The Scottish Doctoral Training Centre in Condensed Matter Physics, known as the CM-DTC, is an EPSRC-funded Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) addressing the broad field of Condensed Matter Physics (CMP). CMP is a core discipline that underpins many other areas of science, and is one of the Priority Areas for this CDT call. Renewal funding for the CM-DTC will allow five more annual cohorts of PhD students to be recruited, trained and released onto the market. They will be highly educated professionals with a knowledge of the field, in depth and in breadth, that will equip them for future leadership in a variety of academic and industrial careers. Condensed Matter Physics research impacts on many other fields of science including engineering, biophysics, photonics, chemistry, and materials science. It is a significant engine for innovation and drives new technologies. Recent examples include the use of liquid crystals for displays including flat-screen and 3D television, and the use of solid-state or polymeric LEDs for power-saving high-illumination lighting systems. Future examples may involve harnessing the potential of graphene (the world's thinnest and strongest sheet-like material), or the creation of exotic low-temperature materials whose properties may enable the design of radically new types of (quantum) computer with which to solve some of the hardest problems of mathematics. The UK's continued ability to deliver transformative technologies of this character requires highly trained CMP researchers such as those the Centre will produce. The proposed training approach is built on a strong framework of taught lecture courses, with core components and a wide choice of electives. This spans the first two years so that PhD research begins alongside the coursework from the outset. It is complemented by hands-on training in areas such as computer-intensive physics and instrument building (including workshop skills and 3D printing). Some lecture courses are delivered in residential schools but most are videoconferenced live, using the well-established infrastructure of SUPA (the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance). Students meet face to face frequently, often for more than one day, at cohort-building events that emphasise teamwork in science, outreach, transferable skills and careers training. National demand for our graduates is demonstrated by the large number of companies and organisations who have chosen to be formally affiliated with our CDT as Industrial Associates. The range of sectors spanned by these Associates is notable. Some, such as e2v and Oxford Instruments, are scientific consultancies and manufacturers of scientific equipment, whom one would expect to be among our core stakeholders. Less obviously, the list also represents scientific publishers, software houses, companies small and large from the energy sector, large multinationals such as Solvay-Rhodia and Siemens, and finance and patent law firms. This demonstrates a key attraction of our graduates: their high levels of core skills, and a hands-on approach to problem solving. These impart a discipline-hopping ability which more focussed training for specific sectors can complement, but not replace. This breadth is prized by employers in a fast-changing environment where years of vocational training can sometimes be undermined very rapidly by unexpected innovation in an apparently unrelated sector. As the UK builds its technological future by funding new CDTs across a range of priority areas, it is vital to include some that focus on core discipline skills, specifically Condensed Matter Physics, rather than the interdisciplinary or semi-vocational training that features in many other CDTs. As well as complementing those important activities today, our highly trained PhD graduates will be equipped to lay the foundations for the research fields (and perhaps some of the industrial sectors) of tomorrow.

An inadequate blood supply to the heart, often causing chest pain during exercise, is typically caused by narrowing of the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. However, in around half of these patients no severe narrowing is visible in pictures of the vessels and the pain is often due to disease in the microscopic blood vessels of the heart. This condition is known as microvascular dysfunction. We will develop a new type of MRI scan known as STEAM-tIVIM that provides information on both the blood flow in the microscopic vessels and the microscopic structure of the heart muscle. This method detects the random movement of water molecules as they move around inside and outside the cells of our bodies. As the microscopic vessels of the heart have many twists and turns in a short distance, the movement of blood appears random and can also be detected with STEAM-tIVIM. We will be able to detect the direction of blood flow and the direction that the brick-like muscle cells are pointing in. No other method exists that provides this information without removing a piece of the heart and studying it under a microscope. Our MRI technique uses no radiation or injection of dyes. We will assess how sensitive our MRI scan is to changes in blood flow by adding microscopic blood vessels to a computer model of the heart muscle on a microscopic scale that we have developed. This model will tell us what the smallest change in blood flow that we will be able to detect using our scans is and what the scanner settings for the highest sensitivity will be. We will programme the MRI scanner to collect the data and turn this stream of numbers into the pictures showing how measures such as the flow of blood within microscopic blood vessels, how much blood is in the vessels and the direction of the blood vessels vary across the heart. From these same scans, other pictures will show how the heart muscle cells are aligned. Our programmes will be tested using our computer model, then by scanning test objects (bottles of water-based liquids) and then 10 volunteers to check how well the scans work in a beating heart. These scans take around 1 hour, there is no radiation and we monitor the heartbeat using an ECG to allow us scan in the part of the heartbeat when the heart is moving least. To confirm how sensitive the MRI scan pictures are to changes in the flow of blood through the microscopic blood vessels we will scan pigs' hearts. The hearts come from butchered pigs and would otherwise be thrown away. We will pump blood-like liquid through the vessels of the pig hearts while we scan. By varying the flow of liquid we can check how sensitive our methods are. We will also add a medicine to the liquid which makes arteries wider in healthy hearts, mimicking exercise to check that we can detect the extra blood in the heart with our MRI scan pictures when we give this medicine. Our new MRI scan will be compared to another type of MRI scan that is available at the moment, but needs injection of a dye into the heart so is not possible in some patients. Scientists are also concerned about the build-up of this dye in the body when patients have many scans using it. Finally, we will check that the MRI scan can detect changes in blood flow in the heart muscle of patients with microvascular dysfunction. Many patients who doctors think have microvascular dysfunction have MRI scans as part of their normal care and we will invite them to come back for a second scan. In this second scan, we will run our new STEAM-tIVIM method twice, once while the patient is injected with the medicine used to simulate exercise. We will scan 20 patients and scan the same number of volunteers of a similar age and male to female ratio as the patients. We believe that when we simulate exercise, the increase in blood flow to the heart muscle measured in patients will be smaller than in the volunteers.

Biomedical imaging has a crucial role in (pre)clinical research, drug development, medical diagnosis and assessment of therapy response. Often, the images are tomographic: from the measured data, (stacks of) slices or volumes representing anatomical and functional properties of the patient can be reconstructed using sophisticated algorithms. Increasingly, images from multiple types of systems such as Magnetic Resonance (MR), radionuclide imaging using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) are analysed together. Image quality is critically dependent on image reconstruction methods. Development and testing of novel algorithms on patient data require considerable expertise and effort in software implementation. In our previous CCP on synergistic reconstruction for PET-MR, we created a network of UK and international researchers working towards integrating image reconstruction of data from integrated, simultaneous, PET-MR scanners. New multi-modality systems are now available or under development, for instance SPECT-MR or even tri-modality PET-SPECT-CT systems. At the same time, top-of-the-range multi-modality systems are expensive and instead combining single-modality scans from different time-points and systems can provide more cost-effective solutions in some cases. Synergistic image reconstruction aims to exploit the commonalities between the data from the different modalities and time points. However, cross-modality methods are particularly challenging. We will therefore extend the network to exploit synergy in multi-modal, multi-contrast, multi-time point information for biomedical applications, concentrating on the logistical and computational aspects of synergistic image reconstruction. The Open Source Software platform to be provided by this CCP will be an enabling technology which removes the frequent obstacles encountered when working with the raw medical imaging datasets, accelerating innovative developments in image reconstruction, and ultimately enabling the possibility of synergistic image reconstruction by establishing validated pipelines for processing raw data of multiple data-sets.

Commercial and residential buildings are responsible for a large proportion of carbon dioxide emissions both in the UK and globally. In 2000, 40% of the UK's total non-transport energy use was for space heating, and space heating and hot water accounted for 82% of domestic and 64% of commercial use of energy. Energy demand reduction by commercial buildings can therefore significantly contribute towards achieving the UK's broader energy consumption goals. In contrast to proposals that directly propose behaviour change interventions for the users of commercial office space, this project proposes to address a key deficit in our understanding of the quantity and nature of energy consumption in commercial settings with a view to developing novel holistic solutions including the optimisation of shared resource usage and energy storage facilities. The proposed research plans to tackle this challenge by designing and developing a sensing infrastructure that consists of networked physical (e.g. presence sensors, power consumption sensors) and virtual sensors (e.g. calendar and room booking sensors, application usage sensors) that will provide fine-grained information about how much energy is being used, for what purpose and by whom. By applying techniques from knowledge engineering, activity recognition and machine learning (e.g. Bayesian classifiers) the first stage of our approach will derive higher-level information (e.g. a meeting taking place in a particular room) and will link usage patterns (such as spikes in power consumption) to real-world activities and workflows (e.g. printing off a series of reports for a meeting). In the second stage, this information will be used to parameterise building models used in building management to more accurately predict energy usage and to optimise (decentralised) energy consumption, generation and storage. Based on these models, we will develop a decision support tool that visualises the collected data as well as the expected impact of energy saving strategies such as organisational changes and policies or the rescheduling of activities. This will enable decision makers to identify where energy is being wasted (e.g. several meeting rooms being heated despite only a few meetings being scheduled) and to formulate and evaluate strategies to reduce energy consumption. The data collected also benefits other building systems using new and emerging ISO standards for inter-operability of appliances and systems in buildings using Internet Protocols. In addition, the data will enable a better understanding of the way the building is used and how heat wasted. Through a combination of physical and virtual sensors a more accurate measurement of thermal comfort of the building's occupants will be established and thus assist in resolving ever occurring complaints and potential conflicts associated with the diverse needs for occupant comfort in buildings which also results in unnecessary overheating.

This application brings together two world-renowned research- and educational-focused Universities in a unique collaboration to create an interdisciplinary training approach to meet challenges in healthcare. With complementary strengths in basic physical sciences, engineering and clinical translation, close strategic and geographical links and a CDT embedded within a top-rated teaching hospital, the KCL/ICL alliance is superbly placed to train the next generation of imaging scientists and research leaders. The CDT will provide a unique interdisciplinary training program to develop the skills for creating innovative technical solutions through integration of the physical sciences, engineering and biological and clinical disciplines. The Centre will be integrated into a large research portfolio in medical imaging funded through EPSRC/Wellcome Trust Medical Engineering Centres, MRC centres, the CRUK/EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centres, and the BHF Centres of Excellence. In order to foster clinical translation of research, the CDT will be linked into two Academic Health Science Centres and NIHR-Biomedical Research Centres. The CDT will create a critical mass of teachers and researchers to establish an interdisciplinary training program by bringing together students from different disciplines to work on research topics in medical imaging. The CDT will feature a 1 + 3 years MRes+PhD structure and will manage the students as a single cohort. We have developed the different phases of the PhD programme, i.e. Recruitment, MRes, PhD and Alumni, to achieve the highest quality in training, research and career development for the individual student. We place a strong emphasis on clinical translation, therefore the CDT will continue with a formal training programme in clinical applications in parallel to the PhD projects. In addition, the teaching location of the Centre in a dedicated, newly-refurbished CDT teaching hub within a world-class teaching hospital engenders strong links with the NHS and provides further enhanced opportunities for clinical translation. The first and foremost goal of this CDT will be to provide the highest quality supervision for individual students. To achieve this, we will combine the experience of senior supervisors with the energy and development of more junior academics. At the start of the CDT, we will be defining PhD projects from 60 supervisors with world-leading research expertise in the underpinning of the multidisciplinary themes in medical imaging. All of those scientists have a track record in PhD supervision and delivering research funded by research councils. We have also identified clinical champions in three major disease areas (Cardiology, Oncology, Neuro) who will organize training in clinical application. This training is designed to forge interactions between scientists and clinicians. It will provide students with valuable contacts with whom they can discuss clinical implications of their PhD research. The CDT will provide training of a new generation of scientists with skills in interdisciplinary research, clinical translation and entrepreneurship. The focus of both graduate training and the individual student research projects will be to innovate medical imaging technologies in the care cycle of patients across a range of diseases. Another central theme within the program will be training to translate innovations into commercial products. For this, we will leverage our strong industrial links and have obtained financial commitment for more than 25 co-funded industrial CDT studentships from various industrial partners. The partners, including new UK-based SMEs and start-up companies, will also provide internships to enable career paths into industry.