The ADDITION project is a 36-month project in collaborative research in PRCE partnership with 7 partners (3 SMEs: Exavision, Syrlinks, ISSM; 1 EPIC: ONERA (coordinator); 1 laboratory: ICP and two end-users CEA/DSSN and the DGGN). It meets the requirement of Counter-UAS and surveillance applications and falls within the framework of the theme 8.8 "Global Security and CyberSecurity" of the AAPG ANR 2018. This project aims to develop a detection and warning solution without radar or complementary to them and to set up the associated treatments to track, geolocate in 3D, classify and identify UAV or any threat with low signature radar or thermal, day or night and in poor visibility. ADDITION consists in exploiting two complementary and combined approaches, namely a system approach and a technological maturation phase. Our system approach implements the synergies of a network of heterogeneous sensors combining high resolution passive electro-optics (EO) (visible, IR, SWIR), active EO (LIDAR 3D COTS, high 2D laser imager resolution) and passive radio frequencies to provide the functions of detection and tracking in 3D and identification of multi-drone for neutralization purposes. In this system approach, a first originality is to rely on sensor networks involving 3D LIDARs. A second originality is to include an improved RF technique based on a so-called super-resolutive method that indicates a target location cone by providing azimuth and elevation information, detecting and distinguishing up to three transmitters. Beside original sensor-side solutions, a major challenge of this system approach lies in the complex implementation of such a heterogeneous network by the judicious choice of fusion architecture to be deployed without radar for wide area monitoring system and target designation. The second approach proposed in ADDITION is more focused on technological maturations of solutions that could be included according to their maturity in the network. It considers two aspects: the algorithmic schemes and new instrumental concepts. ADDITION will enhance the processing and fusion of 3D data for multi-target tracking as well as specific image processing to improve identification from high resolution optical sensors. The detection and discrimination algorithms of mobile radio transmitters will be made more precise in order to determine the angle of arrival and the altitude of the drone over long distances. Two technological solutions of photon-counting 3D LIDAR will be evaluated to alert and detect in real-time at ranges of interest (> 2km). Beside this, a maturation phase of a SWIR 2D laser imager based on COTS components will be conducted to integrate this product into the network and offer a unique H24 identification capability with up to kilometers range. ADDTION therefore aims to provide a technological demonstration of a heterogeneous network of sensor architecture in which short and medium term technological maturations will be included. Through the presence of end-users partner in the project, ADDITION will validate the network of heterogeneous sensor and technological maturations through both benchmarking and real-scale operational trials defined by the users. Furthermore, a study of the legal framework will be conducted with the partners in order to define it, to determine the rules in force in CUAV operations control in the European Union, to determine the impact on the criminal evidence and to ensure the respect of the fundamental rights by ADDITION.

This project aims to study the flexibility of religious rules in the three monotheistic religions. We will address this issue through the history of the little-studied legal mechanism of “dispensation”, i.e., the way in which various religious legal systems tempered their prescriptions through exemption procedures. Dispensation (heter in Judaism, al-rukhsa in Islamic law) offered – and still offers – the faithful, under certain circumstances, the possibility to discard the rules of their religion (fasting and other dietary prescriptions, matrimonial rules, vows and oaths, liturgical duties, etc.). However, it has never been investigated over the long term and even less through a comparative perspective. We will conduct the investigation along three parallel lines: 1) an historical and textual analysis, based on manuscript and printed texts (Middle Ages-19th century), of the evolving legal and theological discourse that legitimised dispensation within the three monotheistic religions, and of their possible interplay; 2) an in-depth study of three papal congregations managing dispensations since the Late Middle Ages (Penitentiary, Dataria, Holy Office) in order to reconstruct how Catholic dispensation worked and evolved; 3) a comparison with collections of Islamic legal opinions and rabbinic consultations, mainly from European Mediterranean countries and North Africa (11th-19th century). Our goal is to provide both a general interpretative framework for the functioning of dispensation, and new insights on the dynamics of secularization and religious pluralism that characterise contemporary societies, which will ultimately help address pressing issues such as religious radicalization and the adaptation of religious communities to a secular societal framework.

ANGELAS (Systematic ANalysis and Global responsE to UAS threats to criticaL infrAStructures and events) is an experimental development conducted through a public-private partnership in reaction to uncooperative "unmanned aerial vehicles" (UAS) incursions over civilian sensitive areas. It addresses the performance of multiple sensors using different technologies and covers the use of the individual data and their correlation/fusion processing to the benefit of the different end users. Using the Onera test beds (various UAS and constantly available test site) and the EDF's ability to provide representative infrastructures, all the results are validated by field trials all along the project. The project mainly addresses the detection of UAS (<25kg) by multi-sensor correlation but also their recognition and identification within a range of a few kilometers around sensitive facilities (nuclear type) and in all sorts of environment. The results will be adaptable to other assets and apply for the urban environment and for the protection of large events (meeting, sports...). In this context, the developments generically optimize the interfaces to the various stakeholders’ roles and focus on a rapid reaction to allow target neutralization and perpetrator’s arrest, taking into account different types of UAS flight modes. ANGELAS concentrates its resources on the identified bottlenecks (especially in multi-sensor fusion) and on field experimentations relying on a reusable framework readily open to accommodate the best solutions proposed by the French industry CoFIS structure. ANGELAS builds upon a multidisciplinary team, well balanced between industrial partners (SMEs and large group) and laboratories and relies on: • A proven expertise in sensors, systems or systems and high TRL (5-8) optronics and electromagnetic technologies/systems. The objective is to assess their performance and complementarity in response to the threats and context. • Less mature (TRL 3-4) optronics / electromagnetic technologies but with high potential for the mission (i.e. laser imager 2D / 3D resolution optimized processing to identify long pointed scope or optical detection, DVB passive radar). These solutions benefit from other projects and are integrated into the test platforms. The partners (Onera, Thales (TCS), Exavision, Telecom Sud Paris) provide detection and geo-location systems, neutralizing tools and a framework to test the relevant technologies and various data processing solutions. Such infrastructure and associated data processing will provide the asset operators with readily usable detection information, leaving the experts with access to full relevant data and the security forces with material for fast reaction, ability to locate the perpetrators and evidence for prosecution. EDF and CEA bring their knowledge of the risks, of theirs needs and a first feedback on the proposed solutions. As the operators of the protection of their sites, they will coordinate the relevant operational demonstrations and, as appropriate, invite operators of drones and neutralization solutions. The ICP, in connection with the specialists of the consortium, ensures compliance of the proposed solutions with the applicable laws, regulations and conventions. A users committee will support the project all along its life. It includes the governmental stakeholders, but also French private and institutional players in UAS activities.