Resilience building requires integrated approaches to disaster risk management (DRM) to identify overlaps and leverage political support for measures that improve early warning systems, encourage adaptations and improve recovery from a range of hazardous events within the context of sustainable development. As our climate changes, accelerating such integration is paramount to improve responses to intensifying and multiple shocks and risks. The need is even more acute for Small Island Developing States, where isolation, limited land availability, a complex range of environmental hazards and limited resource base further intensify their exposure to risk. In this proposal we suggest that 'all hazards' approaches to building resilience are needed and test the thesis that these will be more effective if placed within the particular historical and cultural contexts through which land use patterns were established in individual SIDS, in order to assess how risk is created and disaster risk management responses evolve. We test this on two islands in the Pacific and the Caribbean by focussing particularly on exposure and physical vulnerability to multiple hazards, and analysing historical factors that have shaped tenure and governance processes in order to explore how these may have contributed to increased exposure of populations and physical vulnerability to hazards as well as detrimental political and cultural responses. We are particularly interested in the interactions between differing hazards and the implicit competing pressures on resources and tenure, both on- and offshore. We are taking an 'all-hazards' approach to this analysis, to identify strategies and investments that can relieve these pressures and encourage long-term resilience to multiple land and marine-based hazards. We refer to these measures as DRM investments with 'co-benefits', meaning that one action, originally intended for a particular type of hazard, can be adapted and used to produce joint, multiple and/or simultaneous benefits in terms of reducing risk. We will identify measures that have the potential to reduce risk to multiple hazards through the development of future scenarios and an approach to modelling impacts that tests the benefits (in terms of loss avoidance) of different DRM investments. The two islands selected to trial this holistic approach are exposed to a range of environmental hazards, and have colonial and imperial histories and sets of institutions to address risk with some similarities but also differences. Drawing insights across these settings will allow us to better understand the potential for applying this approach to other SIDS around the world, including in the Indian Ocean. This research will also have implications for implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR), linking it more closely with resilience targets in the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Change Agreement by enhancing knowledge of the links between past and future hazard exposure and development, and identifying options for overcoming resource constraints in SIDS and building resilience to multiple shocks and stresses.

The project gathered diverse organisations from youth and civil society sector (CS) with the task to bring forth global responses to enhancing youth participation in CS worldwide. Recognising the fact that in the past years most of the endeavors to develop proper mechanisms of youth participation globally have been directed towards national/regional authorities, the Consortium set out to devise a new approach to this issue by bringing CS in the center of the youth arena through promoting a cross-sectoral cooperation pattern. This pattern resembles the technique of “Parkour” in the sense that its practitioners aim to get from one point to another in a complex setting in the fastest and most efficient way possible – hence the title of the project and the partnership fostering varied partners to look for solutions for global/local challenges.Each of the Consortium’s 11 partners brought specific expertise in capacity building and the topic. The applicant CID - one of the biggest training centres in Macedonia partnered up with CIVICUS - the biggest global CS network from South Africa as well as European organisations (engaged in e-participation, consultative processes, etc): Development Perspectives – Ireland, Istituto Morcelliano - Italy, Project 2020 - Cardiff, NGO React – Estonia and YEU International. The partnership also comprised organisations focused on youth participation in other parts of the world such as Young Diplomats of Canada - dealing with student participation in policy making, National Youth Council of Fiji and 2 organisations working in rural areas to empower youth to participate actively: World Vision for Education and Development - Cameroon and BOAD - Congo.This Consortium gathered around the idea that developing capacities for providing meaningful youth participation opportunities is a key to resolving global issues such as marginalization and violent radicalisation. The project was centred on steps in the youth participation process in CS sector, namely shaping, testing and evaluating specific mechanisms to be applied by CSOs globally.The project aimed to achieve this through a youth exchange, 2 seminars and a practice phase with local/national/global initiatives. The youth exchange in Yavullo Village and Suva, Fiji (July 2018) was attended by 25 participants who produced “the Youth Parkour” a dialogue exhibition with representatives from global CSOs. The Situation mapping seminar in Johannesburg, South Africa (May 2018) allowed participants to present different approaches for ensuring youth participation in CSOs in the form of a mapping report. The practice phase yielded a report of the examples showcased in the “Youth Parkour” and in the Situation mapping report which each partner adapted to their target group and tested within their operational context and followed-up by activities on the project outcomes (workshops/meetings/presentations). The Final Outcome Seminar in Kumanovo and Skopje, North Macedonia (February 2019) served to evaluate the practice phase and develop advanced proposals for increasing youth participation in CSOs. The project outputs included:*2 tangible tools to support the multiplication of project results and ensure a wide outreach on CSOs worldwide: Youth Participation mechanisms mapped and approaches devised for youth participation within the CS (local/national/ international level) and Final Recommendations and policy briefs for greater youth participation gathered from seminars and the practice phase. * A website with different mapped practices to be used by organizations worldwide, i.e. a global community of practice with specific skills to support Youth Participation within the CS sector. Finally, the dissemination of outcomes via the project website and including them in the CIVICUS website in an interactive way in the follow-up ensured learning, and sharing of strategies and resources in a broad global outreach, surpassing the 11 partners.