We propose to construct a system for 3D face recognition. We propose to use photometric stereo for face reconstruction in order to by pass the problems of conventional stereo (that needs to solve the matching problem first), structured light (that does not supply colour information) and photometric stereo with spectrally distinct light sources (that relies on the assumption of uniformly coloured imaged objects). Photometric stereo (PS) can reproduce structural details and colour on a per pixel basis in a way that no other 3D system can. The proposed scheme will be appropriate for use in a controlled environment for authentication purposes, but also in a general environment e.g. the entrance of a public event. We shall use two routes: surface reconstruction from the data and direct extraction of facial characteristics from the PS set. In the first approach, once surface normal and albedo is recovered, images of the face may be synthetically rendered under arbitrary new pose and illumination conditions to allow novel viewing conditions. We also aim to use a new multi-scale facial feature matching approach in the recognition process, where facial features range from overall face and head shape to fine skin dermal topography, reflectance and texture. The latter may be thought of as a form of detailed surface bump map forming a unique skin-print or signature and represents a new approach. Hence both the 3D shape and 2D intensity data will be used in recognition or authentication tasks. We propose to use scalable methods for matching, so we can cope with large databases. 3D matching will be done with the newly proposed invaders algorithm which is FFT cross-correlation based, and more detailed matching will be done by using features and classifier combination. The novelty of our approach lies in the use of PS to extract 3D information, the use of detailed facial characteristics like moles, scratches, and skin texture, and in the design of the system so that it can operate while the person is moving, with minimum intrusion and maximum efficiency. We have two industrial collaborators who will contribute in system design, data gathering and exploitation and support from the Home Office. We shall evaluate our system following three possible scenaria: a face searched in the crowd (real time face recognition), a person has to be identified (off-line face recognition) and a person has to be checked against a claimed identity (face authentication). We shall install the first prototype system in the offices of one of our industrial partners in month 12, so that data can be collected. We envisage a door like structure with lights flashing in succession as a person walks through, while a camera is capturing images. We propose to investigate the optimal number of lights in terms of efficiency and accuracy of the reconstruction, and the option of using non-visible light to avoid problems with people sensitive to flashes. We shall also investigate the relationship between detail that has to be captured and the geometry of the construction.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) via radio-frequency (RF) radiation has long been regarded as a possibility for energising low-power devices in the internet of things. It is, however, not until recently that WPT has become recognised as feasible, due to reductions in power requirements of electronics. Far-field WPT using RF could be used for long range power delivery to increase user convenience. In the same way as wireless disrupted communication, WPT using RF is expected to disrupt the delivery of energy. The real challenge with far field WPT is to find ways to increase the DC power level at the energy harvester output without increasing the transmit power, and to ensure that sufficient range between transmitter and receiver can be achieved. The project relies on the observation that far-field WPT RF-to-DC conversion efficiency is a function of the rectenna design but also of its input waveform. A proper design of far-field WPT therefore requires a complete transmitter-receiver optimization rather than just the receiver (rectenna) design. Unfortunately state of the art waveforms have been shown partially disappointing for far-field WPT. The fundamental question behind the project is "can we design a disruptive but practical WPT transceiver architecture to make wireless power transfer a reality at distances of tens (if not more) of meters within regulated transmit power levels?" This visionary project, conducted at Imperial College London, will uniquely leverage signal processing tools to tackle a problem commonly investigated by the RF community. Motivated by recent results by the PI and Co-I and leveraging a unique set of complementary skills on multi-antenna signal processing (Clerckx) and WPT/rectenna design (Mitcheson), the project will design and show the feasibility of a disruptive M2WPT architecture based on optimized, adaptive and reliable large-scale multi-antenna multi-sine waveforms for single-user and multi-user scenarios, and identify its potential for far-field WPT. Thinking big, we advocate in this project that M2WPT will be to WPT what massive MIMO is to communication. M2WPT will enable highly efficient far-field WPT delivering sufficient power at long range for a wide range of applications. To put together this novel M2WPT solution in a credible fashion, this project focuses on 1) designing and modelling the energy harvester, 2) designing large-scale multi-sine multi-antenna waveforms for single and multi-user scenarios, 3) demonstrate the feasibility through experiment and measurement. The project will be performed in partnership with two leaders in equipment manufacturing and WPT standardization (Toshiba and Keysight), two well-established academic/research centres active in WPT (KULeuven and Eindhoven/IMEC) and the UK Office of the Chief Science Adviser. The project demands a strong and inter-disciplinary track record in microwave theory and techniques, circuit design, optimization theory, multi-antenna signal processing, wireless communication and it is to be conducted in a unique research group with a right mix of theoretical and practical skills. With the above and given the novelty and originality of the topic, the research outcomes will be of considerable value to transform the future of wireless networks supplied by remote wireless charging and give the industry a fresh and timely insight into the development of highly efficient remote wireless charging, advancing UK's research profile of wireless power in the world. Its success would radically change the design of radiative WPT, have a tremendous impact on standardization, and applications in a large number of sectors including building automation, healthcare, telecommunications, ICT, structural monitoring, consumer electronics.

The COVID-19 crisis is changing the shape of crime. Drawing on crime science, this research will inform evidence-based policy and practice. Lockdown requires people to stay home, leading to domestic violence and child abuse increases. Yet social distancing means police are arresting fewer suspects: reduced services at time of greater need. COVID-19 gives fraudsters a 'conversation starter' to approach people in-person, via text, email and online. Remote working and online leisure activities, furloughs and financial difficulties, provide more potential targets for online crimes of various types. Vulnerable groups including the elderly and disabled are more at risk. Yet a Harvard study (Kissler et al. Science, 14 April) suggests that, absent a vaccine, social distancing may continue into 2022, perhaps 2024. So we will anticipate crime effects of prolonged, graduated or cyclical exit strategies. We will also anticipate post-crisis scenarios, seeking to sustain declines in crimes like burglary, to avoid them returning to 'normal'. We will use (1) national police data, (2) detailed data from three police partners, (3) fraud and e-crime data from industry, and (4) sources from other agencies such as Childline (for unreported crime). Pre/post-change analysis will use a combination of time-series and spatial modelling. Nesting force-level analysis in the national and international context will allow us to gauge scalability. We have police and industry partners, national (Home office, National Police Chief's Council, College of Policing) and international advisors. The aim is to inform policy and practice, producing 16 deliverables including policy and practice briefings and research articles.

Domestic burglary is a high volume crime affecting many households. As well as substantial financial loss and damage to property, it causes high levels of anxiety about the possibility of being burgled. Surveys documenting public priorities about crime place burglary at the top. Burglar alarms and other security devices in principle deter potential burglars. Insurance premiums are discounted when a fully operating burglar alarm exists in the home due to claims about the effectiveness of burglar alarms and other security devices in the marketing literature, but no systematic research studies have been undertaken to assess their effectiveness in different areas, accommodation types and occupants' characteristics. The research proposed is precisely concerned with such an assessment. The primary research question is: Which burglary security devices work for whom and in what context? This study will identify the individual and combined security devices that offer cost-effective burglary protection to (a) the population in England and Wales overall; (b) specific population subgroups according to their socio-economic attributes; (c) the residents of Wales, each of the nine English regions and area types according to population socio-demographic profile and density; and (d) area types and population subgroups plausible combinations. The urgency to gain insights about the cost-effectiveness of burglary devices for tailor-made preventive interventions cannot be exaggerated: at a time of massive public spending cuts and declining disposable incomes the latest Home Office figures show a 14% annual increase in domestic burglary in 2010/11 after an extended (fifteen years) period of falls (Chaplin et al. 2011). The Department for Communities and Local Government (2012) has recently highlighted the need of research evidence on cost-effective burglary security devices to inform the on-going deliberation on national building regulation for minimum standards for security in homes. The proposed research will: -Make a major scientific contribution with immediate and high societal and economic impact. Its theoretical and methodological advancements will inform future research developments in criminology. The current gap in knowledge impedes cost-effective burglary prevention not just in the UK but across the world at a time that wasteful financial decisions are unaffordable. -Engage throughout with high level research users in the public sector and civil society organisations and inform national and international guidelines on burglary prevention. The research results will be regularly conveyed to users in the private sector (the security and insurance industry) who however will not contribute to their development to avoid conflict of interest. -Analyse two decades of a formidable existing data source, the British Crime Survey (BCS). The BCS is a large and complex dataset with currently some 40,000 respondents annually that exists in the public domain, and has been run for three decades. Yet, relative to both data generation cost and its impeccable quality, it has been extremely under-explored. -Employ innovative research techniques for the deeper exploitation of the BCS, including the Security Impact Assessment Tool, pioneered by the co-applicants with ESRC support to assess the effectiveness of car security devices, as well as the multivariate multilevel logit modelling, to investigate the effect of context on trends of related crime types. -Build the national skills base in the analysis of large and complex datasets and expand the limited secondary data analysis capacity in criminology via actively seeking to employ a full time researcher from disciplines (mathematics, statistics, sciences or engineering) beyond traditional BCS users. Therefore the proposed research fits the ESRC-SDAI call specification. The co-applicants' theoretical, methodological and policy contribution to date ensure its successful delivery.

Gun crime is a problem in some areas in the UK and many other countries. The police have ways of detecting criminals carrying guns, but this usually involves surveillance over a period of time together with targeted stop and search. There is no affordable detector available that is capable of remotely sensing whether a person is likely to be carrying a gun or not. The police do have scanners and portals that can be installed at key locations such as airports and major event venues to detect people carrying even small metal objects, or portals that use harmless microwaves, THz waves or very low level x-rays to form images of concealed guns on a person. THz and microwaves can form clear body images by penetrating clothing, but moral and technical issues arise from the technology, particularly intrusion into privacy. Also, these are not easily deployable, however, and are still at the research stage in many cases. What is really required is a portable device capable of remotely and discretely detecting whether suspects are carrying weapons and this proposed project aims to commence the development of such a device. During its development, the research will aim to first identify what sort of electromagnetic radiation best penetrates clothing over a range of atmospheric conditions. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation, but other forms exist such as light, infra-red, Tera-Hertz and millimetre waves and they all differ in their ability to penetrate fabrics. It is also possible to use ultrasound to detect metal objects concealed under clothing and we also propose to investigate this. Some of these forms of electromagnetic radiation get absorbed by the body, whereas others are reflected back depending on the precise wavelength. We will be looking for reflections off the surfaces of the gun in a similar manner to radar detecting the bright echoes from ships and aircraft, whilst filtering out the lower level reflections from the human body. Guns are not the only objects that could be concealed about a person that could give these bright reflections at a remote sensing site. Mobile phones, leather wallets, pens and portable music players could also give detectable signals. We aim to use features unique to a gun, such as gun barrels and other cavities to identify unique signatures in the reflected signals. For example, the gun barrel acts as a resonant cavity rather like air blown over a musical wind instrument, and we aim to detect these resonances remotely. During the second phase of the investigation, we will utilise a mix of the most effective bands in the electromagnetic spectrum, whether that be radio frequencies, microwaves or some other part of the spectrum, together with ultrasound, to develop a sensor that is effective at detecting guns remotely and is deployable by the police. It is possible that different guns will produce different responses from the sensor, but we will use pattern recognition techniques similar to those used in the automatic recognition of number plates or handwriting (i.e. neural networks ) to learn to recognise these particular responses. The research will be undertaken by a consortium of Universities, namely Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester University, University of Huddersfield and Queen Mary London who will each investigate different aspects of the problem.