The overarching aim of LANGACROSS_2 is to study cognitive and linguistic determinants of language acquisition in a cross-linguistic perspective that takes into account discourse factors in language use. The project is framed within a large comparative approach that combines many languages (and language families) and different types of speakers (children and adults) focusing on effects of diversity. LANGACROSS_2 (2011-2013) extends the preceding LANGACROSS project (2008-2010) in two ways: it pursues some of the research already begun over the last three years, as well as investigate new questions that have emerged from it particularly around the question of the relation between language and cognition. The project investigates two research domains: I-Space/Time, II- Contrastive and additive relations in discourse. It considers two main research themes: 1) typological constraints across languages and uncovering their cognitive implications for native speakers; 2) processes of conceptualization and reconceptualization during L1/L2 acquisition and in bilingualism. In addition, it simultaneously addresses two specific research questions in each domain: 1) the study of cross-linguistic differences in speakers’ output, as measured in production tasks aiming at studying the impact of language-specific properties on how speakers organize information in discourse; 2) the study of the cognitive underpinnings underlying these different outputs, as measured by a variety of psycholinguistic tools aiming at providing access to speakers’ internal representations (e.g. eye movements, categorization, memory), mainly in relation to productions elicited in controlled situations. Finally, it examines these questions in two types of data bases for which some corpora are already available or in progress and others will be collected in new experimental situations and in new languages: 1) native speakers of different languages and 2) different types of learners, including children acquiring their first language, bilingual children acquiring two languages simultaneously, adults acquiring a second language, and balanced bilingual adults.

This proposal describes the third core project of the Graphene Flagship. It forms the fourth phase of the FET flagship and is characterized by a continued transition towards higher technology readiness levels, without jeopardizing our strong commitment to fundamental research. Compared to the second core project, this phase includes a substantial increase in the market-motivated technological spearhead projects, which account for about 30% of the overall budget. The broader fundamental and applied research themes are pursued by 15 work packages and supported by four work packages on innovation, industrialization, dissemination and management. The consortium that is involved in this project includes over 150 academic and industrial partners in over 20 European countries.

This project is grounded on both a research on the geographical implications of indigeneity and the formation of a specific field of research on indigenous territorial issues in geography. On the one hand, it aims to investigate the interest of a geographical approach of indigenous-related issues; on the other hand, it plans to stress the significance of indigenous territorial dynamics for geographical knowledge. The project will emphasize the emergence and developments of this specific field of research by studying its bases, trends, and articulations. Key questions will consist in asking where, since when and how geographers study and analyse indigeneity, and what does such a contribution mean to geography. The project builds on the hypothesis that the increasing interest on indigeneity araising from the scientific community -and geographers in particular- began in the 1970s, within the context of emergence of both local and international indigenous peoples’ movements. Echoing these mobilisations, and more precisely the territorial dimension of indigenous claims, a growing number of geographers developed different perspectives of research on indigenous-related topics, giving progressively rise to a specific field of research. Since it was strongly shaped and influenced by diverse disciplinary approaches and traditions, this field was not identified as such for a long time. Furthermore, it relies on an unequal interest and production depending on academic and national contexts. In France, in particular, despite the increasing interest for indigeneity by a younger generation of geographers, there is no formal space of discussion able to lead, foster and guide the development of indigenous geographies. Moreover, the lack of background and epistemological research on the origins and developments of this specific field of the discipline did not allow to recognize the value and significance of a geographical approach of indigeneity. This is precisely the challenge addressed by this research which aims to fill the theoretical gap and advance the understanding of this critical subject matter, but equally importantly to position France in an relevant scientific debate in order to increase its international influence. Three successive and complementary tasks structure this proposal which is theoretically framed at the crossroads of cultural, political and historical approaches in geography. First task will draw up a global report of the interest of geographers for territorial issues related to indigenous peoples worldwide, thus providing the framework for the second task which will aim at precising the specific contribution of French-speaking geographers to the rise of indigenous geographies. In this sense, first and second tasks will share a common epistemological interest about the emergence of this specific field of research. Finally, the third task will constitute the empirical part of the project by focusing on the concrete implications of, and the usefulness of geography with respect to, indigenous territorial claims in the French Overseas Territories. By this way, the proposed reflection on the geographical implications of indigeneity aims at contributing to the definition of a framework for concrete political action in both the respect and the satisfaction of indigenous peoples’ expectations.

The purpose of this interdisciplinary project is to study the socio-demographic, economic, and political consequences of the World War II in France. To this end, we will use historical quantitative data, and methods from both political science and economics. Distinguishing short-term and long-term impacts, we focus on three dimensions of the World War II: a foreign occupation and internal violence, an international war of liberation, and, finally, elites’ behaviors and institutions changes. According to the literature studying conflict in other context, conflicts impact economic and human capital, social capital, trust in institution and interpersonal trust, legitimacy of politicians and elite, and gender inequalities. To empirically study these potential impacts in France after World War II, we exploit various sources of data, and we plan to collect data dealing with the intensity and the spatial disparity of the various dimensions of the War in France and relate them to various post-war measures. In addition to previous monographic and qualitative studies, the project will broaden our knowledge of the effects of World War II and provide new empirical materials for historical political economy. We will consider the second world war in France at various geographic level and period of time to gauge its impacts on inequality within and between areas. In addition to spatial and time variations, the project aims at studying inequalities as a whole, should they be inter-generational or gender-based.

Uncertainty is pervasive. If this assertion is true for most decision problems, it is of particular importance for the economic policy related to climate change. In this case indeed, decisions to be made have global, long-lasting and potentially irreversible consequences. The environmental challenge faced by humanity concerning global climate change therefore illustrates particularly well the importance of considering uncertainty when making a decision. Decisions concerning climate change have to be made in the presence of uncertainty concerning both the science of climate (due to the extreme complexity of the climate system) and some basic socio-economic and technology drivers (due to our inability to perfectly capture the way our socio-economic system would respond, mitigate and adapt to climate change). However, while it is now fully recognized that the presence of these uncertainties represents an essential datum of the climate change issue the way they are treated and integrated in the models we use to make predictions, or to design public policies remains unsatisfactory. The objective of the project is to propose new ways of incorporating preferences people have with respect to deep uncertainty in the decision making processes related to climate policy. INDUCED proposes to achieve this objective by addressing three challenges: (i) reviewing theoretically the properties of the alternative models that have been proposed to deal with deep uncertainty, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, and their applicability in the specific context of climate change; (ii) studying the rationality of the alternative approaches and the intensity of deep uncertainty aversion that could be directly used in the process of decision making in the face of deep uncertainty; and (iii) investigating whether a contextual framework affects decision-makers. The project builds on two fundamental observations, which constitute its main intellectual drivers: • First observation: Choosing among different climate policies is essentially an exercise in risk management that has to be performed in a situation of deep uncertainty. It requires a decision making approach that is robust, in the sense that it does reasonably well across a wide range of distributions (or models), it is less sensitive to initial assumptions, it is valid for a wide range of futures, and it keeps options open. • Second observation: While it is increasingly recognized that individuals usually manifest aversion towards deep uncertainty, the extent to which deep uncertainty aversion exists and its prescriptive status is still an open question. In particular, very little has been said in the literature concerning the degree of deep uncertainty aversion or, how it compares to the degree of risk aversion, which is used in applied economic models. If one recognizes that alternative decision models may have better explanatory power, and are potentially able to provide better predictions and guidelines in situations of deep uncertainty, it becomes essential to have a more precise idea of what are the underlying properties of these alternative models. In particular, it is important to know the values of the parameters that should be used to make predictions and design optimal policies. The project aims at contributing to the debate on the way to address uncertainty in the context of climate change. This is of particular importance since the decisions to be made potentially have important consequences on the socio-economic environment and are associated with events that have never been encountered before.