Chlorination of seawater is still considered as one of the most effective and least expensive process to control biofilm formation (micro-fouling) that may block the heat exchangers or development of molds (macro-fouling) in industrial pipelines. This process is used in many industrial sites around the world in order to use this water for cooling purposes (petrochemical and steel industries) or for warming (LNG terminals for the liquefaction of gases). This process has also been selected by the International Maritime Organisation as one of the methods to be used for the control and management of ships ballast water before discharge into the sea. Whatever type of industries, whether on land or at sea, chlorination is conducted either by dissolving chlorine gas, or by adding sodium hypochlorite, or -even in the case of use of seawater- by electrolysis at doses between 0.5 and 1.5 mg L-1 (expressed as Cl 2) on water taken from the environment at rates of several hundred m3 /s. It can be conducted in continuous mode at low dose to stop the settlement of larvae, reducing their growth and kill the long term or intermittently then when the heat exchanger fouling reaches a certain threshold. The major concern related to the use of this process is, to some extent, dumping of chlorine in the environment with known impacts on fauna and flora but above potential output of many halogenated compounds formed by complex reactions between the chlorine residual inorganic and organic constituents, natural and man present in the receiving environment. If the formation of chlorination by-products is well studied and referenced in the literature for water intended for human consumption and freshwater, little data exists on the nature and concentration levels and reactivity and fate of these byproducts in coastal waters, mostly based on the knowledge acquired by the reactivity of chlorine with organic matter in freshwater. However, it is known that chlorine (as Cl2 or HClO form) can rapidly react with the bromide ions found in seawater to form instantly hypobromous acid, compound known to be much more reactive than HClO with the organic matter. In marine environments, some research conducted to examine the impact of chlorination on the environment were limited to desalination plants for seawater and nuclear and thermal power plants, and on studies a single discharge point. They also focused on the occurrence of few compounds such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, or even only on the overall toxicity of these releases without even find the nature of the present compounds. They are mainly limited to the measurement and identification of these compounds in the water compartment. FOS-SEA project aims at a better understanding of the nature of the by-products that can be generated during the chlorination processes when seawater is used as makeup water to determine the reaction schemes of their training and their become, to study their transfer in different environmental compartments and their dissemination, and finally to study their toxicity and their metabolites. The results of this research will assess the environmental impacts of releases of chlorinated water at sea and to acquire new knowledge that can help local and national regulatory authorities to formulate control strategies and guidelines for wise use and regulated the chlorination process.

The concept of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) emerged in Europe about a decade ago. Although numerous competing definitions exist (Von Schonberg, 2011 ou Stilgoe, Owen, Macnaghten, 2013), they all agree that it aims at bridging the gap between science and society. Society becomes an active player in different scientific domains. Especially, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) are increasingly playing a vital role in research. In the context of the EU policy agenda on responsible research and innovation (RRI) and its focus on public engagement, this role is likely to continue to grow in the future. E.g., there is currently a strong call for and promotion of public participation in research, notably through the EU’s research funding programme Horizon 2020. At present however, CSO participation remains limited. Within the previous Framework 7 funding programme in 2012 only 21% of collaborative research projects reported involving at least one civil society organization (Legris Revel, 2013). Against this background, it is astonishing that there is no systematic research about the different forms of co-producing knowledge by combining variables of social interaction as well as ones of knowledge production. Current research is mainly focused on single cases (e.g. Escobar 2014) and only a few studies offer insights with regard to systematic differences in the research activities (e.g. Frickel et al. 2010). But such insights are of principal interest, if one would like to enhance the options for CSO inclusion in research. Therefore, the aims of the planned EU-project are twofold: Firstly, to analyze thoroughly the interaction for knowledge-production between researchers and CSOs and citizens as co-research and to classify this in different types. Secondly, to build up networks of co-researching by offering web-tools and concrete support for co-research. The originality of the planed European project rests on a dichotomy of the objectives: on one hand theoretical (basic research and applied, knowledge production, data analysis) and, on the other hand experimental, through a co-developed analysis of on-going participatory research projects (citizen sciences and participatory action research). The various methods available to involve the citizens will be listed. The remaining obstacles will be studied in order to go beyond "good intentions" to question "implementable regulation". The consortium will organize many experiments and give CSOs, inhabitants, women, students or lay citizens a chance to get support when they take the initiative of raising scientific concerns or of leading research projects. A web collaborative tool will be produced, including training sessions and train the trainers sessions, and tested within some of our partners activities. A set of participatory tools will be tested and disseminated addressing participatory data analysis ie : empower citizens in order for them to become able to contribute to data analysis (and not only data collection) in different scientific disciplines. Starting from the collect and analysis of existing tools and of their strengths and weaknesses for participatory research, some of the project partners would co produce and test new collaborative tools dedicated to collective data analysis. One key challenge for the planned EU-project is to foster an international network of skilled scholars and non-academics able to promote and manage participative research. The success of the planned EU-project will fundamentally depend on the success to build up such a network in advance. Therefore, the central goal of the proposed MRSEI project here is to set up such an international network while defining the research agenda. This is a challenging process because scientific as well as practical needs are to be considered and the overall cooperation structure has to cover a huge number of partners and to build up a consortium for the EU-proposal.