNRS Delegation of Gif-sur-Yvette, since many Laboratories (UMR) are common. In addition to our mutual participation in our steering committees, we will carry out joint actions.

Galaxy clusters offer unique opportunities to test the cosmological model. This relies on the use of statistical assessments of their properties from comparison of simulations and observations. To overcome the limitation of statistical approaches, one would ideally need an actual reproduction of the Universe. Constrained simulations now permit building high fidelity clones of the local Large Scale Structure (LSS) of the Universe within 600Mpc diameter valid down to cluster scales. LOCALIZATION will produce and use simulated clones of local clusters and superclusters to fully understand the building up of these cosmic laboratories. We will study their physical and dynamical properties via cosmic flows, X-rays and Sunyaev-Zeldovich signals and we will derive the cosmological signatures of the local LSS on the cosmic background at large scales. LOCALIZATION will pave the way from precision cosmology from averaged statistics towards accurate understanding of the cosmological growth of structures. Indeed, the ΛCDM model is a great success, still the advent of precision cosmology revealed yet unexplained discrepancies between theoretical expectations and observations. Among these the difference between the linearly evolved amplitude of the matter power spectrum measured with the CMB and galaxy clusters, i.e. σ8 tension, as well as CMB large-scale anomalous features. By revisiting these two debated cosmological issues, LOCALIZATION seeks, for the first time, a common solution to both of them. To address this challenge, a comprehensive analysis of the local galaxy clusters and LSS and of their impact on the CMB will be performed based on the hydrodynamical numerical clones of the local Universe up to z<0.07. An unbiased comparison between observational data from Planck and numerical local cluster, supercluster and full LSS clones will be performed. Thanks to LOCALIZATION’s cluster clones, we will derive for the first time the exact relation between cluster masses and their observed proxies. We will address the CMB anomalies in Planck data focusing on sources of CMB signal that contribute at the largest angular scales from the local supercluster and clusters. In addition thanks to the state-of-the-art constrained simulations, we will perform the first exhaustive estimate of the contribution from all possible secondary CMB anisotropies at large angular scales. With LOCALIZATION we will thus answer the following questions: Can the σ8 tension be solved or reduced with a scaling relation exactly and faithfully calibrated thanks to local cluster clones from LOCALIZATION simulations? and How much of the low-multipole CMB anomalies can be explained by the local extragalactic environment fully reproduced by the local LSS clone built within LOCALIZATION?

In the Standard Model of particle physics, the neutrino sector is still not fully understood; in particular, the mechanism by which neutrinos acquire their mass is currently unknown. The model proposes three neutrino flavours with three different eigenstates of mass introducing mixing between them. While the difference of the eigenstates’ masses is well constrained via neutrino oscillation experiments (solar, atmospheric, reactor, and accelerator), cosmology offers a unique unrivalled way to test the Standard Model of particle physics by measuring the absolute neutrino mass scale. At the time of precision cosmology, while the current constraints are starting to reach the theoretical limits for the hierarchy of neutrinos, the goal of this proposal is to provide a robust estimate of the neutrino masses taking into account all relevant physical and statistical effects that can impact cosmological constraints. To achieve robust constraints on neutrino properties from CMB observations, BATMAN will address three ambitious goals with a working plan based on three pillars: a coherent secondary anisotropy model, a robust description of the reionisation history, a complete CMB likelihood for massive neutrinos. The coherent use of CMB data, physical models of secondary contributions and extragalactic probes, as well as the propagation of theoretical and astrophysical systematic uncertainties, will allow a robust estimate of the neutrino mass and a potential determination of the neutrino hierarchy.

This project, a collaboration of two French laboratories (CIMAP and IAS), two Brazilian universities and a Spanish institute, relates to the effects induced by heavy ions in ices which are present in intermediate to very low temperatures encountered in space environments, from dense molecular clouds in interstellar space to comets in the solar system. The basic initial constituents of the ices are simple molecules such as H2O, CO, CO2, NH3 etc. The main objective is to simulate in the laboratory the effects of irradiation of such ices by multiply charged heavy ions of the solar wind, the giant planet’s magnetospheres and of galactic cosmic rays. The evolution of the composition of the ices will be simultaneously monitored by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy) in the 500-5000 cm-1 region and by mass spectrometry. Our preliminary studies have shown that heavy cosmic ray ions could yield a dominant contribution to desorption of molecules by electronic sputtering, and also to destruction and fragmentation of molecules (radiolysis).In spite of their lower abundances, heavy nuclei play a significant role in the energy deposition by cosmic rays. A further result is that it is mandatory to work in ultrahigh vacuum conditions to ensure a controlled preparation of the targets and a clean monitoring of its evolution under irradiation, in particular for mass spectrometry. In addition, contamination by water may influence cross section and sputter yield measurements. The first objective of this project is to design and build an ultrahigh vacuum chamber equipped with a cold head for sample preparation interfaced to the GANIL beamlines. The irradiations will then be performed using different beam lines of the heavy ions available in the GANIL accelerator. The scientific part is divided into two objectives. The first one is to study the evolution of “simple” ices under irradiation in a wide energy range from keV to GeV (thus covering both the physico-chemistry induced by solar wind ions, magnetosphere ions and fast cosmic rays). The high energy domain is poorly explored so far. At low energy, experiments with highly charged ions equivalent to those present in Solar wind are scare: the role of the projectile’s potential energy is an open topic. The destruction cross sections for the initial molecules, the formation cross sections for new molecules and sputtering (desorption) yields can be determined by FTIR spectroscopy. The second scientific objective is to study more “complex” ices made of mixtures of several molecules and/or of ices containing organic molecules (formaldehyde, alcools, …) or even larger molecules with the aim to verify if more complex, pre-biotic molecules such as amino acids and others can be formed by heavy ion irradiation. Once operational and fully tested, the setup will be opened to the external community, allowing the experiments to be continued for several years at the GANIL-CIMAP-CIRIL user’s facility.