This research will directly benefit society in the UK and abroad by increasing the effectiveness of water companies. The aim of the fellowship is to establish new research avenues for innovation in the field of urban water engineering and to bring novel practical solutions to the water-related challenges, in particular climate change, existing in the UK and worldwide. The proposal addresses the EPSRC/LWEC fundamental question "How can our cities, their hinterlands, linking infrastructure, rural surround and the regions they are in, be transformed to be resilient, sustainable, more economically viable and generally better places to live?". To answer this challenging question the research will investigate the impact of environmental change on drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) with the aim of generating new knowledge and tools that will improve the way drinking water is supplied in our cities, in a sustainable and economically viable way. As a consequence of climate change water sources used for water supply will be more contaminated and limited, the temperature of the water will increase and long-term changes in water demand will affect pipe hydraulics. All these changes will significantly affect biological and physico-chemical processes taking place in DWDS and will force water companies to modify the way they deliver water via DWDS. The fellowship will support the essential first steps in a new research line where my aim is to integrate microbiology, genetics and water engineering to explore in detail hidden aspects of DWDS in order to develop a whole system understanding. At present, the monitoring strategies for drinking water involve detecting microorganisms in water from taps using "old-fashioned" culture methods. However, the microbial composition of water is not representative of the biofilms (microbial assemblages) attached to pipes and culture-dependent methods underestimate the real microbial diversity in DWDS. Biofilms have great importance since they contain most of the microbial biomass in DWDS and they influence water quality and safety by, for example, hosting pathogens, promoting pipe corrosion and changes in water taste and colour. Consequently, there is an urgent need for research on how microorganisms will respond to environmental change within DWDS and how this will impact on DWDS performance and on drinking water safety and quality. Since DWDS are not sterile (i.e. completely free from microorganisms), research is also needed to identify which parameters support the presence of "friendly microorganisms" capable of maintaining the good performance of DWDS but also discouraging harmful microorganisms from surviving in the pipes. To answer these questions the research will assess different climate change situations in DWDS tested under controlled laboratory conditions including: increase in water temperature, increase in water nitrogen and phosphorus and extreme hydraulic fluctuations. Analysis of DNA/RNA from experimental samples will be used to uncover the link between microbial diversity (who is there?) and function (what are they doing?), and will help to identify genes involved in a range of processes including resistance to disinfection and pathogenic potential. Biological and environmental data will be integrated using hydro/bioinformatic methods with the ultimate aim of developing novel monitoring and management tools: 1) a new risk assessment framework; and 2) Biological Early Warning Systems (BEWS). The efficiency of these tools will be tested using real data from UK water companies and European partners. Dissemination of findings to industry, academics and the general public will be supported by the Pennine Water Group and through the Sheffield Water Centre. The fellowship will facilitate the development of my career as a world leader in urban water research by creating a new platform for innovation in molecular microbiology and hydraulic engineering.

Abstracts are not currently available in GtR for all funded research. This is normally because the abstract was not required at the time of proposal submission, but may be because it included sensitive information such as personal details.

Abstracts are not currently available in GtR for all funded research. This is normally because the abstract was not required at the time of proposal submission, but may be because it included sensitive information such as personal details.

The world is changing fast. Rapid urbanisation, large scale population movements, increasing pressure from climate change, natural and man-made disasters create enormous pressures on local and national governments to provide housing, water, sanitation, solid waste (rubbish) management and other critical services. In the UK there is also an ongoing challenge associated with aging infrastructure (many sewers for example are more than 100 years old) and at the same time, calls for new investment in housing, the construction of new towns, and an urgent need to reduce reliance on expensive fossil fuels, reduce pollution and increase the recovery of valuable resources. As economic conditions improve, people naturally demand better services; twenty-four hour water piped direct to the house and convenient safe private toilets have replaced public stand pipes and public toilets as the aspiration of many families in Africa, Asia, the Pacific and Latin America (the "global south"). All of this creates both a challenge and an opportunity. In coming decades there will be a huge demand for new infrastructure investments in the global south; more than 4.4 billion people worldwide do not have a sanitation system that effectively collects and treats all the waste produced by families, while 2.4 billion people urgently need new water supply services. The UK engineering industry is poised to play a significant role in meeting both this global demand and the need for new innovations at home. But therein lies the challenge; the new generation of services and infrastructure must, by very definition, be essentially different in nature from what has been traditionally provided. In an era of increasing uncertainty from, for example, the changing climate, the traditional approach to the design of piped water supplies and sewerage networks would result in such a major over design that the investment costs alone would be prohibitive. Similarly, it is no longer acceptable to just keep adding additional treatment processes on to waste water treatment systems to meet increasingly challenging conditions and higher discharge standards, nor is it acceptable to continue to pump valuable nutrients and carbon into our rivers and streams; new approaches are needed, which recover the nutrient and energy value of human and solid waste streams, in fact turning away from the idea of waste altogether and moving towards the idea of resource management and the so-called circular economy. What is needed to meet this demand is a new generation of research engineers and scientists trained not only in the fundamentals of 'what is known' but in the more challenging area of 'what can be re-imagined'. The EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Water and Waste Infrastructure Services Engineered for Resilience (Water-WISER) will train five cohorts of researchers with the new skills needed to meet these enormous challenges. Students in the Centre will have the opportunity to study at one of three globally-leading Universities working on resilient infrastructure and development. They will take a one year Masters course and then move on to carry out tailored research, in partnership with engineering consultancy firms, universities or development agencies such as the World Bank, UNICEF or WaterAid; studying how to deliver innovative, effective and resilient infrastructure and services in rapidly growing poor cities. Water-WISER graduates will combine a solid training in the fundamental engineering and science of water and sanitation, solid waste management, water resources and drainage, with much broader training and development which will build the skills needed to collaborate with non-engineers and non-scientists, to work with sociologists and political scientists, city planners, digital designers, business development specialists and administrators, health specialists, professionals working in international development and finance.

The majority of countries around the world maintain a disinfectant residual to control planktonic microbial contamination and/or regrowth within Drinking Water Distribution Systems (DWDS). Conversely, some European countries prohibit this practice because the residuals react to create disinfection by-products, which are regulated toxins with carcinogenic effects. Critically, the impact of disinfectant residuals on biofilms is unknown, including their role in creating a preferential environment for pathogens. Biofilms grow on all surfaces; they are a matrix of microbial cells embedded in extracellular polymeric substances. With biofilms massively dominating the organic content of DWDS, there is a need for a definitive investigation of the processes and impacts underlying DWDS disinfection and biofilm interactions such that all the risks and benefits of disinfection residual strategies can be understood and balanced. This balance is essential for the continued supply of safe drinking water, but with minimal use of energy and chemicals. The central provocative proposition is that disinfectant residuals promote a resistant biofilm that serves as a beneficial habitat for pathogens, allowing pathogens to proliferate and be sporadically mobilised into the water column where they then pose a risk to public health. This project will, for the first time, study and model the impact of disinfectant residual strategies on biofilms including pathogen sheltering, proliferation, and mobilisation to fill this important gap in DWDS knowledge. The potential sources of pathogens in our DWDS are increasing due to the ageing nature of this infrastructure, for example, via ingress at leaks during depressurisation events. Volumes of ingress and hence direct exposure risks are small but could seed pathogens into biofilm, with potential for proliferation and subsequent release. An integrated, iterative continuum of physical experiments and modelling is essential to deliver the ambition of the proposed research. We will make use of the latest developments in microbiology, internationally unique pilot scale experimental facilities, population biology and microbial risk assessment modelling to understand the interactions between the disinfection residuals, biofilms, pathogens and hydraulics of drinking water distribution systems. This research will combine globally renowned expertise in mathematical modelling, drinking water engineering, quantitative microbial risk assessment, and molecular microbial ecology to deliver this ambitious and transformative project. If the central proposition is proven, then current practice in the UK and the majority of the developed world could be increasing health risks through the use of disinfectant residuals. The evidence generated from this research will be central to comprehensive risk assessment. A likely outcome is that by testing the hypothesis, we will prove under what conditions the selective pressures on biofilms are unacceptable, and in so doing understand and enable optimisation of disinfection residuals types and concentrations for different treated water characteristics. Although focused on the impacts of disinfectant residuals and pathogens, the research will also generate wider knowledge of biofilm behaviour, interactions and impacts between biofilms and water quality within drinking water distribution systems in general and relevant to other domains. The impact of this research will be to deliver a step change in protecting public health whilst minimising chemical and energy use through well informed trade-offs between acute drinking water pathogen (currently unknown) and chronic disinfectant by-product (known and increasing) exposure. The ultimate beneficiaries will be the public, society and economy due to the intrinsic link between water quality and public health.