The stated objective of our project is to bring new elements of understanding to the phenomenon of sickness absenteeism of workers. In a social context of control of health insurance expenses but also of managerial innovations disrupting the organization of companies and ways of working to cope with the imperatives of the competition, it is essential to explain the recent growth of the absenteeism at work. It is also important for health and well-being at work issues and the objective of work sustainability stated by the government authorities, through recommended measures of prevention, in the Plans for Health and Work (“Plan Sante-Travail”), particularly. To meet this objective, we propose a project articulated in two distinct parts. The purpose of the first part is to evaluate the effects of the reforms of the sickness insurance system and of the statutory retirement age in the private and public sectors on the absenteeism of workers. The purpose of these reforms is to monitor social insurance expenses and promote equity. For the private sector, the National Interbranch Agreement (ANI) of January 2008 changed the rules relative to the waiting period for the payment of additional benefits in case of sick leave, making those rules more favorable for employees. The reform on the retirement age of 2010 provides for an increase in retirement age, leading to a significant increase in careers length. Finally, in the public sector, two successive reforms in 2012 and 2014 instituted and then abolished a one- day waiting period in the case of sick leave. We therefore have an ideal legislative framework for measuring the effects of these reforms on absenteeism. This part will be divided into three tasks. Firstly, the impact of thetwo components of the ANI 2008 will be evaluated on the level of employees’ absenteeism, namely the reduction of the waiting period for the payment of benefits and the reduction of seniority to be qualified for it. Secondly, we will measure the impact of the waiting period of one day on sick leave in the local and hospital public sectors. Finally, the impact of the 2010 reformof pensions on sick leave will be examined. The second part is also articulated in three tasks. It focuses on the impact of employers' organizational practices on the absenteeism of workers, measured by the number and duration of sick leaves, related to sickness, work accidents and occupational diseases. Several aspects of these practices will be taken into account. First, we will examine the consequences of organizational changes in companies on sick leaves. Do these changes, whose purpose among others is the efficiency of work, have also a virtuous effect on workers’ health? Then, we will analyze how employees’ health and safety are protected in companies, according to their managerial choices. We proposed here to draw up a typology of preventive measures implemented according to the organizational contexts of firms and to measure their effects on the observed level of occupational accidents and diseases. In the last task, we are interested in a phenomenon less studied but apparently more expensive than absenteeism, presenteeism, defined as the presence at work of an employee while he is sick. A first step will consist in the analysis of the organizational determinants of presenteeism, the second in the effects of presenteeism on later sickness absences. All of this work will be done by a team from three research centers. Several steps of validation of the work are planned over the project, via the validation by a scientific committee, the submission of papers to conferences and finally the organization of a workshop at the end of the project. Each task can lead to one or more articles in academic reviews.

This project is grounded on both a research on the geographical implications of indigeneity and the formation of a specific field of research on indigenous territorial issues in geography. On the one hand, it aims to investigate the interest of a geographical approach of indigenous-related issues; on the other hand, it plans to stress the significance of indigenous territorial dynamics for geographical knowledge. The project will emphasize the emergence and developments of this specific field of research by studying its bases, trends, and articulations. Key questions will consist in asking where, since when and how geographers study and analyse indigeneity, and what does such a contribution mean to geography. The project builds on the hypothesis that the increasing interest on indigeneity araising from the scientific community -and geographers in particular- began in the 1970s, within the context of emergence of both local and international indigenous peoples’ movements. Echoing these mobilisations, and more precisely the territorial dimension of indigenous claims, a growing number of geographers developed different perspectives of research on indigenous-related topics, giving progressively rise to a specific field of research. Since it was strongly shaped and influenced by diverse disciplinary approaches and traditions, this field was not identified as such for a long time. Furthermore, it relies on an unequal interest and production depending on academic and national contexts. In France, in particular, despite the increasing interest for indigeneity by a younger generation of geographers, there is no formal space of discussion able to lead, foster and guide the development of indigenous geographies. Moreover, the lack of background and epistemological research on the origins and developments of this specific field of the discipline did not allow to recognize the value and significance of a geographical approach of indigeneity. This is precisely the challenge addressed by this research which aims to fill the theoretical gap and advance the understanding of this critical subject matter, but equally importantly to position France in an relevant scientific debate in order to increase its international influence. Three successive and complementary tasks structure this proposal which is theoretically framed at the crossroads of cultural, political and historical approaches in geography. First task will draw up a global report of the interest of geographers for territorial issues related to indigenous peoples worldwide, thus providing the framework for the second task which will aim at precising the specific contribution of French-speaking geographers to the rise of indigenous geographies. In this sense, first and second tasks will share a common epistemological interest about the emergence of this specific field of research. Finally, the third task will constitute the empirical part of the project by focusing on the concrete implications of, and the usefulness of geography with respect to, indigenous territorial claims in the French Overseas Territories. By this way, the proposed reflection on the geographical implications of indigeneity aims at contributing to the definition of a framework for concrete political action in both the respect and the satisfaction of indigenous peoples’ expectations.

Over the last 50 years, industrialized countries have undergone major economic and demographic changes that affected both the distribution of earnings across individuals and the family structure in which these individuals live. Since the 1970s, inequality in the distribution of individual income has significantly increased in most OECD countries. Over the same period, family structure and behavior experienced deep changes. First, changes in demographic behavior have led to the emergence of new family models: decline in marriage and birth rates, delayed transitions into cohabitation, rise in divorce rates and single parenthood. Second, gender inequality has narrowed significantly in both educational attainment and labor force participation, leading to a significant increase in the share of skilled employed women and affecting household composition. In spite of its importance, the interplay between these economic and demographic trends has remained largely unexplored. Our research project develops innovative empirical and theoretical research that allows understanding the different facets of the family-inequality nexus. From a theoretical perspective, the project will contribute to the development of collective models of household decisions and marriage market models. Collective models of the household assume that each household member has specific individual preferences and that collective decisions made by the household results from bargaining and/or cooperation between household members. Such models are essential to (a) understand how better opportunities for women may have modified the balance of power within the household and to (b) measure changes in welfare, and thus inequality, at the individual level that result from recent economic and demographic trends. They will be generalized to incorporate household scale economies and to account for children. On the other hand, marriage market models start from the distribution of men and women in the population with some characteristics and describe who marries whom and why. They allow disentangling the respective roles of the individual mating preferences and the aggregate distribution of potential partners’ characteristics in observed mating patterns. Finally, the project will also contribute to merge these two fields of research that are among the most dynamic in recent applied microeconomics. From an empirical perspective, the project will help reveal the fundamental mechanisms behind rising inequalities. One of the objectives is indeed to provide a comprehensive assessment of assortative mating in France and other countries, focusing not only on assortativeness by education and social origin but also by economic characteristics, in particular earnings and labor supply. Traditional reduced-form techniques but also more sophisticated structural-approaches based on marriage market models will be used to this end. Understanding mating behavior will therefore contribute to evaluate inequality between households. Another objective is to analyze how family characteristics determine the intergenerational transmission of economic advantages. Using collective models, it is possible to evaluate what parents spend for children. More generally, the influence of family background on individual success (measured by various indicators) and inequality will be evaluated using until now under-exploited data sources. The ultimate objective is to measure the changes in economic inequality in France and other comparable countries over the last decades, and go beyond state-of-the-art research by relying on more adequate models and better data. The project will focus on individual welfare (and not household welfare) and examine key stages of the production of inequality and its recent changes (changes in mating behavior and family composition, intergenerational transmission, changes in the intra-household balance of power.

Tourism is one of the most impacted sectors from the Covid-19 pandemic. The extent of the impact is expected to be particularly severe for tourist destinations where the virus is actively circulating and tourism plays an important role in the economy. With a rich endowment of tourism potential, the Hauts-de-France (HdF) was part of the French regions classified as Covid-19 "red zone" the day after deconfinement (May 11th). The research project THREpiCo addresses the issue of the consequences of this pandemic on both tourism demand and supply. In terms of tourism demand, the project aims at understanding individuals’ perceptions of the region with regard to the Covid-19 epidemic risk and analysing the role of their perceptions in their visit behaviour and revisit intentions. Particular attention will be paid to the individuals’ trust in regional policy-makers and confidence in Covid-19 risk mitigation measures. The changes in demand for trips and individual welfare due to the pandemic will also be explored. In terms of tourism supply, a number of Covid-19 health and safety protocols, combined with related communication strategies, have been implemented, particularly in the commercial accommodation sector, in an effort to restore visitors’ confidence and stimulate demand. Another objective of this project is to investigate the attractiveness of these tools among visitors by estimating the extra amount of money that they would be willing to pay for one night in a hotel establishment. Finally, additional changes are expected to be made in the regional tourism industry in the medium term to strengthen the resilience of the sector. With this in mind, qualitative survey interviews of tourism stakeholders will be carried out with the objective of co-constructing a restructuring plan for the tourism supply organised into different actions (or scenarios). An ex-ante economic valuation of these scenarios will be conducted to support the decision-making process. This research project will be led by a multidisciplinary research team, whose expertise covers all aspects related to the impact analysis of a pandemic on tourism. The team will rely on close collaboration with the diverse tourism-based organisations within the HdF and the original combination of several non-market economic valuation methods, quantitative and qualitative surveys, coupled with the use of secondary data about tourist trips during the last ten years, to provide a broad picture of the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic on tourism activity in the HdF. The expected results are empirical, methodological and operational.

The MAGNETICS project aims to further understand the circular causality between local socio-economic development and transport activities, more precisely in the case of the port and maritime sector. While empirical studies on the economic impact and connectivity of ports are numerous, they remain dispersed and divergent by their methods, sources, and results. An untapped database (Lloyd's) on the merchant marine fleet navigation from 1880 to nowadays will allow us to construct the global maritime network. Extracting road and railway segments from old and recent maps will serve to build the land-based network. Both networks will be combined and fed by the harmonisation of four urban databases on cities' population since 1880. Using graph theory, we will search for the mechanisms linking these three components based on the theoretical model of Fujita and Mori (1996), not yet applied, on port-related growth in an urban system. In the more recent period (since the 2000s), we will use the previous results to work on more detailed regional indicators about employment, firms, and regional productivity. Complementary methods such as spatial analysis, spatial econometrics, and autocorrelation shall evaluate the intensity and directionality of port-region influences in various contexts. Such analyses will include original variables such as the centrality of cities and regions - port and non-port - in the global sea-land network. Finally, the analysis of socio-economic impacts will be complemented by the one of environmental and health impacts. The quantitative part will analyse the feasibility of a modal shift from road to short sea shipping, to attenuate congestion in large hubs, reduce the carbon footprint of landside detours, and favor the development of peripheral port cities. It will also propose a new analysis of port traffic impacts on the urban environment and the health of local populations, based on indicators such as congestion, air quality, and demography (e.g. mortality). An intensive fielwork will complement the quantitative analyses by in-depth case studies of selected French and Italian port cities.