Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, the digital transition of our economy has been forced to progress in order to ensure activities continuity while respecting health measures. In particular, companies and other organisations are looking to online cloud services to outsource their processes: from communication to human resources management, through inventories. However, without the emergence of a sovereign cloud, this transition can lead to a critical loss of control over sensitive data. Interestingly, with the German company T-Systems, OVHcloud, a global cloud hosting provider located in Roubaix, is launching a major European cloud initiative, which should empower companies to rely on digital technology, without losing sovereignty. However, given the scale of this digital transition, we can expect a significant rebound effect, which can impose several challenges to our territory’s cloud operators. In particular, the GreenAct project focuses on issues relating to i) the resilience of cloud infrastructures and ii) energy consumption resulting from digital usages. On the energy front, OVHcloud is known for its server liquid cooling solutions—applied for many years in production—that enable it to significantly reduce its energy footprint. Nevertheless, the best energy management at the data center level cannot replace responsible ressource usage from online service providers and end users, which requires them to be aware of the energy consumption of their cloud services. GreenAct, with the involvement of a major regional player, like OVHcloud, aims to develop innovative software solutions that enable all stakeholders in the cloud value chain to evaluate their energy consumption usage, using clear and easily-interpretable indicators. With these new metrics, GreenAct then wants to establish a resource contract between cloud hosting providers and service providers, so they can collaborate to control their energy consumption, for their shared benefit. The final step of the project will balance the resilience requirements of cloud-hosted services and their energy consumption, by offering the cloud operator new resilience management strategies, subject to energy consumption constraints. By highlighting the energy consumption of the cloud, creating a strategy for ecological collaboration between digital players, and finally carefully controlling the impact of the resilience of sovereign cloud online services, GreenAct aims to move forward on major and pressing scientific challenges, while also offering a rapid technological transfer to civil society.

FOST aims at developing and applying methods to formally prove the soundness of programs used in numerical analysis. In particular, we are interested in programs which often appear in the resolution of critical problems and in increasing their safety level. Many critical programs come from numerical analysis, but few people have ever tried to apply formal methods to this kind of programs. One reason is that formal methods were too immature to handle such problems. Formal method tools and in particular formal proof systems are becoming mature and are now able to deal with the real numbers and with floating-point numbers, which makes it possible to apply these systems to numerical analysis programs. Another main reason is that the communities are apart and seldom talk one to another. The numerical analysis community are used to prove with pen and paper that their method error is bounded. They usually discard the floating-point error as it is very different from what they are used to bound. They either do not know about or are afraid of formal method, which are considered too far away their usage. The formal methods community is now able to handle real numbers and mathematical properties. Proving these properties is often tedious and hardly rewarding. Therefore, numerical analysis is discarded. Moreover, FOST aims at providing reusable methods that are understandable by non-specialists of formal methods. FOST is the association of several members with varied and appropriate competences (numericians, experts in proof assistant design, in proofs of programs, in real and floating-point numbers) and with a significant experience in their respective domains.

Since about a decade ago, researchers have been working on the design of multitier languages for the web. A multitier programming language unifies within a single formalism and a single execution environment the programming of the different tiers of distributed applications. On the web, this paradigm unifies the client tier, the server tier, and the database tier. In this project we propose the design and implementation of a multitier language for the Internet of Things (IoT), with programming abstractions from microcontrollers to the cloud. The proposal includes the design of security enforcements by compilation as well as the handling of privacy issues by construction. Relying on the JavaScript syntax and the current coq formalizations of JavaScript semantics, we plan to certified the compiler as well as study certifying compilation in the context of IoT.

The objectives of the RedLUM project are the development and use of mathematical and computer tools, for real-time estimation and short-term prediction of 3D fluid flows, using limited computing resources. This will be made possible by the coupling between data, numerical simulations and sparse fluid flow measurements. To reach these ambitious goals, the dimensionality of the problems will be considerably reduced thanks to the use of data and so-called reduced order models. The errors induced by the dimension reduction will be quantified by a stochastic, physical and multi-scale parameterization called "Models under location uncertainty". This uncertainty quantification will allow simulation-measurement coupling via the latest data assimilation algorithms.

The European Holocaust Research Infrastructure (EHRI) project seeks to transform archival research on the Holocaust. The vision of EHRI is to integrate the data, services and expertise of existing Holocaust infrastructures on an unprecedented scale. It will allow researchers from across the globe transnational and virtual access to the integrated infrastructure, and provide them with innovative digital tools and methods to (collaboratively) explore and analyse Holocaust sources. EHRI will thereby become an indispensable tool for the study of the Holocaust from a pan-European perspective. EHRI is based on an advanced community that has already achieved a significant co-ordination of its efforts, not least thanks to the activities undertaken during EHRI's first phase. The aim of the second phase is to further expand this community. The EHRI consortium includes 22 partners, spread across Europe and beyond. This consortium, as well as a network of regional contact points, enables EHRI to reach those regions where much valuable Holocaust source material is located, but where access has hitherto been problematic, especially in South-Eastern and Eastern Europe. EHRI includes measures to build capacity in such regions, thereby ensuring that institutions and people across Europe can contribute to, and make use of, the EHRI infrastructure. EHRI will continue to serve as a 'best practice' model for other humanities projects, and its innovative approach to data integration, management and retrieval will have impact in the wider cultural and IT industries. Although EHRI is geared towards scholarly communities, open online availability of reliable Holocaust material is important for the larger public, as the Holocaust is deeply rooted in the development of European societies. European support for the study of this most traumatic historical event is essential to achieve a comprehensive approach to the history of the Holocaust as a shared European phenomenon.