In a rapidly changing world, we need operational tools to predict and manage responses of biodiversity. To date, although it is clear from both theoretical and empirical work that adaptation can influence the persistence of populations on short time scales, biodiversity scenarios are conspicuously lacking an evolutionary component. One major limitation to the implementation of scenarios including adaptation dynamics is that our knowledge of evolutionary potential and constraints is still too imperfect. In this project, we propose to improve our understanding of adaptive mechanisms in wild populations by integrating theoretical and empirical approaches in wild bird populations at different spatial and taxonomic scales. Using state of the art molecular and quantitative genetics tools in combination with demographic analysis, we will use several populations / species of birds studied in the long-term to identify i) forces of selection acting on natural populations, and especially forces driven by climate change, ii) environmental factors affecting dispersal rates, with a special interest for habitat structure and fragmentation, iii) ecological and phylogenetic factors shaping genetic architecture and affecting its stability, and iv) which regions of the genome show signatures of selection and are therefore likely to be partially responsible for adaptation to different environments. Using a comparative approach among populations and species will allow investigating evolutionary processes at different time and space scales and hence link micro and macroevolutionary patterns. These results will be included in predictive niche models that will assess to which extent the inclusion of rapid evolution and stability of evolutionary potential are affecting predictions from biodiversity scenarios. Hence our approach should provide new tools at the interplay of ecology and evolutionary biology to quantify to what extent model projections neglecting the adaptive component might bias estimates of species extinction risks which are key parameters for policymakers. Moreover, we will put great emphasis on communicating the importance of the biodiversity/evolution interface by (i) collaborating with policy-makers working on biodiversity within the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations and by (ii) strengthening citizen science through the organisation of exhibitions and conferences in a leading natural history museum (Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris). All in all, results from this project will provide an integrative picture of factors affecting responses to global change improving fundamental knowledge at the interface of ecology and evolution but also including a resolutely operational dimension.

The aim of this project is to better understand the last stage of the production chain of a metal, lead, which was omnipresent in the Roman period, from the end of the Republic and under the Empire, that is, its marketing, its organisation, its logistics and its constraints, and the management of the resource. We propose here to work on one of the manufactured products that required large quantities of metal, the fistulae aquariae, or lead pipes that formed the water conveyance networks that Roman cities were equipped with. The latter provide information, both epigraphic (names of the craftsmen and/or clients) and geochemical (elemental and isotopic composition of the metal, which is that of the original ore), which, if duly analysed and cross-referenced, could provide information on the techniques used to manufacture the pipes, the origin of the metal used on them and, consequently, the sources of supply for the market, the evolution of the latter over time and the commercial strategies put in place. Epigraphy will allow us to better understand, thanks to the systematic inventory and the study of the names found on the pipes, the organisation of the lead market from the point of view of its actors, both private and public (emperors, cities), and the relationships they maintained between them. The project is therefore fundamentally interdisciplinary: it brings together researchers in history, archaeology and archaeometry around common problems. It will focus on several distinct geographical sectors, Rome and Ostia, Campania, Aquileia and Veneto, the middle Rhone valley and the cities of Mediterranean Gaul, which functioned as independent markets, but which should be compared in order to draw general conclusions about the global trade in Roman lead.

"Computational Thinking" refers to the capacity to address problems and tasks in terms of steps and actions, i.e., algorithms. Defined as such, it is a general skill. The Astrapi project aims to answer the question: is it teachable? According to the theory developed by Hofstadter & Sander, analogy and semantic recoding play a major transversal role, which makes this generalization possible. However, the theory developed by Sweller & Tricot has highlighted the contextualization of learning and the obstacles to transfer. By contrasting these theories on the case of Computational Thinking which, according to Tchounikine, may be characterized in a way which falls within the scope of analogies, the project will (1) advance the understanding of the conditions that make transfer possible, and (2) inform educational policies on the issue of Computational Thinking.