The National Grid has identified periods of high electricity demand combined with low wind and sun as a key challenge for supply-demand balancing in Great Britain as it transitions to clean, but intermittent renewable power generation. This was evident in Autumn 2021, when a three week period of low wind coincided with a fourfold increase in imported wholesale gas prices, caused by high global gas demand. Consequently, over twenty energy suppliers ceased trading, and energy prices increased, leading to rising fuel poverty. Wind will remain the primary source of renewable power in the UK, but its intermittency means that similar 'wind-droughts' to that seen in 2021 will occur again in the future. Energy systems must be resilient to weather to address the 'trilemma' of generating clean, affordable, secure energy. This research investigates the roles of tidal stream, tidal range and wave energy in overcoming energy security challenges. Energy security is defined as 'the uninterrupted process of securing the amount of energy that is needed to sustain people's lives and daily activities while ensuring its affordability'. MOSAIC builds on recent research that has started to show how tidal stream, tidal range and wave power generation can lead to energy security benefits. Latest estimates indicate that the combined tidal stream, tidal range and wave energy resources around Great Britain can contribute 45% of the UK's current electricity demand. The timing of tidal stream/range power is independent of weather patterns, and instead depends on the positions of the sun, earth and moon, and the rotation of the earth. This characteristic of tidal power means that it can provide reliable electricity supply every day, and that the amount of tidal power generated at any time in the future can be predicted. Co-locating tidal stream and tidal range power plants can lead to a smoothing of the combined power supply, because the two technologies tend to generate power at different times of the tide. Wave power lags wind power to help provide a more stable overall renewable supply. The predictable, reliable, smoothed power generation provided by adopting tidal and wave energy enhances balancing between power supply and demand, reducing the need for costly imported power, energy storage and grid upgrades, for example. The aim of the research is to establish and optimise the contributions of tidal stream, tidal range and wave energy future energy systems to enhance energy security. This will be achieved by building new computer models that simulate the flow of power between components on the national and local electricity grids. The models will be able to optimise the amount of power provided by all generation technologies, including tidal and wave energy, in order to provide energy security. The project will deliver a roadmap that sets out the amount, locations and cost of new tidal/wave energy projects to deliver energy security enhancements between 2035-50. The roadmap will be informed by novel energy system modelling outputs at three different scales based on the energy systems of Great Britain, Wales and the Isle of Wight. The incorporation of three different scales allows the energy system models to simulate and optimise the transmission and distribution grids as well of power generation and energy storage. This novel approach is critical to fully understand the compatibility of different technologies. Results from the research will be communicated to UK Government, the National Grid and the Isle of Wight Council, to inform the design of future energy systems. The models will be freely available for anyone to use. This provides opportunities to establish the suitability of energy system models currently being used to design energy systems, which may over-simplify the simulation and optimisation of tidal stream/range and wave power.

Contemporary healthcare is being hugely challenged by the reality of aging populations and the logistics of care provision. Manifestations of these challenges include stretched services and the compromised management of complex health outcomes, problems exacerbated by and contributing to inequality. If we are to improve this situation, greater understanding of the factors important for health upstream of morbidity is paramount. However, this research need faces an evidence gap which can only be filled in the short term by prospective studies which already have a rich catalogue of life course resources. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is such a study. It has the benefits of continuity and efficiency, is a leader in generating resources to meet age specific and multi-domain research needs and is poised to remain a valued asset in the current biomedical research era. ALSPAC is a pregnancy cohort that recruited women living in the former County of Avon in the Southwest of England with an expected delivery date between April 1991 and December 1992 (>14500 viable pregnancies). The study has followed the lives of participants and provided data, biosamples and infrastructure to improve understanding of factors contributing to health and disease. Over three decades, 28 age specific face-to-face clinics, >140 questionnaires and a multitude of data linkages and bespoke studies have generated a vast collection of data and biosamples available to bona fide researchers. ALSPAC provides unrivalled opportunities to study sociodemographic, lifestyle, patho-physiological, genomic and molecular factors that influence health and is active. The study has an engaged participant base and continues to record life course health and wellbeing events and factors pertinent to the original children ("Generation 1"), their new offspring ("G2") and their parents ("G0"). Over the next 5 years, ALSPAC moves into a new phase where the defining focus will be characterisation of G1 participants as they move through their fourth decade. A programme of work has been designed to efficiently collect new data and biosamples that chart this, including life stage tailored approaches that will record new events and connect these to health trajectories and linked records. Critically, ALSPAC can measure the health and wellbeing related factors pertinent to an under studied demographic (adults in their 30s), who themselves will become the next wave of health service consumers. The structure of ALSPAC also means that measurements and biosamples taken around these events can include key players in G1 lives - G2 and G0. Therefore, deploying collection now enables unbroken longitudinal research and presents specific windows into the aetiology of multi-generational life course health. Our objective is to ensure ALSPAC delivers this and remains an internationally leading longitudinal population study (LPS). Infrastructure support will mean that ALSPAC does not miss an important life stage and that opportunities to extend records of health and social factors, capture time sensitive events and describe a moment when assumed health may conceal transitions to ill-health, are all taken. Enabled research will have personal, societal and economic implications and regular integration of ALSPAC into a connected national and international LPS landscape will enhance diversity and generalisability. ALSPAC will also be able to continue to act as a widely recognised platform for new research. This will lever the value of this proposal and allow ALSPAC to respond to the diverse needs of stakeholders over coming years.